Inhibition of Listeria ivanovii by Paenibacillus lentimorbus isolated from phase II mushroom compost

A novel extracellular heat-sensitive inhibitory effect of wild-type cultures of Paenibacillus lentimorbus isolated from mushroom compost upon the in vitro growth of Listeria ivanovii was observed.     

An initial assessment of spent mushroom compost as a potential energy feedstock

The Irish mushroom industry has expanded rapidly in the last decade, particularly in the border counties. Its success has generated concern, however, as the production of spent mushroom compost (SMC) has increased. Until recently, SMC as an agricultural waste has been disposed of without due consideration to the environment. As County Councils increasingly address river pollution, restrictions will prevent expansion of the mushroom industry without an SMC waste management solution. This paper looks at the availability and composition of SMC and considers its potential as an energy feedstock. Variability in SMC composition was investigated by sampling from various locations over several months. Analyses showed that, on a dry ash free basis, SMC has a calorific value equivalent to sewage sludge which has been successfully fired for many years. Compositional analysis confirmed the dry fuel as consistent in make-up and showed the moisture content to vary within 60-77%, on an as-received basis.     

An angiogenesis inhibitor isolated from a marine-derived actinomycete,Nocardiopsis sp. 03N67

Cyclo-(l-Pro-l-Met) was isolated from the fermentation broth of a marine-derived actinomycete Nocardiopsis sp. 03N67 by chromatographic analysis and showed anti-angiogenesis activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The structure and absolute stereochemistry of this compound were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis, and Marfey's method, respectively.     

Purification ofAgaricus bisporus extracellular laccase from mushroom compost

Summary The extra-cellular laccase of the edible mushroomAgaricus bisporus was purified from non-axenic cultures of the fungus on mushroom compost. Quantities of up to 100 mg of pure enzyme were obtained from single purification runs. Purity of the enzyme protein was comparable to that previously obtained from axenic liquid culture supernatants     

Isolation and characterization of thermophilic methanogenic bacteria from mushroom compost

Abstract During the first stage of the preparation of mushroom compost oxygen is believed to be readily available. However we measured methane in the evoking air above the compost piles and were able to isolate thermophilic methanogenic bacteria from this compost. The isolates grow only on H₂ and CO₂ as energy and carbon source and do not require complex factors for growth. On the basis of nutritional and morphological characteristics these methanogens were identified as strains of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum .     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nocardiopsis yanglingensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a thermophilic strain isolated from a compost of button mushrooms

A strain named A18 was recovered from a compost of button mushrooms. It was characterized using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, it belonged to the genus Nocardiopsis and was most closely related to the type strains of Nocardiopsis flavescens (sequence similarity 98.0%), Nocardiopsis prasina (97.5%), Nocardiopsis metallicus (97.4%), Nocardiopsis alba (97.3%). The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supported the proposal that strain A18 represents a new species of the genus Nocardiopsis, for which the name Nocardiopsis yanglingensis sp. nov. was proposed (type strain A18^T = KCTC 19723^T = CCTCC 209063^T).     

Bioremediation potential of basidiomycetes isolated from compost

The potential of a consortium of three basidiomycete mycelia isolated from compost to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was first evaluated using a test based on decolorization of Poly R-478 dye. When pre-grown on straw, the consortium decolorized the dye by 83% in 7 days and generated a laccase activity of 663 IU l(-1). Its ability to degrade naphthalene was investigated in soil microcosms specially suited for this volatile PAH. The kinetic study was conducted at a maximal naphthalene concentration of 500 mg kg(-1) of soil. Naphthalene concentration, CO(2) evolution and phytotoxicity (germination index, GI%) on Lepidium sativum seeds were monitored. The naphthalene concentration decreased by about 70% in three weeks in the presence of metabolic activity, while the GI% increased indicating reduced phytotoxicity.     

Climate change effects on airborne pathogenic bioaerosol concentrations: a scenario analysis

The most recent IPCC report presented further scientific evidence for global climate change in the twenty-first century. Important secondary effects of climate change include those on water resource availability, agricultural yields, urban healthy living, biodiversity, ecosystems, food security, and public health. The aim of this explorative study was to determine the range of expected airborne pathogen concentrations during a single outbreak or release in a future climate compared to a historical climatic period (1981–2010). We used five climate scenarios for the periods 2016–2045 and 2036–2065 defined by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute and two conversion tools to create hourly future meteorological data sets. We modelled season-averaged airborne pathogen concentrations by means of an atmospheric dispersion model and compared these data to historical (1981–2010) modelled concentrations. Our results showed that modelled concentrations were modified several percentage points on average as a result of climate change. On average, concentrations were reduced in four out of five scenarios. Wind speed and global radiation were of critical importance, which determine horizontal and vertical dilution. Modelled concentrations decreased on average, but large positive and negative hourly averaged effects were calculated (from ?67 to +639 %). This explorative study shows that further research should include pathogen inactivation and more detailed probability functions on precipitation, snow, and large-scale circulation.     

8种贵州药用植物内生放线菌的分离及多样性研究

【背景】药用植物内生菌能产生多种活性较好的次级代谢产物,是新抗生素发现的重要来源。目前,药用植物内生菌的研究主要集中在内生真菌,内生放线菌研究相对较少,是一个尚未充分开发的新领域。【目的】研究贵州药用植物内生放线菌多样性,以期发现新种放线菌或产新活性物质的放线菌,为微生物药物研究奠定基础。【方法】药用植物样品表面消毒后用粉碎机粉碎,采用9种不同分离培养基分离放线菌;通过提取放线菌基因组DNA,PCR扩增16S rRNA基因序列,测定序列并提交EzBioCloud数据库进行序列比对,构建系统进化树,进行内生放线菌多样性分析。【结果】通过形态特征初步排重,从8种药用植物样品中共分离得到内生菌62株,测定其16S rRNA基因序列,序列比对结果表明其中的57株菌分布于放线菌域的5目8科16属,分别是短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、植物杆菌属(Plantibacter)、原小单孢菌属(Promicromonospora)、动球菌属(Kineococcus)、壤球菌属(Agrococcus)、沼杆菌属(Patulibacter)、气微菌属(Aeromicrobium)、拉贝达氏菌属(Labedella)、叶居菌属(Frondihabitans)、冷杆菌属(Frigoribacterium)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、动孢菌属(Kineosporia)、Amnibacterium属,其中短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)为优势菌属,菌株M8JJ-5和M2KJ-4的16S rRNA基因序列分别与有效发表菌株AmnibacteriumkyonggienseKSL51201-037T(FJ527819)和Aeromicrobiumfastidiosum DSM10552T (Z78209)的相似性最高,相似性分别为97.29%和98.95%,可能为潜在新物种。【结论】贵州药用植物中蕴藏着多样性丰富的放线菌且具有从中发现新放线菌的潜力,能为新抗生素的发现提供菌种储备,也为今后对该地区放线菌资源的认识和开发利用提供理论依据。     

Composition variability of spent mushroom compost in Ireland

Spent mushroom compost (SMC) has proven to be an attractive material for improving soil structure in tilled soils and increasing dry matter production in grassland soils, owing to its high organic matter content and availability of essential plant nutrients. Because of this, it is important to identify the variability in composition of SMC in order to evaluate its merit as a fertilizer/soil conditioner. For this reason, a study was carried out involving the analysis of SMC samples obtained from five mushroom growers using compost from each of the 13 mushroom composting yards currently operating in both Northern Ireland (5 yd) and the Republic of Ireland (8 yd). The selected parameters measured include dry matter, organic matter, total N, P and K, C/N ratio; plant-available P and K, pH, EC, total Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb; and cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin constituents. Yield of mushroom data were also collected from the selected growers. There were significant differences (P<0.05) within two compost production yards for some parameters, therefore, for the most part, the uniformity of SMC within each yard is relatively consistent. However, significant differences (P<0.05) were evident when comparing SMC obtained from growers supplied with compost from Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland independently, particularly among total and available phosphorus and potassium values. The results obtained show that, while SMC has fertilizer merit, its variability of composition must be taken into account when assessing this value. The variability of composition is also of particular interest in the context of recent emphasis on plant nutrient management in agriculture.     

New structures and composition of cell wall teichoic acids from Nocardiopsis synnemataformans,Nocardiopsis halotolerans,Nocardiopsis composta and Nocardiopsis metallicus: a chemotaxonomic value

The structures of the cell wall teichoic acids (TA) from some species of the genus Nocardiopsis were established by chemical and NMR spectroscopic methods. The cell walls of Nocardiopsis synnemataformans VKM Ac-2518^T and Nocardiopsis halotolerans VKM Ac-2519^T both contain two TA with unique structures—poly(polyol phosphate-glycosylpolyol phosphate)—belonging to the type IV TA. In both organisms, the minor TA have identical structures: poly(glycerol phosphate-N-acetyl-β-galactosaminylglycerol phosphate) with the phosphodiester bond between C-3 of glycerol and C-4 of the amino sugar. This structure is found for the first time. The major TA of N. halotolerans has a hitherto unknown structure: poly(glycerol phosphate-N-acetyl-β-galactosaminylglycerol phosphate), the N-acetyl-β-galactosamine being acetalated with pyruvic acid at positions 4 and 6. The major TA of N. synnemataformans is a poly(glycerol phosphate-N-acetyl-β-galactosaminylglycerol phosphate) with the phosphodiester bond between C-3 of glycerol and C-3 of the amino sugar. The cell walls of Nocardiopsis composta VKM Ac-2520 and N. composta VKM Ac-2521^T contain only one TA, namely 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate) partially substituted with N-acetyl-α-glucosamine. The cell wall of Nocardiopsis metallicus VKM Ac-2522^T contains two TA. The major TA is 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate), each ribitol unit carrying a pyruvate ketal group at positions 2 and 4. The structure of the minor TA is the same as that of N. composta. The results presented correlate well with the phylogenetic grouping of strains and confirm the species and strain specific features of cell wall TA in members of the genus Nocardiopsis.     

Whole-Genome Sequence of Nocardiopsis alba Strain ATCC BAA-2165, Associated with Honeybees

The actinomycete Nocardiopsis alba was reportedly associated with honeybees in separate occurrences. We report the complete genome of Nocardiopsis alba ATCC BAA-2165 isolated from honeybee guts. It will provide insights into the metabolism and genetic regulatory networks of this genus of bacteria that enable them to live in a range of environments.     

Detection and recovery of hydrolytic enzymes from spent compost of four mushroom species

To evaluate the potential of using the enzymes from spent mushroom compost (SMC) as an industrial enzyme, the production of alpha-amylase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, laccase, and xylanase was determined from the SMC of four edible mushroom species (Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes and Hericium erinaceum). Among the tested SMC, the SMC of L. edodes showed the highest enzyme activity in alpha-amylase (229 nkat/g), cellulase (759 nkat/g) and beta-glucosidase (767 nkat/g) in 0.5% Triton X-100, and that of P. ostreatus showed the highest activity in laccase (1452 nkat/g) in phosphate-buffered 0.2% Triton X-100. The highest xylanase activity (119 nkat/g) was found in the SMC of F. velutipes.     

Harvesting electricity with Geobacter bremensis isolated from compost

Electrochemically active (EA) biofilms were formed on metallic dimensionally stable anode-type electrode (DSA), embedded in garden compost and polarized at +0.50 V/SCE. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene libraries revealed that biofilms were heavily enriched in Deltaproteobacteria in comparison to control biofilms formed on non-polarized electrodes, which were preferentially composed of Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. Among Deltaproteobacteria, sequences affiliated with Pelobacter and Geobacter genera were identified. A bacterial consortium was cultivated, in which 25 isolates were identified as Geobacter bremensis. Pure cultures of 4 different G. bremensis isolates gave higher current densities (1400 mA/m(2) on DSA, 2490 mA/m(2) on graphite) than the original multi-species biofilms (in average 300 mA/m(2) on DSA) and the G. bremensis DSM type strain (100-300 A/m(2) on DSA; 2485 mA/m(2) on graphite). FISH analysis confirmed that G. bremensis represented a minor fraction in the original EA biofilm, in which species related to Pelobacter genus were predominant. The Pelobacter type strain did not show EA capacity, which can explain the lower performance of the multi-species biofilms. These results stressed the great interest of extracting and culturing pure EA strains from wild EA biofilms to improve the current density provided by microbial anodes.     

Antifungal activity of Bacillus sp. isolated from compost

Four strains ofBacillus isolated from lupine compost exhibited an antifungal activity against six plant fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichothecium roseum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum). It was significantly influenced by the composition of the cultivation media.