L-阿拉伯糖的功效及其在生物医药中的研究进展

众所周知,在一定情况下,摄入过量糖类会造成肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病等健康问题。与其他糖类相比,在抑制蔗糖的代谢与吸收,抑制脂肪生成堆积,控制血糖水平和降低血脂水平等方面,L-阿拉伯糖具有特殊的功效。本文对L-阿拉伯糖的功效及其在生物医药中应用作一综述。     

酿酒酵母L-阿拉伯糖转化乙醇代谢工程的研究进展

L-阿拉伯糖是木质纤维素原料中一种重要的五碳糖组分,但传统的乙醇生产菌株酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)不能利用L-阿拉伯糖。通过代谢途径工程手段,在酿酒酵母中引入L-阿拉伯糖初始代谢途径可以获得能利用L-阿拉伯糖乙醇发酵的重组菌株。并且,通过代谢途径的疏通以及吸收系统的优化可以强化重组菌株代谢L-阿拉伯糖的能力。笔者从以上角度综述了近年来酿酒酵母转化L-阿拉伯糖生产乙醇的研究进展。     

L-阿拉伯糖对B型和Q型烟粉虱刺探的影响——膜饲喂评价技术的优化

本文以观察人工饲料膜上刺孔直径及数量评价L-阿拉伯糖对B型和Q型烟粉虱刺探及取食行为为例,用人工饲喂的方法,从饲料的最佳蔗糖浓度、L-阿拉伯糖最佳添加浓度、实验最佳实验时间3个方面对膜喂饲评价技术进行优化,为刺吸式昆虫取食行为的基础研究提供简单可行的方法。结果表明:15%蔗糖最适合烟粉虱的饲喂实验,5%L-阿拉伯糖是合适的添加浓度,12 h是检查效果的最佳时间;取食添加5%L-阿拉伯糖的饲料后,B型烟粉虱在人工饲料囊上的刺探所形成的的大孔、中孔及小孔的数量均显著低于对照,而Q型烟粉虱刺探所形成的的大孔、中孔及小孔数量均显著高于对照。即L-阿拉伯糖抑制了B型烟粉虱的刺探和取食行为,却提高了Q型烟粉虱的刺探和取食行为,因此,5%L-阿拉伯糖对两种生物型烟粉虱可能存在不同作用机制。以15%蔗糖的液体人工饲料膜上的刺孔直径及数量来评价生物活性物质对烟粉虱取食行为影响效果的方法是可行的。     

微生物来源的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的研究进展及应用前景

L-阿拉伯糖异构酶(L-AI)能分别催化L-阿拉伯糖和D-半乳糖异构为L-核酮糖和D-塔格糖,它是目前生物法生产新型功能性因子D-塔格糖最为有效的酶.近年来,L-AI的结构已被揭晓,其基因已获得克隆、测序和过量表达,经过蛋白质工程改造的L-AI将是未来工业化生产D-塔格糖的主要用酶.本文综述了近年来国外对L-AI的结构与功能、催化机理、酶学性质及应用于D-塔格糖生产方面的研究状况,并展望了其发展前景.     

白地霉的戊糖代谢 Ⅱ.L-阿拉伯糖代谢途径

用在L-阿拉伯糖上培养的白地霉(Geotrichum candidum Link)2.361无细胞提取液进行了L-阿拉伯糖代谢酶体系的研究。查明L-阿拉伯糖代谢的变化途径如下: L-阿拉伯糖+NADPH_2 戊醛糖还原酶L-阿拉伯糖醇+NADP L-阿拉伯糖醇+NAD L-阿拉伯糖醇脱氢酶L-木酮糖+NADH_2 L-木酮糖+NADPH_2 NADP-木糖醇脱氢酶木糖醇+NADP 木糖醇+NAD NAD-木糖醇脱氢酶D-木酮糖+NADH_2 D-木酮糖+ATP D-木酮糖激酶→D-木酮糖-5-磷酸+ADP L-阿拉伯糖醇脱氢酶仅存在于L-阿拉伯糖培养的菌体中,而不存在于木糖培养的菌体中。可见它与木糖醇脱氢酶不是同一个酶。这一点与文献报导的不同,在黄青霉中这两种酶活力被认为是同一种酶的作用。     

L-阿拉伯糖对降低高糖高脂喂养小鼠体重增长速率的影响

将L-阿拉伯糖通过口服的方法配合高糖高脂饲料喂养SPF级昆明雄性小鼠,观察不同剂量L-阿拉伯糖对小鼠增重速率的影响。将100只小鼠随机均分为A、B、C、D、E五组(五组小鼠体重没有显著差异),分别采用高、中、低和零四种剂量水平口服L-阿拉伯糖水溶液1个月,另设E组为空白对照,记录小鼠体重和体长变化。结果表明:L-阿拉伯糖对小鼠的体重增长有剂量依存关系,小剂量(0.5g/kg)即可产生作用,但只有添加量达到一定的浓度后(1.0g/kg),其抑制小鼠体重增长速率作用才有明显效果(P0.05)。L-阿拉伯糖能有效减缓肥胖小鼠的体重增长速率。     

酿酒酵母 L-阿拉伯糖转化乙醇代谢工程的研究进展简

L-阿拉伯糖是木质纤维素原料中一种重要的五碳糖组分,但传统的乙醇生产菌株酿酒酵母（ Saccharomyces cerevisiae）不能利用L 阿拉伯糖。通过代谢途径工程手段,在酿酒酵母中引入L 阿拉伯糖初始代谢途径可以获得能利用L 阿拉伯糖乙醇发酵的重组菌株。并且,通过代谢途径的疏通以及吸收系统的优化可以强化重组菌株代谢L 阿拉伯糖的能力。笔者从以上角度综述了近年来酿酒酵母转化L 阿拉伯糖生产乙醇的研究进展。     

细菌把L-山梨糖醇氧化成为L-果糖

美国Nabisco Brands公司R.O.Horwath认为,L-果糖本是作为种饮料中的甜味剂使用的,也可以供糖尿病患者食用的,但由于L-糖类不被代谢,不产生后味,所以他们从一种荧光假单胞菌(Preudomonas fluorescens)的突变株中分离出L-伊地醇脱氢酶,用这种酶来氧化L-山梨糖醇,生产L-果糖。把L-阿拉伯糖缩合,形成L-葡     

用P.pastoris表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶及其酶活性分析

目的:用毕赤酵母表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶。方法:用PCR法扩增大肠杆菌的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因,构建含L-阿拉伯糖异构酶基因的毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K-ai。通过电转法将pPIC9K-ai转化毕赤酵母GS115基因组。先筛选出高G418抗性的克隆,然后再从高拷贝的克隆中筛选出高表达重组L-阿拉伯糖异构酶的重组子作为工程菌GS115(pPIC9K-ai)。结果:在甲醇诱导下,摇瓶发酵GS115(pPIC9K-ai)3d,分泌表达L-阿拉伯糖异构酶32 mg/L。结论:毕赤酵母表达的L-阿拉伯糖异构酶具有转化D-半乳糖为D-塔格糖的生物活性。每升GS115(pPIC9K-ai)发酵液能转化D-半乳糖生成30 mgD-塔格糖。     

分枝犁头霉a-半乳糖苷酶的底物特异性

测定了43种碳水化合物对酶活力的影啊。其中半乳糖、甘油醛及纤维二糖使酶活力下降50％以上,D-阿拉伯糖、塔格糖、半乳糖醛酸、D-枝糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-葡萄糖酸内酯．乳糖及蔗糖使酶活下降到70％左右;而二羟丙酮、2-脱氧-D-半乳糖及异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖苷使酶话提高50％左右;其余的碳水化合物对酶活无明显影响。测定了Hg2+、甘油醛及半乳糖对酶的抑制类型。结果表明,Hg2+是a-半乳糖苷酶的非竞争性抑制剂,半乳糖及甘油醛是酶的竞争性抑制剂,后两者的K,值分别为8．3及12．5 mmol／L。     

L-核糖的生产研究进展

L-核糖是合成许多抗病毒药物的关键中间体,自然界和生物体中并不存在。L-核糖的制备方法有化学合成法和生物合成法。与化学合成法相比,生物合成法对环境更加有利。生物合成法是应用微生物及其酶以核糖醇或L-阿拉伯糖为原料生产L-核糖。综述了L-核糖的制备方法以及产品的分离纯化技术,并对L-核糖的研究现状和前景进行了展望。     

Simple method for precise determination of chemical lethality in the L-arabinose resistance test of Salmonella typhimurium

A simple method is described for the determination of the lethal effects of chemicals assayed with the L-arabinose resistance test of Salmonella typhimurium. The method uses a mixed culture of 2 isogenic bacterial strains which are distinguished on the basis of their different nutritional requirements: sensitivity or resistance to L-arabinose, auxotrophy or prototrophy to histidine and leucine. BA13 (the mutation indicator strain) is the strain for routine screening of mutagens and allows the selection of forward mutation from L-arabinose sensitivity to L-arabinose resistance. BAL13 (the survival indicator strain) is a derivative of BA13. Both bacterial strains are found to be equally sensitive to the lethal effects of mutagens. The method described permits the measurement of cell survival at the same high cell concentration as used in the measurement of the mutant yield and in the same type of minimal medium with L-arabinose and glycerol, except for the histidine supplement in the mutant plates or the leucine in the survival plates.     

A method for the production of D-tagatose using a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain secreting ß-D-galactosidase from Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus and a recombinant L-arabinose isomerase from

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: D-Tagatose is a natural monosaccharide which can be used as a low-calorie sugar substitute in food, beverages and pharmaceutical products. It is also currently being tested as an anti-diabetic and obesity control drug. D-Tagatose is a rare sugar, but it can be manufactured by the chemical or enzymatic isomerization of D-galactose obtained by a beta-D-galactosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of milk sugar lactose and the separation of D-glucose and D-galactose. L-Arabinose isomerases catalyze in vitro the conversion of D-galactose to D-tagatose and are the most promising enzymes for the large-scale production of D-tagatose. RESULTS: In this study, the araA gene from psychrotolerant Antarctic bacterium Arthrobacter sp. 22c was isolated, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The active form of recombinant Arthrobacter sp. 22c L-arabinose isomerase consists of six subunits with a combined molecular weight of approximately 335 kDa. The maximum activity of this enzyme towards D-galactose was determined as occurring at 52[DEGREE SIGN]C; however, it exhibited over 60% of maximum activity at 30[DEGREE SIGN]C. The recombinant Arthrobacter sp. 22c L-arabinose isomerase was optimally active at a broad pH range of 5 to 9. This enzyme is not dependent on divalent metal ions, since it was only marginally activated by Mg2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+ and slightly inhibited by Co2+ or Ni2+. The bioconversion yield of D-galactose to D-tagatose by the purified L-arabinose isomerase reached 30% after 36 h at 50[DEGREE SIGN]C. In this study, a recombinant Pichia pastoris yeast strain secreting beta-D-galactosidase Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus was also constructed. During cultivation of this strain in a whey permeate, lactose was hydrolyzed and D-glucose was metabolized, whereas D-galactose was accumulated in the medium. Moreover, cultivation of the P. pastoris strain secreting beta-D-galactosidase in a whey permeate supplemented with Arthrobacter sp. 22c L-arabinose isomerase resulted in a 90% yield of lactose hydrolysis, the complete utilization of D-glucose and a 30% conversion of D-galactose to D-tagatose. CONCLUSIONS: The method developed for the simultaneous hydrolysis of lactose, utilization of D-glucose and isomerization of D-galactose using a P. pastoris strain secreting beta-D-galactosidase and recombinant L-arabinose isomerase seems to offer an interesting alternative for the production of D-tagatose from lactose-containing feedstock.     

D-核糖高产菌株的选育

以肌苷产生菌B3为出发菌株,通过硫酸二乙酯,紫外线及原生质体紫外线等复合诱变处理,获得一株核糖高产积累突变株B1916,对突变株B1916遗传进行了研究,结果发现该突变株对碳水化合物的利用能力发生了变化,如对葡萄糖利用能力下降,不能利用阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖酸,丧失了解子形成能力;在培养过程中细胞形态呈链状,数字状等。     

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of arabinose biotransformation to arabitol by Candida parapsilosis

L-arabitol, a polyol with applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, is secreted by different yeasts, e.g., Candida spp., Pichia spp., and Debaryomyces spp. The process of its biotechnological production is highly dependent on the physical and chemical conditions of culture. The aim of this study was to use statistical response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the biotransformation of L-arabinose to arabitol by Candida parapsilosis, a yeast species able to assimilate pentoses. Batch cultures of the yeast were prepared following a Plackett-Burman design for seven variables. Following this, rotation speed, temperature, and L-arabinose concentration were chosen for a central composite design (CCD) experiment, which was carried out to optimize the production L-arabitol. The results showed that the optimal levels for the three factors were: rotation speed 150 rpm, temperature 28°C, and L-arabinose concentration 32.5 g/l. The predicted concentration of arabitol after two days of incubation of C. parapsilosis under the above conditions was 14.3 g/l. The value of R²=0.8323 suggested that this model was well-fitted to the experimental data, and this was confirmed during a verification experiment.     

Cloning, expression, and characterization of bacterial L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase involved in an alternative pathway of L-arabinose metabolism

Azospirillum brasiliense converts L-arabinose to alpha-ketoglutarate via five hypothetical enzymatic steps. We purified and characterized L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.46), catalyzing the conversion of L-arabinose to L-arabino-gamma-lactone as an enzyme responsible for the first step of this alternative pathway of L-arabinose metabolism. The purified enzyme preferred NADP+ to NAD+ as a coenzyme. Kinetic analysis revealed that the enzyme had high catalytic efficiency for both L-arabinose and D-galactose. The gene encoding L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase was cloned using a partial peptide sequence of the purified enzyme and was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a fully active enzyme. The enzyme consists of 308 amino acids and has a calculated molecular mass of 33,663.92 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence had some similarity to glucose-fructose oxidoreductase, D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase, and D-galactose 1-dehydrogenase. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the enzyme possesses unique catalytic amino acid residues. Northern blot analysis showed that this gene was induced by L-arabinose but not by D-galactose. Furthermore, a disruptant of the L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase gene did not grow on L-arabinose but grew on D-galactose at the same growth rate as the wild-type strain. There was a partial gene for L-arabinose transport in the flanking region of the L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase gene. These results indicated that the enzyme is involved in the metabolism of L-arabinose but not D-galactose. This is the first identification of a gene involved in an alternative pathway of L-arabinose metabolism in bacterium.     

Pentose metabolism in Mycobacterium smegmatis: comparison of L-arabinose isomerases induced by L-arabinose and D-galactose.

D-Galactose, which did not serve as a growth substrate, was found to induce an L-arabinose isomerase of similar properties to the L-arabinose-induced L-arabinose isomerase. In both cases the pH profiles, pH stability, optimum temperature, heat stability, substrate specificity, metal ion requirements, mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and kinetic properties of the induced isomerases were identical. It appears possible that D-galactose was incorporated into the cells by an L-arabinose permease system that was alos induced by D-galactose.     

L-Arabinose transport and catabolism in yeast

Two yeasts, Candida arabinofermentans PYCC 5603(T) and Pichia guilliermondii PYCC 3012, which show rapid growth on L-arabinose and very high rates of L-arabinose uptake on screening, were selected for characterization of L-arabinose transport and the first steps of intracellular L-arabinose metabolism. The kinetics of L-arabinose uptake revealed at least two transport systems with distinct substrate affinities, specificities, functional mechanisms and regulatory properties. The L-arabinose catabolic pathway proposed for filamentous fungi also seems to operate in the yeasts studied. The kinetic parameters of the initial L-arabinose-metabolizing enzymes were determined. Reductases were found to be mostly NADPH-dependent, whereas NAD was the preferred cofactor of dehydrogenases. The differences found between the two yeasts agree with the higher efficiency of L-arabinose metabolism in C. arabinofermentans. This is the first full account of the initial steps of L-arabinose catabolism in yeast including the biochemical characterization of a specific L-arabinose transporter.     

A modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that consumes L-Arabinose and produces ethanol

Metabolic engineering is a powerful method to improve, redirect, or generate new metabolic reactions or whole pathways in microorganisms. Here we describe the engineering of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain able to utilize the pentose sugar L-arabinose for growth and to ferment it to ethanol. Expanding the substrate fermentation range of S. cerevisiae to include pentoses is important for the utilization of this yeast in economically feasible biomass-to-ethanol fermentation processes. After overexpression of a bacterial L-arabinose utilization pathway consisting of Bacillus subtilis AraA and Escherichia coli AraB and AraD and simultaneous overexpression of the L-arabinose-transporting yeast galactose permease, we were able to select an L-arabinose-utilizing yeast strain by sequential transfer in L-arabinose media. Molecular analysis of this strain, including DNA microarrays, revealed that the crucial prerequisite for efficient utilization of L-arabinose is a lowered activity of L-ribulokinase. Moreover, high L-arabinose uptake rates and enhanced transaldolase activities favor utilization of L-arabinose. With a doubling time of about 7.9 h in a medium with L-arabinose as the sole carbon source, an ethanol production rate of 0.06 to 0.08 g of ethanol per g (dry weight). h(-1) under oxygen-limiting conditions, and high ethanol yields, this yeast strain should be useful for efficient fermentation of hexoses and pentoses in cellulosic biomass hydrolysates.     

Arabinose and xylose fermentation by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a fungal pentose utilization pathway

Background  

Sustainable and economically viable manufacturing of bioethanol from lignocellulose raw material is dependent on the availability of a robust ethanol producing microorganism, able to ferment all sugars present in the feedstock, including the pentose sugars L-arabinose and D-xylose. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a robust ethanol producer, but needs to be engineered to achieve pentose sugar fermentation.