陕西秦岭平河梁自然保护区小型兽类的组成与分布

2005年9月利用铗日法辅以陷阱法对位于秦岭山脉南坡东段的平河梁自然保护区及牛背梁自然保护区小型兽类进行了调查,共设置采集点10个;2460铗日中共捕获小型兽类689只,隶属于3目6科19属27种(另有两种鼢鼠和一种鼯鼠系其他手段捕获),平均捕获率28.01%。对捕获的27种小型兽类生态和垂直分布进行分析结果表明:平河梁保护区3个群落的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数在2.9288-3.3639之间,Pielou均匀性指数在0.7669-0.8602之间。在上述调查的基础上,结合前人对邻近地区的调查,据一些物种的分布特点,订出平河梁自然保护区小型兽类的名录,计48种,结果显示秦岭南坡东段小型兽类的物种多样性和丰富度要高于秦岭其他地区。另在考察中采集到白尾鼹(Parascaptor leucura)、小纹背鼩鼱(Sorex bedfordiae)、斯氏鼢鼠(Myospalaxsmithii)、川西白腹鼠(Niviventer excelsior),在秦岭山区尚属首次记录。还整理了秦岭南坡小型兽类名录,认为秦岭南坡有小型兽类55种,在动物地理区划上应属于西南区。     

G-F指数测度百山祖兽类物种多样性

2010年8月—2012年6月,利用样线法、访问调查法及红外相机技术,结合历史资料对浙江省百山祖国家级自然保护区兽类资源现状进行了调查,并与浙江省内其他5个自然保护区的兽类F指数(family index)和G-F指数(genus-family index)进行比较.结果表明:百山祖共有兽类8目20科55种,区系组成以东洋界种类为主,有国家一级重点保护动物3种,二级重点保护动物11种;百山祖与浙江省内其他5个自然保护区的兽类F指数和G-F指数均不存在显著差异,特别是百山祖和凤阳山的兽类F指数和G-F指数相当接近,相似性指数也高,这可能与百山祖和凤阳山地理位置接近、生境组成相似有关.各保护区的物种分布密度虽然差异不显著,但牛头山自然保护区因为保护区面积较小,导致物种分布密度偏大.     

G-F 指数测度万朝山兽类物种多样性

2015 年5 月-2016 年7 月, 利用样线法对湖北省万朝山自然保护区兽类资源现状进行了调查, 并与湖北省内其他5 个自然保护区的兽类G 指数(genus index)、F 指数(family index)和G-F 指数(genus-family index)进行比较。结果表明: 万朝山自然保护区共有兽类7 目25 科69 种, 区系组成以东洋界种类为主, 有国家I 级重点保护动物4 种, II级重点保护动物11 种; G-F 指数分析表明, 万朝山自然保护区兽类G 指数为3.99、F 指数为14.81, G-F 指数为0.73。万朝山与湖北省省内其他5 个自然保护区的兽类G 指数、F 指数和G-F 指数均不存在显著差异, 特别是万朝山和南河的G-F 指数相当接近, 相似性系数也高, 这可能与万朝山和南河地理位置接近、生境组成相似有关。各保护区的物种分布密度虽然差异不显著, 但南河和漳河源自然保护区因为保护区面积较小, 导致物种分布密度较大。     

青藏高原兽类分布格局及动物地理区划

通过文献资料检索,依据Wilson和Reeder(2005)主编的兽类分类系统,共收集青藏高原兽类250种,分别隶属10目30科.将青藏高原各自然地理单元作为基本单元,根据兽类分布特点,采用Ward's方法对各基本单元进行聚类,结合自然地理条件,对青藏高原兽类动物地理分布格局进行了研究.结果为:(1)青藏高原的兽类中,古北界物种主要分布在羌塘及高原北部地区,该地区的古北界物种占高原全部古北界物种的88.6%;东洋界物种主要分布在藏南及横断山地区,该地区东洋界物种占高原全部东洋界物种的97.7%.(2)根据聚类分析结果.当连接距离为0.6219-1.0738时,将青藏高原划分为2个动物地理I级区,当连接距离为0.5034-0.6219时,划分为4个动物地理Ⅱ级区,当连接距离为0.2236～0.2684时,划分为7个动物地理Ⅲ级区,当连接距离为0.0930～0.1245时,划分为16个动物地理Ⅳ级区.(3)依据青藏高原兽类地理分布格局特点,结合青藏高原隆升对物种分布和自然生态环境的影响,探讨了高原兽类分布格局成因.研究表明,青藏高原兽类分布格局的形成与高原的自身演化密切相关.     

延安人工林区小型兽类群落的季节动态

利用生物量、物种数、多样性指数、均匀度指数等变量, 对延安人工林区小型兽类群落的季节性变化进行了调查。选择生物量作为小型兽类的优势度指标, 分析了小型兽类优势度的季节性变化及在不同生境的表现。共捕获小型兽类9 种, 分属2 目3 科, 优势种为达乌尔鼠兔和中华鼢鼠甘肃亚种; 小型兽类群落4 种变量的季节变化与小型兽类种群生物量的季节变化关系密切; 延安人工林区小型兽类群落优势种的季节性决定着群落生物量的季节性, 普通种和稀有种的季节性决定着物种数和多样性的季节性; 延安人工林区9 种小型兽类存在不同的时空组合; 中华鼢鼠是唯一在各季节和所有生境中分布的种类; 夏、秋季刺槐人工林区、杂草灌丛区达乌尔鼠兔优势度极高。     

陕西秦岭平河梁自然保护区小型兽类的组成与分布

2005年9月利用铗日法辅以陷阱法对位于秦岭山脉南坡东段的平河梁自然保护区及牛背梁自然保护区小型兽类进行了调查，共设置采集点10个；2 460铗日中共捕获小型兽类689只，隶属于3目6科19属27种（另有两种鼢鼠和一种鼯鼠系其他手段捕获），平均捕获率28.01%。对捕获的27种小型兽类生态和垂直分布进行分析结果表明：平河梁保护区3个群落的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数在2.9288—3.3639之间，Pielou均匀性指数在0.7669—0.8602之间。在上述调查的基础上，结合前人对邻近地区的调查，据一些物种的分布特点，订出平河梁自然保护区小型兽类的名录，计48种，结果显示秦岭南坡东段小型兽类的物种多样性和丰富度要高于秦岭其他地区。另在考察中采集到白尾鼹(Parascaptor leucura)、小纹背鼩鼱(Sorex bedfordiae)、斯氏鼢鼠(Myospalax smithii)、川西白腹鼠(Niviventer excelsior)，在秦岭山区尚属首次记录。还整理了秦岭南坡小型兽类名录，认为秦岭南坡有小型兽类55种，在动物地理区划上应属于西南区。     

新疆兽类分布格局及动物地理区划探讨

通过整理文献资料,依据Wilson 和Reeder (2005)兽类分类系统,共收集到新疆兽类138 种,分别隶属8目22 科。根据兽类在各个特定分布区的分布特点,采用Ward 的方法对各特定分布区进行聚类,依据特定分布区的相似性聚类结果,并结合自然地理条件,对新疆兽类动物地理分布格局进行了探讨,并将全疆兽类动物地理区划划分到第Ⅲ级。结果表明,物种丰富度与分布区的环境异质性密切相关,同时,区域环境一致性较高的地区,其兽类区系成份相似度亦较高,聚类结果的一致性较强;新疆兽类的分布受地形因素的影响较显著,天山和塔克拉玛干沙漠等明显的地理界限对兽类的交流、扩散起到明显的阻隔作用。     

四川栗子坪自然保护区的兽类区系与资源

2005年3~11月和2006年7~8月对四川栗子坪自然保护区的兽类区系和资源进行了调查,结合历史文献统计,表明保护区内共有兽类76种,隶属7目27科,其中,属国家Ⅰ级重点保护的兽类有5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护的有12种,中国特产兽类19种。区系组成以东洋界种类为主(60种),占全区兽类种数的78.95%,古北界种类(11种)和广布型种类(5种)分别占14.47%和6.58%。     

广东内伶仃岛兽类资源与保护

经过１年多对内伶禁仃岛兽类资源和保护等方面的调查研究,结果表明,该岛有兽类１９种,隶属６目７科,其优势种有猕猴、穿山甲、普通伏翼、褐家鼠、小家鼠等。列为国家二级保护兽类有猕猴、穿山甲和水獭等３种。阐述了该岛兽类区系组成、特征和水獭种群的分布及保护,并提出了内伶仃岛兽类资源管理和保护建议。     

湖南八大公山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性及活动节律调查

调查自然保护地内的生物多样性现状,对了解当地野生动物种群动态和分布,并制订有效保护对策非常重要。由于地形复杂、植被浓密且缺乏系统调查,云贵高原东北边缘武陵山区的兽类和鸟类多样性数据较为缺乏。2017年3月—2018年12月,对位于武陵山区的湖南八大公山国家级自然保护区的地栖兽类和鸟类多样性现状、群落组成和行为节律进行了红外相机调查,以补充该区域鸟兽多样性本底资料。调查期内共监测了60个相机位点,累计18 525个相机日,拍摄到2 865张独立有效照片,包括8目25科37属,共15种兽类和35种鸟类,其中褐胁雀鹛(Schoeniparus dubius)、褐头鸫(Turdus feae)和白眉鹀(Emberiza tristrami)为保护区鸟类新记录种,相对多度指数较高的动物类群为啮齿目、鲸偶蹄目、食肉目、鸡形目和雀形目。对8种分布广泛、多度指数较高物种日活动节律分析发现：(1)红腿长吻松鼠(Dremomys pyrrhomerus)和花面狸(Paguma larvata)分别为典型的昼行性和夜行性动物,且与其他地区种群的日活动节律高度相似;(2)毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cepha...     

中国有尾两栖类地理分布格局与扩散路线

通过绘制我国有尾两栖类的地理分布图,分析该类群的地理分布格局与可能的起源和扩散路线。研究结果表明,有尾两栖类在我国的地理分布格局,有三个关键区域:1.位于长江上游的、有尾两栖类物种丰富度最高的横断山区,是有尾两栖类的分布中心,该区域很可能亦为有尾两栖类的起源中心及主要特化中心;2.三个次级分布与特化中心,大别山-淮河流域区、南岭-珠江流域区、浙闽山地-江南水乡区;3.四个小型的三级分布与特化中心,台琼海岛区、东北长白山-三江流域区、秦巴山地-汉江渭河流域区、天山-伊犁河流域区。另外,该类群可能的迁移和扩散路线可归纳为:沿着各水系,从分布中心分别向东西南北四个方向迁移和扩散,其中以向北和向东为主,向南和向西扩散的种类较少。向北扩散的主要是小鲵科(Hynobiidae)的一些种类,向东扩散的种类则以蝾螈科(Salamandridae)物种为主。广布于我国东部的隐鳃鲵科(Cryptobranchidae)种类,极可能是该类群向北和向东这两个方向扩散的结果。研究结果表明,东亚两栖动物区系具有明显的整体性,即东亚两栖动物区系是单源的、本地起源的。本项研究结果支持中国日本界假说。     

A Preliminary Study on the Floristic Features of the Genus Burmannia in China

The genus Burmannaia is one of the largest genera in the Burmanniaceae, of which 12 species have been recorded in China. It is mainly a tropical genus. The species in China are all confined to the region south of Yangtze River. They are distributed chiefly in the provinces Guangdong (9 species) and Yunnan (6 species). After having studied the areas of all the species in China, we are able to classify them into following 4 area-types: 1. Area-type of Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia. The two non-saprophytic species (Burmannia disticha, B. caelestis) and one saprophytic (B. championii) belong to this area-type. It is an ancient type. The plants of this type mostly have a wide ecological amplitude, for example, B. disticha may be found in tropical and subtropical regions. The plants occur not only in evergreen forests, in bushs, but also in rather arid herbosa and on the side of streams (Fig. 2). 2. Area-type of Tropical SE Asia. In the type are 3 saprophytic species i.e. B. oblonga, B. wallichii and B. nepalensis. 3. Area-type of E. Asia. (Fig. 3) Burmannia in China with E. Asian distribution is poor in species. There are only 2 saprophytic species. B. cryptopetala is distri-buted in Haina (China), Kyushu and Honshu (Japan); B. itoana occurs in Taiwan (China), Riukiu and Kyushu (Japan). They are known only on the islands of E. Asia. Such a pattern of distribution may suggest connection of these islands once in the prehistoric time in spite of their present isolation. 4. Endemic area-type. (Fig. 4). Here are 3 saprophytic species and one variety with green leaves. B. nana occurs only in E. Taiwan. One of the two new species described by present author in this paper, B. fadouensis, is known from Xichou Xiao, S. E. Yunnan, to Longzhou Xian of the province Gaunxi; the other one, B. pingbienensis occurs only in Pinbien Xian of S. E. Yunnan. The last species is endemic to China. B. pusilla var. hongkongensis is non-saprophytic and known from the province Guangdong and its bordering islands. Both B. fadouensis and B. pingbienensis are characterized by the axillary bulbils, which enable them to adapt to rather arid and cold condi-tions in northern part of the tropical region.     

模拟微重力条件对植物幼苗生长的影响

与正常重力下生长的植物幼苗对照相比 ,在竖直平面内经回转器连续做 12 0h圆周回转的草莓和香石竹幼苗的生长状况发生如下变化 :(1)株高和叶片数有所增加 ;(2 )草莓的叶绿素含量降低 47.5 % ,香石竹叶绿素含量增加 4.3% ;(3)回转后两种幼苗的叶绿素的主要吸收峰位不变 ,而每个峰位吸收强度有所增加 ;(4 )两种幼苗的叶片快速荧光动力学参数 ,回转后除CA/F0 外 ,Fv/F0 、Fv/Fm 和T1/ 2 均有提高 ;(5 )对照和处理的叶绿体的两个光系统间的激发能分配有差异 ,但未影响处理的叶绿体的光合功能     

Faunal relationships and zoogeographical affinities of mammals in north-west Africa

The nonmarine mammal fauna of the Maghreb region of north‐west Africa is related to that from three potential source areas: the northern Palaearctic (Europe and south‐west Asia; here referred to as the European fauna), subsaharan Africa (the African fauna) and the arid Palaearctic (Sahara Desert: the desert fauna). On the basis of geographical distribution patterns, this fauna divisible into two groups: the bats, whose affinities are most closely related to southern Europe and south‐west Asia, and nonflying species, most closely related to subsaharan Africa but with an appreciable northern Palaearctic element. These affinities are even more pronounced if desert fauna are removed from the analysis. The nonflying European fauna probably colonized via south‐west Asia and north Africa, rather than direct from western Europe. The results demonstrate that terrestrial habitat barriers are less of an impediment to dispersal, for all mammals except bats, than even narrow stretches of water. The fauna of the Maghreb may be undergoing faunal relaxation, following immigration from tropical Africa and south‐west Asia during mesic phases in the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene.     

内蒙古发现脊齿獏科一新属

<正> 脊齿獏科(Lophialetidae)为 Radinsky 氏1965年所建立的一个科。目前,被归入这一科的有脊齿獏(Lophialetes)、施氏獏(Schlosseria)以及短齿獏(Breviodon)。此外,还有一红山獏属(Rhodopagus)也被暂时归入这个科内。     

横断山不同海拔地区大绒鼠面对高糖食物变化的生理和行为响应

野外小型哺乳动物通常会表现出生理和行为的变化以应对环境条件的季节性变化,如食物、温度、光照等.为了研究横断山不同地区大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)面对不同含糖量食物时的生理和行为适应策略,选取云南剑川和香格里拉地区大绒鼠各26只,喂高糖食物28 d后重喂标准食物28 d,实验共56 d.测定大绒鼠的体重...     

中国38个地区兰科植物区系成分的比较分析

通过对中国38个地区共147属,984种兰科植物的区系成分的统计,分析了各地区兰科植物的属种热带成分/温带成分(R/T)值随纬度的变化趋势;并利用SPSS 20.0软件对各地区兰科植物的区系成分进行聚类分析。结果表明:(1)38个地区147属兰科植物可划分为11种分布区类型和9种变型,984种兰科植物可划分为12种分布区类型和6种变型。(2)属级水平上R/T值随纬度的升高总体呈下降趋势,38个地区中23个地区为热带性质,13个地区为温带性质,峨眉山和金佛山的热带性质和温带性质相等;种级水平上除俄贤岭的特殊岛屿石灰岩环境造成极强的热带性质外,其他地区的R/T值随纬度的升高而降低,表现出明显的纬向地带性特点。(3)38个地区兰科植物属种级区系类型存在分异现象,即147属兰科植物以热带亚洲分布(24.71%)、北温带分布(19.14%)和热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布(15.32%)为主,而984种兰科植物除热带亚洲分布(30.28%)外,则以中国特有分布(26.89%)和中国-日本分布(12.85%)为主。(4)属种级聚类结果显示,种级水平的聚类分析比属级水平的聚类更能体现出纬度相近其区系成分也相近的特点。     

Microevolution of eastern palaearctic Grey tits as indicated by their vocalizations (Parus [Poecile]: Paridae,Aves) I. Parus montanus: Contributions to the Fauna of the Far East,No. 2

Within the Palaearctic Region, the Willow tit (Parus montanus) displays four vicariant forms of territorial song. 1. “Alpine” form (pure single-frequency whistles, Fig. 5: 1) in the Alps and adjacent mountains to the East. 2. “Lowland” or “Normal” form (frequency change from high to low within one note, Fig. 5: 2) in the other parts of NW, Central and SE Europe. 3. In populations of N and E Europe as well as of W and E Siberia every individual bird uses - so far as known - both song types; this “Siberian” form (Figs. 1, 2) includes intergrades (Fig. 3). The comparatively type-rich Siberian repertoire is found in a vast area from N and E Europe to the Amur River and Ussuriland in Siberia. 4. In song types of S Palaearctic Asia whistled notes dominate, as in the Alpine form, but the single notes contrast by marked differences in pitch (frequency jumps); this is the “Sino-Japanese” form (Altai, China, Japan, Fig. 4). These acoustically defined groups of Eurasia comprise several morphological subspecies. Subspecies groups with the same song type are closely related. We hypothesize that the Alpine and Lowland song types developed in Pleistocene refuge areas in the southern Alps and in the Balkan Peninsula, respectively, both originating from the complex Siberian song type. According to this hypothesis, both extant Central European song types lost one note type of the Siberian song type (Lowland or Alpine, respectively). In contact zones and hybrid belts of Alpine and Lowland song, the Secondary Siberian song type occurs, which combines the Lowland and Alpine types. Marked song types, which cover vast areas, also characterize the closest relatives in the Nearctic Region, the Chickadees P. atricapillus, P. carolinensis and P. sclateri (Mexico), the most southerly representative of Chickadees in America. P. carolinensis uses Sino-Japanese song, P. atricapillus a derived form with only minor frequency jumps. The Willow tit probably evolved in the E Palaearctic Region, perhaps in the area of E China, Amur/Ussuri and NE Siberia, rich in diverse local taxa at present (songarus sector; parts of montanus sector; kamtschatkensis sector, respectively, Fig. 5). The Sino-Japanese song type was also developed here. Starting from this area, montanus settled the W Palaearctic Region, where the song types were modified as follows: loss of frequency jumps of the old Sino-Japanese form, threefold geographical splitting into areas of Alpine, Lowland and Siberian song. Also starting from NE Asia, the Nearctic Region was colonized by at least two immigration waves. The first one resulted in the present P. carolinensis, which introduced Sino-Japanese song into the Nearctic Region. Considered not closely related to P. carolinensis on genetic grounds, the present P. atricapillus may represent another immigrant from E Asia with already modified Sino-Japanese song (minor frequency jumps). In the Nearctic Region, Alpine song occurs in Alaska, where it resembles much Alpine song in Siberia and the rare Alpine form in Japan. Territorial song supports the currently rejected assumption of conspecifity of palaearctic and nearctic Willow tits under the name P. atricapillus. Despite allozyme differences, P. atricapillus and P. carolinensis behave largely as a common biological species. In accordance with its peculiar song, the allopatric P. sclateri is attributed species status. Song structure in both the montanus and atricapillus / carolinenis complexes of the Holarctic Region is highly conservative and gives even better insight into evolutionary history than morphological characters.     

The mitochondrial genome structure of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa).

The complete 16 844 bp mitochondrial genome of Neofelis nebulosa has been sequenced and compared with the complete mitochondrial genomes of Felis catus and the Acinonyx jubatus. The base composition of the mitochondrial genome of N. nebulosa is as follows: A, 5343 bp (31.7%); C, 4441 bp (26.4%); G, 2491 bp (14.8%); T, 4569 bp (27.1%). The genome complement and the gene order of this mitochondrial genome was found to be typical of those reported for other mammals. Several unusual features of this genome, however, were found. First, in protein-coding regions, AT bias in the genome was not prevalent in the third position of codons, as it is in most other mammals, but was found in the second position of codons. Second, in tRNA regions, tRNASer (AGY), which lacked the "DHU" arm, could not be folded into the typical cloverleaf-shaped structure. Third, in the control region, no repetitive sequences (RS)-2 were found. However, RS-2 repetitive motifs usually occurr in the control regions of most great cats. In addition, 4 variable sites were found in CSB-3 of the control region. Fourth, AT content in the control region of the mtDNA from the clouded leopard was lower than it is in other regions.     

不同干扰荒漠生境中子午沙鼠的繁殖及种群动态特征

子午沙鼠(Merionesmeridianus)广泛分布于我国西北部地区,是荒漠啮齿动物群落的优势鼠种。种群繁殖特征是动物生活史参数中的一个重要组成部分,是种群数量补充的重要来源,而干扰是影响繁殖特征的重要因素。本研究于2012~2014年,在位于蒙古阿拉善左旗南部典型荒漠的野外实验区,设置禁牧、开垦、过牧、轮牧4种不同干扰样地,使用铗日法对实验样地子午沙鼠相对数量及繁殖特征进行调查。4种不同干扰生境中的子午沙鼠种群数量具有显著差异,禁牧过牧轮牧开垦;雌雄性比在轮牧生境中最高,开垦生境次之,禁牧生境最低;4种干扰生境中,轮牧样地子午沙鼠雌鼠怀孕率显著高于禁牧、过牧和开垦样地;雄鼠的睾丸下降率在过牧干扰样地显著高于其他3种干扰方式样地,轮牧样地雄鼠睾丸下降率最低;雌鼠平均胎仔数在4种干扰生境间无显著性差异;轮牧干扰样地繁殖指数显著高于其他3种干扰方式样地;繁殖指数、怀孕率及睾丸下降率对密度的反馈作用最为明显,但在不同的干扰生境中其反馈特征有差异。综上,子午沙鼠在轮牧生境中各繁殖特征指数最高,繁殖能力最强,种群密度相对较高,更适合其生存,其密度制约效应表现最为明显。