开放式空气CO2增高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

在FACE(free aircarbondioxideenrichment)平台上 ,采用静态暗箱 气相色谱法观测研究了大气CO2 浓度增加对稻田CH4和N2 O排放的影响 .结果表明 ,在 15 0和 2 5 0kgN·hm-2 两种氮肥水平下大气CO2 浓度增加 2 0 0 μmol·mol-1均明显促进水稻生长 ,水稻生物量积累 .大气CO2 浓度增加对 15 0和 2 5 0kgN·hm-2 两种氮肥水平下稻田CH4排放均无显著影响 ,并简要分析了与现有文献报道结果不一致的原因 .大气CO2 浓度增加也未导致 15 0和 2 5 0kgN·hm-2 两种氮肥水平下稻田N2 O排放的明显变化 ,与大多数研究结果一致 .     

Effects of elevated ozone concentration on methane emission from a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta,China

Few investigations have been made on the impact of elevated ozone (O₃) concentration on methane (CH₄) emission from rice paddies. Using open‐top chambers in situ with different O₃ treatments, CH₄ emissions were measured in a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta, China in 2007 and 2008. There were four treatments applied: charcoal‐filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), and charcoal‐filtered air with different O₃ additions (O₃‐1 and O₃‐2). The mean O₃ concentrations during the O₃ fumigation were 19.7, 22.6, 69.6 and 118.6 ppb in 2007 and 7.0, 17.4, 82.2 and 138.3 ppb in 2008 for treatments CF, NF, O₃‐1 and O₃‐2, respectively. The rice yields, as compared with CF, were reduced by 32.8% and 37.1%, 58.3% and 52.1% in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The diurnal patterns of CH₄ emission varied temporally with treatments and there was inconsistence in diurnal variations in CH₄ emissions from the paddy field. The daily mean CH₄ emissions were significantly lower in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 than those in treatments CF and NF. Compared with CF treatment, CH₄ emissions from the paddy field were decreased to 46.5% and 38.3%, 50.6% and 46.8% under treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in the whole growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, respectively. The seasonal mean CH₄ emissions were negatively related with AOT40 (accumulative O₃ concentration above 40 ppb; P < 0.01 in both years), but positively related to the relative rice yield (reference to CF; P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.001 in 2008), aboveground biomass (P < 0.01 in both years) and underground biomass (P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.05 in 2008). The decreased CH₄ emission from the rice paddy due to an increased O₃ exposure might partially mitigate the global warming potential induced by soil carbon loss under elevated O₃ concentrations.     

稳定性氮肥配合秸秆还田对水稻产量及N2O和CH4排放的影响

以中国科学院辽宁沈阳农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站连续两年的试验平台为依托,以潮棕壤为供试土壤,开展了稳定性氮肥配合秸秆还田对水稻产量及N₂O和CH₄排放的影响研究,设置对照(CK)、尿素(U)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+I)、秸秆还田(S)、秸秆还田+尿素(S+U)、秸秆还田+尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(S+U+I)6个处理.结果表明: 与CK相比,尿素显著提高了水稻产量、N₂O和CH₄累积排放及全球增温潜势.硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂与尿素配施可显著减缓N₂O的累积排放.秸秆还田显著增加了N₂O和CH₄累积排放、全球增温潜势和温室气体排放强度.S+U+I处理水稻产量最高,但温室气体排放强度也显著高于其他处理;U+I处理产量略低于S+U+I,但温室气体排放强度最小.秸秆单独还田处理作物产量与对照相比无显著差异.在东北潮棕壤发育的水田中,S+U+I和U+I是相对较优的施肥模式.     

Effects of elevated ozone concentration on yield of four Chinese cultivars of winter wheat under fully open‐air field conditions

Four modern cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown under elevated ozone concentration (E‐O₃) in fully open‐air field conditions in China for three consecutive growth seasons from 2007 to 2009. Results indicated that a mean 25% enhancement above the ambient ozone concentration (A‐O₃, 45.7 p.p.b.) significantly reduced the grain yield by 20% with significant variation in the range from 10% to 35% among the combinations of cultivar and season. The varietal difference in the yield response to E‐O₃ became nonsignificant when the anova was done by omitting one cultivar which showed unstable response to E‐O₃ among the seasons. The reduction of individual grain mass accounted mostly for the yield loss by E‐O₃, and showed significant difference between the cultivars. The response of relative yield to E‐O₃ was not significantly different from those reported in China, Europe and India on the basis of experiments in open‐top chambers. Our results thus confirmed the rising threat of surface O₃ on wheat production worldwide in the near future. Various countermeasures are urgently needed against the crop losses due to O₃ such as mitigation of the increase in surface O₃ with stricter pollution control, and enhancement of the wheat tolerance against O₃ by breeding and management.     

CH4 emission with differences in atmospheric CO2 enrichment and rice cultivars in a Japanese paddy soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate CH₄ emissions from a sandy paddy soil as influenced by rice cultivars and atmospheric CO₂ elevation. The experiment with two CO₂ levels, 370 μL L⁻¹ (ambient) and 570 μL L⁻¹ (elevated), was performed in a climatron, located at the National Institute for Agro‐Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan. Four rice cultivars were tested in this experiment, including IR65598, IR72, Dular and Koshihikari. Tiller number, root length and grain yield were clearly larger under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂. IR72 and Dular showed significantly higher tiller number, root length and grain yield than Koshihikari and IR65598. Average daily CH₄ fluxes under elevated CO₂ were significantly larger by 10.9–23.8% than those under ambient CO₂, and varied with the cultivars in the sequence Dular ≧ IR72>IR65598 ≧ Koshihikari. Dissolved organic C (DOC) content in the soil was obviously higher under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂ and differed among the cultivars, in the sequence IR72>Dular>Koshihikari>IR65598. The differences in average daily CH₄ fluxes between CO₂ levels and among the cultivars were related to different root exudation as DOC content, root length and tiller number. This study indicated that Koshihikari should be a potential cultivar for mitigating CH₄ emission and simultaneously keeping stable grain yield, because this cultivar emitted lowest CH₄ emission and produced medium grain yield.     

长效氮肥施用对黑土水旱田CH4和N2O排放的影响

通过在黑土玉米地与水稻田施用长效氮肥后发现 ,长效碳酸氢铵 (长碳 )与长效尿素(长尿 )能显著减少黑土玉米地N2 O的排放。与施用普通尿素相比 ,其排放量分别减少了5 9 2 %和 73 3%。长碳和长尿还能促进黑土玉米地对CH4的吸收作用。黑土水稻田施用长尿后 ,N2 O的排放减少了 6 1%。而CH4的排放却略有增加     

Differential responses in two varieties of winter wheat to elevated ozone concentration under fully open‐air field conditions

Two modern cultivars [Yangmai16 (Y16) and Yangfumai 2 (Y2)] of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with almost identical phenology were investigated to determine the impacts of elevated ozone concentration (E‐O₃) on physiological characters related to photosynthesis under fully open‐air field conditions in China. The plants were exposed from the initiation of tillering to final harvest, with E‐O₃ of 127% of the ambient ozone concentration (A‐O₃). Measurements of pigments, gas exchange rates, chlorophyll a fluorescence and lipid oxidation were made in three replicated plots throughout flag leaf development. In cultivar Y2, E‐O₃ significantly accelerated leaf senescence, as indicated by increased lipid oxidation as well as faster declines in pigment amounts and photosynthetic rates. The lower photosynthetic rates were mainly due to nonstomatal factors, e.g. lower maximum carboxylation capacity, electron transport rates and light energy distribution. In cultivar Y16, by contrast, the effects of E‐O₃ were observed only at the very last stage of flag leaf ageing. Since the two cultivars had almost identical phenology and very similar leaf stomatal conductance before senescence, the greater impacts of E‐O₃ on cultivars Y2 than Y16 cannot be explained by differential ozone uptake. Our findings will be useful for scientists to select O₃‐tolerant wheat cultivars against the rising surface [O₃] in East and South Asia.     

氢醌和双氰胺对种稻土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了脲酶抑制剂氢醌（ＨＱ）、硝化抑制剂双氰胺（ＤＣＤ）及二者的组合（ＨＱ＋ＤＣＤ）对种稻土壤Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４排放的影响．结果表明,在未施麦秸粉时,所有施抑制剂的处理均较单施尿素的能显著减少水稻生长期供试土壤Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４的排放．特别是ＨＱ＋ＤＣＤ处理,其Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＨ４排放总量分别约为对照的１／３和１／２．而在施麦秸粉后,该处理的Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量为对照的１／２,但ＣＨ４排放总量却较少差别．不论是Ｎ２Ｏ还是ＣＨ４的排放总量,施麦秸粉的都比未施的高出１倍和更多．因此,单从土壤源温室气体排放的角度看,将未腐熟的有机物料与尿素共施,并不是一种适宜的施肥制度．供试土壤的Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量,与水稻植株的ＮＯ－３Ｎ含量和土表水层中的矿质Ｎ量分别呈显著的指数正相关和线性正相关;ＣＨ４的排放通量则与水稻植株的生长量和土表水层中的矿质Ｎ量呈显著的线性负相关．在Ｎ２Ｏ与ＣＨ４的排放间,未施麦秸粉时存在着定量的相互消长关系;施麦秸粉后,虽同样存在所述关系,但难以定量化．     

控释肥料对稻田氧化亚氮排放的影响

采用静态箱法研究了控释肥料和常规肥料处理对华南赤红壤发育的稻田N2O排放的影响．结果表明,施用控释肥处理与非包膜复合肥处理,在水稻移栽后10d内水层中NH4^+-N和NO3^--N浓度问差异达极显著水平,各处理水层中NO3^--N浓度与2d后或当天N2O排放量间的偏相关系数达极显著水平．包膜型控释肥比未包膜复合肥能极显著地降低稻田N2O的排放量．在施肥后100d内,控释肥的N2O累积排放量仅为未包膜型复合肥料的13．45％～21．26％,是尿素处理的71．17％～112．47％．复合肥处理的N2O排放主要集中在施肥后1～25d和水稻晒田期间,控释肥在此时期的排放量显著降低,尿素处理则延缓并减小了N2O排放峰．控释肥一次施用和尿素分次施用都能减少N2O排放．     

蚯蚓和三叉苦对亚热带人工林土壤N2O和CH4通量的短期效应

在广东鹤山大叶相思(Acacia auriculaeformis)人工林内设置外来蚯蚓西土寒宪蚓(Ocnerodrilus occidentalis)和乡土植物三叉苦(Evodia lepta)野外控制实验,用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤N2O和CH4通量进行15 d的原位测定,研究蚯蚓和三叉苦对土壤N2O和CH4通量的影响。结果表明,三叉苦并未明显增加土壤N2O和CH4的通量,而假植物(模拟三叉苦的物理效应)则显著促进了土壤N2O的释放通量。整个实验阶段,蚯蚓效应分别使无植物对照和三叉苦处理土壤N2O通量增加了26.7%和66.3%,而在种假植物条件下,添加蚯蚓使土壤N2O通量降低了39.7%;同时,蚯蚓效应使对照处理土壤CH4吸收通量增加了10.3%,使假植物处理土壤CH4吸收通量降低了90.6%,而使三叉苦处理土壤CH4释放通量增加了301.8%。可见,蚯蚓能够促进人工林土壤N2O释放;同时促进人工林土壤从CH4“汇”向“源”转变。三叉苦的物理过程促进土壤N2O的释放,而三叉苦的生物过程抑制土壤N2O的排放。如何减缓人工林中土壤N2O和CH4的排放,必须综合考虑植物物理过程、生物过程以及蚯蚓对土壤N2O和CH4排放过程影响的独立效应和交互效应。     

稳定性氮肥配合秸秆还田对水稻产量及N2O和CH4排放的影响

以中国科学院辽宁沈阳农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站连续两年的试验平台为依托,以潮棕壤为供试土壤,开展了稳定性氮肥配合秸秆还田对水稻产量及N₂O和CH₄排放的影响研究,设置对照(CK)、尿素(U)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+I)、秸秆还田(S)、秸秆还田+尿素(S+U)、秸秆还田+尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(S+U+I)6个处理.结果表明: 与CK相比,尿素显著提高了水稻产量、N₂O和CH₄累积排放及全球增温潜势.硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂与尿素配施可显著减缓N₂O的累积排放.秸秆还田显著增加了N₂O和CH₄累积排放、全球增温潜势和温室气体排放强度.S+U+I处理水稻产量最高,但温室气体排放强度也显著高于其他处理;U+I处理产量略低于S+U+I,但温室气体排放强度最小.秸秆单独还田处理作物产量与对照相比无显著差异.在东北潮棕壤发育的水田中,S+U+I和U+I是相对较优的施肥模式.     

华南丘陵区2种土地利用方式下地表CH4和N2O通量研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对华南丘陵区马尾松林和果园地表CH4和N2O通量及其主要影响因子进行了观测(马尾松Pinus massoniana林为期16个月,果园15个月),比较和分析了不同土地利用方式下地表CH4,和N2O通量的季节变化,地表CH4和N2O通量与温度和土壤含水量的关系以及凋落物对地表CH4和N2O通量的影响.结果表明,在有凋落物覆盖下,马尾松林和果园年均地表CH4通量分别为-3.41±0.3和-3.24±0.44 kg CH,hm-2a-1;年均地表N2O通量分别为4.57±0.50和11.99±0.67 kg N2O-N hm-2a-1;去除凋落物情况下,马尾松林和果园年均地表CH4通量分别为-2.98±0.44和-1.93±0.53 kg CH4 hm-2a-1;年均地表N2O通量分别为3.12±0.28和9.42±0.56 kg N2O-N hm-2a-1.2种土地利用方式对地表CH4影响较小,对N2O通鼍的影响较大,果园地表N2O通量显著大于马尾松林(P<0.01).马尾松林和果园土壤对CH4的吸收在旱季(10～3月)高而雨季(4～9月)低,N2O排放雨季较高而旱季较低.土壤含水量对地表CH4和N2O通量的影响比温度要大.凋落物对地表CH4通量的影响较小,对N2O通量的影响较大,凋落物对马尾松林和果园N2O排放的贡献率分别为31.71%和21.40%.研究还表明,地表N2O)通量存在明显的降雨驱动效应.     

黑土稻田CH4与N2O排放及减排措施研究

通过对黑土稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的观测,发现水稻生长季CH₄和N₂O排放量低于全国其它地区稻田CH₄和N₂O排放之间存在互为消长关系(r=-0．513,P<0．05),但在同样施肥水平条件下,间歇灌溉与长期淹灌相比,CH₄排放明显减少而N₂O略有增加,其相对综合温室效应被大大减少且水稻产量未受影响。为此,间歇灌溉可作为减少稻田温室气体排放的水分管理措施。另外,通过对CH₄和N₂O排放的相关微生物过程探讨,揭示产甲烷菌数与CH4排放问呈显著性正相关(R²=0．82,P<0．05),硝化菌数和反硝化菌数与N2O排放有重要关系。     

反刍家畜及其排泄物对N2O和CH4排放的贡献

了解反刍动物及其排泄物对温室气体的贡献以及主要影响因素对于认识全球气候变化及寻找减缓措施都具有重要的社会、经济和生态学意义.本文在综述了大量国内外相关文献的基础上,提出提高家畜营养水平和均衡营养,特别是在天然草原上增加豆科牧草的比例,并通过在饲料中适量添加中链脂肪酸等添加剂,是提高家畜的生产性能、降低CH4排放量的有效措施.同时指出,由于在家畜排泄物处理和利用过程中,降低一种温室气体的排放可能会增加另一种气体的排放,因此,应该根据它们对大气增温潜值的差异,将各种处理下温室气体换算成CO2-C,从而进行比较分析,通过调整综合措施以达到二者总释放量的最低水平;同时还应该考虑到所产生的NH3和亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐对大气和环境的污染.因此,如何提高反刍家畜的饲养与营养、调整放牧管理制度、改善草原群落结构,从而在提高个体生产性能的基础上达到降低家畜总饲养量,最终实现草原生态保护、家畜生产和温室气体排放综合考虑的折衷管理方案,是今后所要解决的科学问题.任何减缓温室气体排放的措施都应该以整个生产系统为基础,从而综合评价所采取措施的有效性.     

太阳辐射对稻田甲烷排放的影响

太阳辐射减弱是气候变化的主要特征之一,而太阳辐射减弱对稻田甲烷(CH4)排放的影响尚不明确,且缺少高光谱遥感用于估算稻田CH4排放的研究.通过田间模拟试验,研究了不同遮阴强度对稻田CH4排放和水稻冠层光谱特征的影响,并基于冠层高光谱数据估算了CH4排放通量.采用单因子试验设计,遮阴强度设3个水平,即对照(不遮阴,CK)、轻度遮阴(S1,单层遮阴,遮阴率为60%)和重度遮阴(S2,双层遮阴,遮阴率为84%).结果表明:与对照相比,遮阴明显降低了稻田CH4排放,但重度遮阴下CH4排放高于轻度遮阴;近红外波段水稻冠层反射率表现为CK>S2>S1;水稻冠层光谱反射率(699~1349 nm)与CH4排放通量呈极显著正相关,最高相关系数达0.64,6种植被指数与CH4排放通量也呈极显著相关,其中比值植被指数(RVI)与CH4排放通量的相关系数最大,达0.84;建立了以RVI、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和507 nm原始反射率(ρ507)为参数估算CH4排放通量的逐步回归模型,决定系数R2分别为0.86和0.85,利用该模型可为开展区域稻田温室气体排放的遥感监测提供试验依据.     

Impacts of climate and land use on N2O and CH4 fluxes from tropical ecosystems in the Mt. Kilimanjaro region,Tanzania

In this study, we quantify the impacts of climate and land use on soil N₂O and CH₄ fluxes from tropical forest, agroforest, arable and savanna ecosystems in Africa. To do so, we measured greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes from 12 different ecosystems along climate and land‐use gradients at Mt. Kilimanjaro, combining long‐term in situ chamber and laboratory soil core incubation techniques. Both methods showed similar patterns of GHG exchange. Although there were distinct differences from ecosystem to ecosystem, soils generally functioned as net sources and sinks for N₂O and CH₄ respectively. N₂O emissions correlated positively with soil moisture and total soil nitrogen content. CH₄ uptake rates correlated negatively with soil moisture and clay content and positively with SOC. Due to moderate soil moisture contents and the dominance of nitrification in soil N turnover, N₂O emissions of tropical montane forests were generally low (<1.2 kg N ha^?1 year^?1), and it is likely that ecosystem N losses are driven instead by nitrate leaching (~10 kg N ha^?1 year^?1). Forest soils with well‐aerated litter layers were a significant sink for atmospheric CH₄ (up to 4 kg C ha^?1 year^?1) regardless of low mean annual temperatures at higher elevations. Land‐use intensification significantly increased the soil N₂O source strength and significantly decreased the soil CH₄ sink. Compared to decreases in aboveground and belowground carbon stocks enhanced soil non‐CO₂ GHG emissions following land‐use conversion from tropical forests to homegardens and coffee plantations were only a small factor in the total GHG budget. However, due to lower ecosystem carbon stock changes, enhanced N₂O emissions significantly contributed to total GHG emissions following conversion of savanna into grassland and particularly maize. Overall, we found that the protection and sustainable management of aboveground and belowground carbon and nitrogen stocks of agroforestry and arable systems is most crucial for mitigating GHG emissions from land‐use change.     

外源氮对沼泽湿地CH4和N2O通量的影响

三江平原沼泽湿地受到大气沉降、地表径流、农业排水等外源氮素的输入,对湿地生态系统CH4和N2O通量有重要影响。采用野外原位施肥试验模拟外源氮输入,设0,60,120,240kgN·hm^-24种试验处理,探讨外源氮对沼泽湿地CH4和N2O通量的影响。结果表明,外源氮促进了CH4和N2O排放。与对照处理比较,各施氮水平CH4平均排放通量分别增加了181％,254％和155％,N2O排放通量分别增加了21％,100％和533％。外源氮输入对CH4排放的季节变化形式影响不大,而N2O的季节变化形式随着氮输入表现出波动变化的趋势。不同施氮水平对CH4排放的促进作用与植物生长阶段和产CH4的微生物过程密切相关,N2O排放通量随氮输入量呈指数增加（R^2=0．97,P〈0．01）。外源氮通过影响湿地微生物过程来进一步影响CH4和N2O的排放。     

作物对黄土性土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响——根系与土壤氧化亚氮排放

以冬小麦田耕作层原状土为研究对象,采用了室内培养实验的方法,观测了小麦生长期不同阶段根系对土壤N2O排放的影响,及对土壤N2O排放的水、热效应的影响。结果表明,在实验的各个时期土壤N2O平均排放通量麦田均高于休耕地,在孕穗期麦田N2O排放通量出现最大值;而随根系质量和活性下降,生殖后期N2O排放量减少。小麦主根区与行间土壤N2O排放量存在差异,其主要表现在孕穗期,行间N2O排放通量是主根区的5.64倍,但开花期和成熟期差异表现并不明显。在小麦开花期和成熟期土壤N2O排放温度效应受作物根系的影响显著,而孕穗期不明显。小麦根系对水分效应影响主要集中表现在15～20cm的土层。同时,研究还发现种植小麦使土壤中N2O排放的主要区域扩大。     

控释肥料对覆膜栽培稻田N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了控释肥料对四川丘陵地区覆膜节水高产栽培稻田N₂O排放的影响.结果表明: 稻田施用尿素及控释肥料后水稻生长期N₂O排放总量分别为(38.2±4.4)和(21.5±5.2) mg N·m^-2;施用尿素处理N₂O排放系数为0.25%,施用控释肥料处理N₂O排放系数为0.14%,减少了43.6%(P<0.05),其中烤田前减少了49.6%(P<0.05);控释肥料可抑制施肥引起的N₂O排放峰值,降幅达52.6%;控释肥料对水稻不同生长季节土壤微生物生物量氮、NH₄⁺-N含量和水稻产量均无显著影响;N₂O排放与5 cm土壤温度、土壤Eh值无显著相关性.     

黄土性土壤剖面不同层次N2O浓度的原位监测

用土壤探头法对黄土性土壤玉米-小麦轮作体系下不同剖面层次N2O浓度变化进行了3a的田间原位监测.结果证实了黄土性土壤深层反硝化作用的存在,且N2O浓度有着明显的时间和空间变异.表现为N2O浓度受土壤气候条件(温度和降水)和生产管理措施的影响,丰水年明显高于亏水年;在降水或灌溉后出现瞬时N2O浓度峰.由于小麦和玉米生长特点和作物生长季气侯特点的差异,玉米生长季土壤剖面各层N2O浓度显著高于小麦生长期土壤剖面各层的浓度.统计分析结果表明:土壤剖面中不同土层N2O浓度的变化对照处理为60cm ≈ 90cm ≈150cm＞ 30cm＞ 10cm,而施肥处理为60cm > 90cm ≈150cm＞ 30cm＞ 10cm.深层土壤N2O的主要来源是土壤的反硝化作用,施肥显著地增加各土壤层次N2O的产生量.