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1.
姚志超  白帅  张宏宇 《微生物学报》2018,58(6):1036-1048
在长期的进化过程中,昆虫形成了独特的肠道防御系统,主要由物理屏障和免疫系统共同作用来抵御外来微生物的入侵。如大部分后生动物一样,昆虫肠道上皮细胞无时无刻不与微生物接触,其种类从有益的共生菌、随食物进入的微生物到影响宿主生命的病原菌。在这样一种复杂的环境中,为了实现防御肠道病原微生物的同时又能维持共生微生物稳定的目的,宿主肠道上皮细胞必须在免疫应激和免疫耐受之间保持一种稳态平衡。Duox-ROS免疫系统和免疫缺陷(immune deficiency,Imd)信号通路作为肠道免疫反应的基本途径,必然参与调节此过程。本文从昆虫肠道防御组成、肠道免疫信号通路作用分子机制以及肠道免疫系统在肠道微生物群落稳态维持中的作用的最新研究进展进行综述。  相似文献   

2.
衰老已成为引发慢性疾病的危险因素之一,众多慢性疾病的发生发展与老年群体的肠道免疫功能失调密切相关。衰老显著影响肠道免疫系统和肠道菌群稳态,本文回顾了伴随衰老发生的肠黏膜免疫功能变化,包括 Toll样受体(TLRs)、T细胞和B细胞及炎症细胞因子,如IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ等。分析了与年龄相关的典型肠道微生物及其代谢产物的变化。衰老导致肠道菌群的组成和多样性发生变化,与年龄相关的拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、丁酸梭菌等肠道菌群发生变化,肠道菌群代谢物短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)、胆汁和吲哚及吲哚衍生物减少,肠道菌群稳态失衡。本文探讨了肠道菌群及其代谢物与肠道免疫系统之间的相互作用,并提出肠道菌群与肠黏膜免疫功能间存在高度关联性。正常情况下,健康的免疫系统和肠道菌群相互加强,共同促进宿主健康。然而,随着年龄的增长,肠黏膜完整性及肠道菌群稳态失衡,导致免疫应答及调节能力下降,不能有效应对各种外源侵害。同时,免疫系统的持续性损伤更进一步加深肠道菌群失衡。老年人肠道菌群的变化影响防御素等抗菌肽、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)等关键免疫分子的多样性和数量。肠道中免疫分子的异常表达也导致肠道微生物组成的变化,影响肠道健康,并可能增加疾病的风险。肠道菌群代谢物通过与肠道受体相互作用,激活相关信号通路,直接调节免疫细胞,控制免疫系统,影响肠道屏障和肠道免疫功能,对肠道具有肠道免疫调节作用。随着肠道菌群与免疫衰老的关系越来越清晰,未来的研究可以探索针对肠道菌群调节的抗衰老和增强免疫策略。此外,本文进一步探讨了通过饮食干预和粪便微生物群移植(FMT)调控肠道菌群及肠道免疫功能,进而延缓免疫衰老的策略。饮食干预通过对老年人饮食结构的调整及补充微生物制剂,促进有益菌生长,维持肠道屏障,减少慢性炎症产生。FMT则是将健康个体的粪便移植到受体中来增强黏膜完整性和促进微生物多样性。本文综述了肠道菌群抗衰老手段的研究进展,深入探讨了衰老、肠道菌群与免疫应答之间的复杂机制,以期为靶向调节肠道菌群促进肠道黏膜免疫功能促进健康、抗衰老的研究提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
    
A new study entitled \"Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior\", published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, requires that we reconsider the notion that the brain is an immune-privileged site. The authors demonstrate that intestinal microbiota must be present within a set time-frame for normal synaptogenesis to occur in the brain. In the absence of intestinal microbiota, histopathological and behavioral abnormalities arise. These observations necessitate a new look at the many interconnections of the immune system and the brain, suggesting new frontiers for research and new therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental diseases.  相似文献   

4.
黑水虻Hermetia illucens L.幼虫肠道中的免疫系统既需要消灭病原体,又要创造有益环境,保留共生微生物。Toll和免疫缺陷(Immune deficiency,Imd)通路是昆虫肠道内抵御病原体的基本免疫防御机制,然而黑水虻幼虫肠道中耐受共生菌的机制尚不清楚。本研究通过对比不同废弃物(餐厨垃圾、豆渣和鸡粪)中黑水虻幼虫中肠微生物组,发现放线菌门Actinobacteria、厚壁菌门Firmicutes、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes和变形菌门Proteobacteria在肠道中占主导,并且肠道能富集放线菌门和拟杆菌门。通过随机森林模型预测,异单胞菌Dysgonomonas、摩氏摩根菌属Morganella、厌氧球菌属Anaerococcus最有可能是中肠中的特征菌属,这些菌的存在可能对黑水虻的生长有着重要影响并且可以作为判定样品是否属于黑水虻的标准。进一步研究表明后中肠的微生物负荷平均是前中肠和中中肠的8.56倍,同时异单胞菌主要在后中肠富集。另外,前中肠和中中肠的抗菌肽表达分别是后中肠的1 645倍和10.20倍,而负反馈因子在后中肠的表达平均提高了4.66倍。本研究初步表明黑水虻幼虫肠道可能对微生物具有重塑作用,幼虫在前中肠通过抗菌肽筛选微生物,并在后中肠抑制抗菌肽释放保存共生菌。综上,本研究揭示了黑水虻幼虫肠道免疫的区域化表达可维持抗病原体能力的同时为共生微生物群构建保护区域的“先清除-后招募”机制。  相似文献   

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6.
    
Recent studies indicate that early postnatal period is a critical window for gut microbiota manipulation to optimise the immunity and body growth. This study investigated the effects of maternal faecal microbiota orally administered to neonatal piglets after birth on growth performance, selected microbial populations, intestinal permeability and the development of intestinal mucosal immune system. In total, 12 litters of crossbred newborn piglets were selected in this study. Litter size was standardised to 10 piglets. On day 1, 10 piglets in each litter were randomly allotted to the faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and control groups. Piglets in the FMT group were orally administrated with 2ml faecal suspension of their nursing sow per day from the age of 1 to 3 days; piglets in the control group were treated with the same dose of a placebo (0.1M potassium phosphate buffer containing 10% glycerol (vol/vol)) inoculant. The experiment lasted 21 days. On days 7, 14 and 21, plasma and faecal samples were collected for the analysis of growth-related hormones and cytokines in plasma and lipocalin-2, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), selected microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in faeces. Faecal microbiota transplantation increased the average daily gain of piglets during week 3 and the whole experiment period. Compared with the control group, the FMT group had increased concentrations of plasma growth hormone and IGF-1 on days 14 and 21. Faecal microbiota transplantation also reduced the incidence of diarrhoea during weeks 1 and 3 and plasma concentrations of zonulin, endotoxin and diamine oxidase activities in piglets on days 7 and 14. The populations of Lactobacillus spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and the concentrations of faecal and plasma acetate, butyrate and total SCFAs in FMT group were higher than those in the control group on day 21. Moreover, the FMT piglets have higher concentrations of plasma transforming growth factor-β and immunoglobulin G, and faecal sIgA than the control piglets on day 21. These findings indicate that early intervention with maternal faecal microbiota improves growth performance, decreases intestinal permeability, stimulates sIgA secretion, and modulates gut microbiota composition and metabolism in suckling piglets.  相似文献   

7.
动物胃肠道栖息着大量的微生物,这些微生物及其代谢产物在营养、免疫等方面对宿主的健康有重要的意义。近年来研究发现肠道微生物与免疫系统间存在密切的交流和互作机制,尽管肠道共生菌具有定植抑制效应,但肠道微生物也可通过其特定组分刺激免疫细胞如Tregs细胞、Th17细胞的分化,肠道菌群的紊乱可能导致细菌移位、肠道屏障功能损伤,影响机体健康。宿主免疫系统可通过分泌多种免疫效应因子如MUC、sIgA、ITF、RegIIIγ、α-防御素等调节肠道微生物的分布和组成,调节肠道菌群的稳态。本文综述了单胃动物肠道微生物菌群的组成,深入探讨了肠道微生物菌群与动物肠道免疫功能之间的相互作用。  相似文献   

8.
肠道微生物与昆虫的共生关系   总被引:9,自引:2,他引:9  
昆虫肠道栖息着大量的微生物。随着近年来研究肠道微生物的方法不断进步,尤其是基于16S rDNA的分子生物学方法的应用,人们对肠道微生物的了解逐渐加深。昆虫肠道对于微生物的拓殖存在一定的选择作用。肠道微生物对昆虫寄主的作用包括提供营养、利用拓殖抗性抵抗外来微生物侵袭、参与多重营养关系、引起昆虫免疫反应。长期进化过程中肠道微生物与昆虫发展出紧密的共生关系,微生物发展出一系列手段适应昆虫肠道环境。文章从以上几个方面对近年来的研究进展进行总结,并对昆虫肠道微生态学的实践意义和将来可能的研究热点进行展望。  相似文献   

9.
肠道菌群作为动物体内重要的组成部分,能够直接参与机体的免疫调控作用,促进机体免疫系统发育,维持正常免疫功能.同时,免疫系统对肠道菌群又有调控和制约作用.本文主要综述了肠道菌群的组成以及影响肠道菌群变化的因素,系统阐述了肠道菌群与疾病相互作用的机制,总结了肠道菌群在宿主感染与免疫应答中的作用,为开展肠道菌群参与机体免疫应...  相似文献   

10.
刘伟  皮雄娥  王欣 《微生物学报》2016,56(10):1537-1543
抗菌肽是生物体内诱导产生的一类具有抗菌作用的生物活性肽,在机体抵抗病原入侵方面起着重要作用。近年来,肠道微生态研究炙手可热,抗菌肽与肠道健康的研究正广泛开展。相关研究结果表明,抗菌肽表达水平的高低可以用来评估机体肠道健康状态,从而监测抗菌肽表达水平来建立一种疾病预防和治疗过程中的辅助诊断手段。本文围绕抗菌肽对肠道菌群结构和免疫影响两方面的最新研究进展进行归纳与分析,旨在为临床诊断与治疗提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
Many insects contain diverse gut microbial communities. While several studies have focused on a single or small group of species, comparative studies of phylogenetically diverse hosts can illuminate general patterns of host–microbiota associations. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that (i) host diet and (ii) host taxonomy structure intestinal bacterial community composition among insects. We used published 16S rRNA gene sequence data for 58 insect species in addition to four beetle species sampled from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge to test these hypotheses. Overall, gut bacterial species richness in these insects was low. Decaying wood xylophagous insects harboured the richest bacterial gut flora (102.8 species level operational taxonomic units (OTUs)/sample ± 71.7, 11.8 ± 5.9 phylogenetic diversity (PD)/sample), while bees and wasps harboured the least rich bacterial communities (11.0 species level OTUs/sample ± 5.4, 2.6 ± 0.8 PD/sample). We found evidence to support our hypotheses that host diet and taxonomy structure insect gut bacterial communities (P < 0.001 for both). However, while host taxonomy was important in hymenopteran and termite gut community structure, diet was an important community structuring factor particularly for insect hosts that ingest lignocellulose‐derived substances. Our analysis provides a baseline comparison of insect gut bacterial communities from which to test further hypotheses concerning proximate and ultimate causes of these associations.  相似文献   

12.
肠道微生物与宿主共同进化;形成了不可分割的宿主-微生物共生关系。这些共生微生物通过参与适应性免疫的发育和维持;在机体免疫系统中发挥了重要作用。适应性免疫系统通过B细胞介导的体液免疫和T细胞介导的细胞免疫维持机体稳态。肠道微生物可以直接调节B、T细胞的分化和活化;保护机体免遭病原体感染。本文综述肠道微生物对宿主早期免疫系统发育、细胞免疫和体液免疫的调控作用;以期为研究“微生物-宿主互作”对宿主适应性免疫的调控作用提供理论参考。  相似文献   

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Gut mucosal barriers, including chemical and physical barriers, spatially separate the gut microbiota from the host immune system to prevent unwanted immune responses that could lead to intestinal inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is mucosal barrier dysfunction coupled with immune dysregulation and dysbiosis. The discovery of exosomes as regulators of vital functions in both physiological and pathological processes has generated much research interest. Interestingly, exosomes not only serve as natural nanocarriers for the delivery of functional RNAs, proteins, and synthetic drugs or molecules, but also show potential for clinical applications in tissue repair and regeneration as well as disease diagnosis and prognosis. Biological or chemical modification of exosomes can broaden, change and enhance their therapeutic capability. We review the modulatory effects of exosomal proteins, RNAs and lipids on IBD components such as immune cells, the gut microbiota and the intestinal mucosal barrier. Mechanisms involved in regulating these factors towards attenuating IBD have been explored in several studies employing exosomes derived from different sources. We discuss the potential utility of exosomes as diagnostic markers and drug delivery systems, as well as the application of modified exosomes in IBD.  相似文献   

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肠道微生物影响着人体的营养、代谢、免疫等多种生理活动,对人体健康有非常重要的影响.目前的研究表明,肠道微生物在病毒感染性疾病的感染及预后过程中发挥着重要的作用.本文分别总结了肠道病毒感染、非肠道病毒感染与肠道微生物的相互作用关系以及微生态调节干预病毒感染等内容,以期为相关研究的进一步深入和病毒感染性疾病的防治提供新思路...  相似文献   

17.
昆虫肠道微生物的多样性、功能及应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
昆虫肠道微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,在与宿主长期的协同进化过程中,不仅形成极为多样的种群结构,也进化出多样的生物学功能,对宿主的营养、生理、发育、防御、抗逆等方面都产生显著影响。近年来,越来越多的昆虫肠道微生物的多样性和生物学特性被揭示,具有农业、能源和环保价值的众多微生物种类和活性基因得到了开发,展现出巨大的应用潜力。本文将从昆虫肠道微生物的多样性、生物学功能、应用三个方面对近年来的研究进展进行总结,并进行展望。  相似文献   

18.
    
Microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, collectively known as the gut microbiota, are known to produce small molecules and metabolites that significantly contribute to host intestinal development, functions, and homeostasis. Emerging insights from microbiome research reveal that gut microbiota‐derived signals and molecules influence another key player maintaining intestinal homeostasis—the intestinal stem cell niche, which regulates epithelial self‐renewal. In this review, the literature on gut microbiota‐host crosstalk is surveyed, highlighting the effects of gut microbial metabolites on intestinal stem cells. The production of various classes of metabolites, their actions on intestinal stem cells are discussed and, finally, how the production and function of metabolites are modulated by aging and dietary intake is commented upon.  相似文献   

19.
陈小珊  王丽蕊 《微生物学通报》2023,50(11):5124-5136
肠道干细胞(intestinal stem cells, ISCs)是肠道各类上皮细胞的来源,通过平衡增殖与分化维持肠道稳态。同时,肠道菌群及其代谢物在维持宿主肠道稳态中也发挥着重要作用。随着技术的发展,研究者认识到ISCs与肠道菌群之间存在相互作用。研究表明,ISCs对上皮细胞亚型的调控影响肠道菌群的组成,并且肠道菌群及其代谢物也影响ISCs介导的上皮发育。本文阐述了ISCs分化对肠道菌群的影响,重点总结了肠道菌群及其代谢物调控ISCs增殖分化的研究进展,从菌群调控ISCs的角度探讨肠道损伤的治疗思路,并对未来可能的研究方向进行讨论。  相似文献   

20.
  总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Although fish immunology has progressed in the last few years, the contribution of the normal endogenous microbiota to the overall health status has been so far underestimated. In this context, the establishment of a normal or protective microbiota constitutes a key component to maintain good health, through competitive exclusion mechanisms, and has implications for the development and maturation of the immune system. The normal microbiota influences the innate immune system, which is of vital importance for the disease resistance of fish and is divided into physical barriers, humoral and cellular components. Innate humoral parameters include antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, complement components, transferrin, pentraxins, lectins, antiproteases and natural antibodies, whereas nonspecific cytotoxic cells and phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils) constitute innate cellular immune effectors. Cytokines are an integral component of the adaptive and innate immune response, particularly IL-1 beta, interferon, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta and several chemokines regulate innate immunity. This review covers the innate immune mechanisms of protection against pathogens, in relation with the installation and composition of the normal endogenous microbiota in fish and its role on health. Knowledge of such interaction may offer novel and useful means designing adequate therapeutic strategies for disease prevention and treatment.  相似文献   

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