东莨菪碱,印防己毒素对习得性长时程突触增强的影响

在大鼠条件性饮水反应的建立、消退和再建立过程中,于海马 CA_3区记录电极部位微量注射 M-胆碱受体阻断剂东莨菪碱和 GABA 受体阻断剂印防已毒素,观察其对习得性长时程突触增强的影响。结果表明,东莨菪碱有明显的抑制作用,印防已毒素则有明显的易化作用,同时相应地影响条件性行为;并发现习得性长时程突触增强的发展与变化是超前于条件性行为的发展和改变的。上述结果为进一步论证习得性长时程突触增强可能是学习和记忆的神经基础之一提供了证据,并提示海马 CA_3区习得性长时程增强的产生与保持有胆碱受体与 GABA 受体参与。     

长时程增强效应初始阶段有突触前蛋白簇数目的快速增加

突触传递的长时程增强效应 (ＬＴＰ)和长时程抑制效应 (ＬＴＤ)反映神经元间突触传递效能的变化 ,目前认为这是学习和记忆的基础 ,而谷氨酸受体在ＬＴＰ和ＬＴＤ的诱导中起关键作用。海马是与学习和记忆功能密切相关的脑区 ,Ａｎｔｏｎｏｖａ等近来研究发现 ,体外培养的海马神经元在ＬＴＰ初始阶段有突触后谷氨酸受体 (ＧｌｕＲ1)簇数目的增加 ,而且在突触前神经元有突触前蛋白簇突触素数目以及突触素与谷氨酸受体共存位点数目的快速、持久的增加。进一步实验证明ＬＴＰ初始阶段并没有新蛋白的合成 ,突触前和突触后神经元蛋白质数目的快速增…     

寡聚体Aβ1-42对大鼠海马突触可塑性的慢性影响

突触传递的长时程抑制(long-term depression,LTD)和长时程增强(longterm-potentiation,LTP)是突触可塑性的两种重要形式,并且与学习记忆密切相关.本文探讨Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠在海马齿状回区(dentate gyrus,DG)注射36 h孵育形成的寡聚体Aβ...     

脑内突触可塑性的一个模式

海马内的突触系统在接受短串强直刺激后,呈现长时间的突触传递增强现象。这种突触增强现象在急性和慢性实验中可分别持续数小时、数天以至数周。有资料表明,条件反射的训练过程中伴随着突触传递效益改变;突触增强的过程与动物的记忆能力有平行关系。海马内这种突触可塑现象很可能反映突触水平的学习记忆过程。这种长时程的突触增强的形成有突触前也有突触后的机理。     

在饮水条件反射中大鼠海马CA3区突触效应的变化

我们的工作表明,大鼠在明暗辨别学习过程中海马齿状回有习得性长时程增强(Long-term potentiation,LTP)现象,又CA_3区在大鼠学习和记忆过程有重要作用。本实验观察大白鼠海马CA_3区锥体细胞在条件性饮水反应的建立、巩固和消退过程中其突触效应的变化规律,以进一步探讨习得性LTP的特性,及从突触水平探讨海马CA_3区在学习记忆功能中的作用。     

AMPA受体与阿尔茨海默病

AMPA受体(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxa-zolep-propionate receptor,AMPAR)介导中枢神经系统快速兴奋性突触传递,其在突触后膜的动态表达与长时程增强、长时程抑制的诱发和维持有关,参与调节学习记忆活动。AMPAR在β-淀粉样蛋白作用下的过度胞吞和裂解致其在突触后膜缺失,可致突触损伤和功能障碍,与阿尔茨海默病早期认知障碍密切相关。AMPAR还参与谷氨酸介导的兴奋性损伤,Ca2+通透性AMPAR亚型的过度激活能导致阿尔茨海默病神经元的功能障碍甚至死亡。此外,AMPAR还参与tau蛋白的异常磷酸化,与神经原纤维缠结的形成有关。因而突触后膜AMPA受体数目和功能异常可能是导致阿尔兹海默病发生的重要环节。     

海马突触传递长时程增强效应中的逆行信使

海马突触传递长时程增强现象的突触机制研究取得了许多重要进展,其中特别是发展了突触前膜与突触后膜功能双向调控的概念,即观察了逆行信使的存在和作用,这对于理解和阐明学习、记忆的机制具有重要的理论意义。本文结合笔者的工作,重点介绍一氧化氮等所谓的逆行信使在突触传递长时程增强中的功能。     

β-淀粉样蛋白抑制海马长时程增强机制的研究进展

认知、学习和记忆功能的进行性下降,是阿尔采末病（AD）的主要临床特征,其发病机制一般认为与β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）在脑内的沉积以及由此产生的神经毒性作用有关。海马长时程增强（LTP）是反映突触传递可塑性的重要指标之一,被认为与学习和记忆的形成有关。本文结合近年来对离体、在体以及转基因动物多方面的研究进展,扼要介绍了Aβ及其活性片段对海马LTP的影响,并从离子通道／受体、蛋白激酶、逆行信使和基因突变等方面阐述了Aβ抑制LTPT的可能机制。     

突触长时程增强形成与学习记忆的相关研究

突触长时程增强(LTP)的形成与学习记忆有相似特征,将其作为记忆的一种模式加以研究,并深入探索LTP机制产生与静止突触的关系,长时程突触修饰与突触后神经细胞内Ca^2 的作用机制,学习行为后海马内出现的突触效能变化与行为学习之间的关系,以及BDNF对海马突触的LTP调节与长时记忆所涉及关于LTP的相关基因表达。     

NO和CO加强海马活动依赖性长时程增强效应

ＮＯ和ＣＯ加强海马活动依赖性长时程增强效应长时程增强（ｌｏｎｇ－ｔｅｒｍｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎ,ＬＴＰ）效应是突触可塑性的一种形式,突触可塑性被认为与学习记忆密切相关。海马ＣＡｌ区ＬＴＰ的产生需要Ｃａ２＋通过ＮＭＤＡ受体离子通道进入细胞内;ＬＴＰ的...     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.