四川省鸟类种数的最新统计

依据郑光美<中国鸟类分类与分布名录>的分类系统,在前人的研究基础之上,结合近年来发现的新分布记录,对四川的鸟类重新进行了统计.结果 表明,四川省鸟类有21目80科683种,分别占全国鸟类目的87.50%,科的79.21%,种的51.28%,其中非雀形目有20目42科273种,雀形目有38科410种.四川省有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类17种,Ⅱ级保护鸟类80种;CITES(2007)附录Ⅰ有9种,附录Ⅱ有62种;IUCN(2007)红色名录有42种;中国鸟类特有种37种,占全国鸟类特有种的52.1%.     

江西省鸟类种数的最新统计

依据江西省遂川县鸟类环志和野外考察中发现的鸟类新记录,结合文献,对江西鸟类种数进行了重新统计.结果表明,江西省鸟类有19目60科481种,占我国鸟类总种数的36.11%.其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类有12种,Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类有72种,江西省重点保护鸟类有95种.还对一些物种进行了订正.     

湖北鸟类种数的新统计

本文将有关湖北鸟类的研究和调查等资料进行全面系统地收集、整理,以《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》(第二版)为基础,统计出湖北省现有鸟类521种,占我国鸟类1371种的38％.属于19目76科226属.其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类12种,Ⅱ级保护鸟类76种,列入“三有”名录的有323种,我国特有种l7种.     

鸟类乐园

红树林与林中的潮沟、林下和林周的滩涂以及陆地一侧的草灌丛和农田耕地,构成了复杂多样的红树林区生境,是鸟类觅食、栖息、隐蔽和繁殖的理想场所,也是许多过路候鸟迁徙途中的歇息驿站。     

陕西省鸟类调查初报

从2002年5月至2006年10月,采用路线调查法和定点调查法,对陕西省鸟类资源进行了初步的调查与研究,对过去文献记载的种类进行了修订,经过5年多的调查,目前陕西省共有鸟类465种,隶属18目69科,其中含省级鸟类新纪录37种.     

中国鸟类特有种及其分布格局

在广泛搜集有关分布资料、对我国鸟类特有种的地理分布情况进行系统整理并建立数据库的基础上,运用GIS（地理信息系统）技术处理物种分布数据,研究了中国鸟类特有种的多样性及其分布格局。我们分析了我国现有鸟类特有种计100种,隶属于53属、16科、7目,约占我国现有鸟类总种数的8％。我国镳在特有种在水平分布上具有不均匀的特点,有3个分布中心,即：横断山中心、川北、秦岭及陇南山地中心和台湾岛屿中心。在垂直分布上则主要分布于从1800m到3400m的中、高海拔地区。     

都江堰地区繁殖期鸟类多样性

都江堰地区位于生物多样性热点地区, 具有丰富的鸟类多样性, 但迄今仍缺乏全面的鸟类物种名录。本研究于2016年5月至2019年8月, 在都江堰地区采用固定样线法开展了鸟类多样性调查, 结合历史文献共记录该地区鸟类17目61科311种。其中留鸟184种(59.2%), 夏候鸟68种(21.9%), 冬候鸟35种(11.3%), 旅鸟24种(7.7%); 繁殖鸟类252种(81.0%); 雀形目鸟类212种(68.2%); 国家I级重点保护鸟类9种(2.9%), 国家II级重点保护鸟类50种(16.1%), 中国特有鸟类15种(4.8%)。研究发现, 常绿-落叶阔叶混交林及灌丛中的鸟类物种最多, 而常绿针叶林和竹林中的鸟类物种最少。都江堰地区鸟类群落丰富度的峰值出现在1,580-1,890 m海拔段, 在1,890-2,200 m海拔段最低, 呈现出单峰分布格局。作为生物多样性热点地区和旅游热点地区, 都江堰今后应避免发展大规模单一的人工经济林, 以更好地维系该地区丰富的鸟类多样性, 并加强对该地区生物多样性的监测、研究和保护。     

中国鸟类种数普查沿革和展望（为纪念动物分类学报创刊三十周年而作）

本追溯中国鸟类种数历来普查结果。初于明末李时珍的＜＜本草纲目＞＞（１５９６）提出约７７种。至清朝英国人Ｓｗｉｎｈｏｅ于１８６３年发表的第一篇中国鸟类分类名录,列举４５４种。嗣经百余年几次普查统计,现由本加以总结,计得１２４３种,与Ｓｗｉｎｈｏｅ的名录相较,种数的增加几乎达到三倍之多。     

中国特有鸟类

特有种(endemicspecies)是有关物种的地理分布和起源进化研究的一个名词术语,指“在地理分布上只局限于某一特定地区,而不见于其他地区的物种”(Darlington,1957;Brown&Gibson,1985;张荣祖,1999)。在有关动物类群的起源、进化和分布的研究中,人们所关注的是特有种、特有属和特有科的起源中心、扩散格局以及分布区的扩散、退缩、断裂,直至灭绝的历史进程,以从中探究自然历史事件以及人类活动对动物分布所造成的积极和消极影响。特有动物的分布规律研究是以自然地理要素为基本着眼点,严格按照“特有(endemic)”的定义进行的。例如新大陆、澳…     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区森林演替对鸟类群落结构的影响

运用固定面积法调查了青林三个主要演替阶段森林(阔叶林、混交林和针叶林)的鸟类群落结构。结果表明,混交林中鸟类物种数、鸟类物种多样性和种团多样性最高,阔叶林最低。方差分析和聚类分析均表明,三种演替阶段森林的鸟类群落组成差异显著。所记录到的35种鸟类中有11种差异显著。其中,山雀科和科在阔叶林中占优势,而柳莺亚科在混交林和针叶林中占优势。食性种团中,阔叶林以食虫鸟和食果食虫鸟为主;混交林和针叶林均以食虫鸟、食果食虫鸟、食谷鸟和食果鸟为主。鉴于阔叶林和混交林有向顶级群落(针叶林)演替的趋势,建议采取人为干扰来维持三种演替阶段森林的面积,以便从景观水平上保护鸟类物种多样性。     

中国二十个省、自治区蝽科昆虫种数比较

从广泛和长期的采集工作中可以体会到:南方昆虫种类多,北方昆虫种类少;植被丰茂的地方昆虫种类多,植被贫乏的地方昆虫种类少。但我国各省、区的昆虫种数,多的究竟多到什么程度,少的究竟少到什么程度,却始终没有见到一个具体的数据,足资比较说明。下面选取对蝽科昆虫采集工作做得比较细致的20个省、区,代表国内不同方位及生态类型,列出每一省、区所采蝽科及各亚科的种数,供分析比较。 观表1,知参加比较的蝽科昆中计共389种,其中属于盾蝽亚科44种,荔蝽亚科24种,兜蝽亚科15种,短喙蝽亚科16种,益蝽亚科46种,蝽亚科244种。这个数字,与1935年胡经甫教授编写的《中国昆虫名录》所列蝽科301种及1977年肖采瑜教授等编著的《中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册》第一册所列蝽科     

中国西部高山8种龙胆属植物的染色体数目

本文报道了我国西部高山上的８种龙胆属植物的染色体数目。其中宽筒龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝４８,提钟龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２６,小齿龙胆和四数龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,南山龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝１８,上述５种植物的染色体数目为首次报道,其余蓝玉簪龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,线叶龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝４８,钻叶龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝１８。     

中國鳥類地理分布的研究

我國鳥類迄今所知(詳見鄙著,1947a),計有1,087(14?)種,分隸於388(2?)屬,82科,20目。筆者於1945-46年,承聘赴美,得有機緣,遍研紐約自然博物館、哈佛大學及美京國立博物館所藏的吾國鳥類採集,而特留意所檢的各種禽鳥標本在吾國境内的採期舆產地,冀得劃出其分布的區域。此外復益以從前學者在吾國境内採集觀察的所得(參閱鄙著,1947b),互引徵證;現就研究所及,将吾國鳥類的各屬在我國境内的分布情形,彙列為表一(附在文後)。茲将表一中各地區所錄得的屬數,依序臚列如次:     

THE EVOLUTION OF REVERSED SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SIZE IN MONOGAMOUS SPECIES OF BIRDS

Reversed sexual dimorphism in size (RSD) occurs in most species of several taxonomic groups of birds. The hypotheses proposed to explain this phenomenon are examined theoretically, using inequalities to state selection in the most rigorous possible terms. The most pertinent empirical evidence is also examined critically. Proponents of hypotheses on the evolution of RSD have failed to consider the genetic constraints on the evolution of dimorphism. Selection for dimorphism can act on only that small portion of the genetic determination of body size that is sex limited. In general, selection for body size is much more likely to lead to a similar change (e.g. larger) in both sexes than to dimorphism. The most popular hypotheses involve selection for size-related differences in foraging ability. It is unlikely that there is variation in size-related foraging differences available for selection in a monomorphic, ancestral population. Foraging differences between the sexes cannot lead to the evolution of RSD; evolution of large and small morphs of both sexes is a more likely outcome. Selection for sex-role differentiation factors (e.g. large females lay larger eggs, small males are more agile in flight) can lead to the evolution of RSD, but only if the magnitudes of opposing selection for small males and for large females are equal. Combining selection for size-related foraging differences with selection for sex-role differentiation factors hinders the evolution of RSD until the sexes differ in size by 3 s.d . Empirical evidence supports this assertion: statistically significant differences between the sexes in the size of prey taken are found only in highly dimorphic species. The sex-role differentiation factors that have been proposed appear unlikely to provide the equal selection necessary for the evolution of RSD. Several authors have proposed that small size in males is selected for foraging ability and large size in females for some sex-role differentiation factor. Males cannot be more efficient foragers without females being less efficient and efficiency cannot be a factor only when the male is feeding his family. RSD cannot evolve in monogamous species if large females survive less well than small males. RSD might evolve as the result of sexual selection for small size in males and constraints on the reduction of size in females because of some factor associated with reproduction. Examination of seven studies indicating a relationship between female size and reproductive success shows very little unequivocal evidence for small size in females allowing breeding earlier in the season. Large size in females allows females to breed at a younger age in the sparrowhawk and pairs to form more rapidly in three species of sandpipers. Both of these may be the result of sexual selection. There are fewer theoretical problems with sexual selection as a cause for the evolution of RSD than with the other hypotheses. Empirical evidence for sexual selection is scarce but better than that for the other hypotheses. Evidence is contradictory for the selection of small size in males for agility in aerial displays for courtship or defence of territory. Large size in females does not appear to be the result of selection for competitive ability to obtain mates. Facilitation of female dominance and hence of the formation and maintenance of a pair bond is the most viable explanation of the evolution of RSD. It is most likely that all dimorphism (normal or reversed) is the result of sexual selection. RSD is correlated with birds in the diet in the Falconiformes and this is a central theme in the foraging hypotheses. This correlation may be because birds are abundant and available in a continuum of sizes, thus permitting but not causing the evolution of RSD or because species that prey upon birds are better equipped physically (and perhaps more likely behaviourally) to inflict damaging attacks on conspecifics and the greater RSD increases female dominance and the ease of pair formation.     

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IN THREE SPECIES OF BIRDS

White-throated Sparrows Zonotrickia albicollis, Fork-tailed Flycatchers Muscivora tyrannus and Black-capped Chickadees Porta atricapillus were placed in experimental situations where they could watch a trained companion uncover a hidden mealworm. After a period of watching its companion find the concealed mealworm, the observer bird was isolated visually from the other bird. While in isolation the observer birds approached, touched and pecked at a hidden food tray significantly more often than control birds which had not had an opportunity to observe a trained companion. However, the experimental birds failed to learn from observation alone how to uncover the concealed mealworm. But if rewarded in the presence of the companion bird (by taking a mealworm from it or by uncovering a mealworm as a result of local enhancement), then the observer bird frequently did come to find the prey in isolation. It is suggested that the interaction between observational learning and a bird's reinforced socially facilitated experience could assist in the development and expansion of a bird's behavioural repertoire.     

中国百合目植物柄锈菌属的种

本文报告了寄生在中国百合目植物(薯祯科,鸢尾科,灯心草科和百合科)上的柄锈菌共2I种。其中有2个新种,它们是刘氏柄锈(Puccinia lioui J.Y. Zhuang sp. nov.)和胀柄柄锈(Puccinia oedopoda J.Y. Zhuang sp. nov.),均寄生在菝葜属(Smilax)植物上。每个种都作了详细描述并附图。对百合科植物上的种附加了检索表。本文所引证的标本均保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

小煤炱科二个新种

报道了中国小煤炱科Meliolaceae2个新种。它们是南蛇藤双孢炱负AmazoniacelastriY．X．HuetB．Songsp．nov．和乌桕生小煤炱MeliolasapiicolaY.X.HuetB.Songsp.nov.。模式标本存放在广东省微生物研究所（GDIM）。