线粒体H^＋-ATPase超分子结构及其催化机制的研究现状

质子泵H^＋-ATPase广泛存在于线粒体,叶绿体,异养菌和光合细菌中,是生物体能量转换的核心酶,有极为重要的生理作用。近几年来,对H^＋-ATPase的结构、功能和调控机制的研究进展很快,对复合体的组装有了进一步的认识。对H^＋-ATPase的主要亚基已经完成序列测定及分析,对各亚基生理功能也进行了较为深入的研究。生物化学及分子生物学工作揭示：生物体内以多种方式对编码H^＋-ATPase主要亚基的基因表达和该酶的活力进行调控。其中,对于线粒体H^＋-ATPasc的研究显得尤为突出。本文综述了线粒体H^＋-ATPase的结构、功能、和调节方面的研究现状,并进一步提出了一些值得深入探讨的问题。     

空泡膜类型H~+-ATPase的研究进展

真核细胞内空泡细胞器,如高尔基体、内质网、溶酶体等,膜上存在的质子泵ATPase 与线粒体类型的质子泵 ATPase 类似.近几年对该类型 H~+-ATPase 的结构、作用机制进行了深入的研究,证明这是一类新型质子泵,在进化的过程中与线粒体类型的 H~+-ATPase 有密切的亲缘关系.     

消炎痛对猪胃H~ /K~ -ATP酶质子转运功能的抑制

作为猪胃H~ /K~ -ATPase的非竞争性抑制剂,消炎痛明显抑制H~ /K~ -ATPase泡囊的质子转运功能,造成质子泄漏。在0.15 mg/ml蛋白浓度下,4%的消炎痛结合于H~ /K~ -A- TPase泡囊上。它能渗入膜脂相并显著降低膜的流动性,并使H~ /K~ -ATPase内源荧光受到淬灭。从实验结果看来,消炎痛对猪胃H~ /K~ -ATPase质子转运功能的抑制来自对酶蛋白和膜结构影响两个方面,而非仅抑制酶蛋白本身的功能。     

乙醇能消除二环己基碳二亚胺对H~ -ATPase复合体的抑制效应

本文发现线粒体H~ -ATPase复合体先用0.5μg/ml的DCCD(二环己基碳二亚胺预保温处理,再经12.5%(V/V)乙醇进一步保温处理,则乙醇可完全消除DCCD引起的H~ -ATPase的抑制效应。若H~ -ATPase用DCCD和乙醇同时预保温处理,则DCCD同样消失其抑制作用。用相同浓度的甲醇代替乙醇,则仅可部分的消除DCCD的抑制作用。用相同浓度的DMSO(二甲基亚砜)代替乙醇,则不能消除DCCD的抑制作用。同样浓度的乙醇保温处理经预先用2μg/ml的寡霉素(Oligomycin)处理的H~ -ATPase,并不对寡霉素的抑制作用发生任何影响。表明此浓度的乙醇并未对H~ -ATPase产生解偶联效应。动力学研究表明乙醇对H~ -ATPase水解活力呈现非竞争抑制行为,推测乙醇可能导致H~ -ATPase中的F_1构象的改变,因而影响酶的活性。DPH标记的荧光偏振度,N-[1-P]M标记的荧光强度和内源荧光强度的测定结果显示,乙醇消除DCCD抑制作用的机理,是由于乙醇和DCCD所引起的构象间的相互作用的结果。     

DCCD对植物乳杆菌H~+-ATPase活性及基因表达水平的影响

研究添加外源抑制剂双环己基碳二亚胺(DCCD)对植物乳杆菌H~+-ATPase基因表达水平及酶活力的影响,探讨植物乳杆菌H~+-ATPase的调控机制。分别测定加入DCCD前后的亲本菌和低H~+-ATPase活力突变菌的生长能力、葡萄糖代谢速率、乳酸产量和H~+-ATPase活性,并通过荧光定量PCR对编码H~+-ATPase的相关基因进行相对定量分析。结果表明,亲本菌ZUST、突变菌ZUST-1和ZUST-2在添加DCCD后菌体生长能力均减弱,葡萄糖代谢速率减慢,乳酸产量降低,H~+-ATPase酶活性也降低。由于受到发酵液中酸性环境以及外源抑制剂DCCD的胁迫,亲本菌ZUST和突变菌ZUST-2编码H~+-ATPase的所有基因在稳定期表达水平都高于对数期。与未添加DCCD相比,添加DCCD的亲本菌和突变菌ZUST-2在对数期H~+-ATPase各基因的表达水平均下调或基本不变,抑制了H~+-ATPase活力从而导致菌株的生长代谢速率减弱。此研究结果为进一步揭示植物乳杆菌中H~+-ATPase在酸胁迫下的调控机制奠定了基础。     

植物细胞质膜H+-ATPase的结构与功能

植物细胞质膜H+-ATPase属于P型质子泵。由该酶产生的跨膜电化学梯度是物质跨膜运输的原初动力。研究表明,质膜H+-ATPase与植物的生长发育密切相关,被称为植物细胞的“主宰酶”。近年,关于该酶的生化特性,基因表达与调控以及结构与功能等方面的研究取得重要进展。对质膜H+-ATPase的生化特性,分子结构,调节机制和生理功能等进行了综述。     

酵母线粒体ATP合酶生物合成及组装机制研究进展

线粒体ATP合酶是线粒体氧化磷酸化的关键酶,其功能缺陷会导致能量代谢障碍相关的线粒体疾病。线粒体ATP合酶是由多个亚基组成的蛋白复合物,其生物合成和组装是个复杂的生物过程。酵母是研究线粒体ATP合酶结构、生物合成和组装机制的模式实验材料之一,且相关研究取得了很多进展。本文概述了国内外用酿酒酵母研究线粒体ATP合酶的结构、调控线粒体ATP合酶亚基生物合成和组装的辅助蛋白及合酶的模块化组装过程的研究进展,以期为线粒体ATP合酶的工作机制及相关线粒体疾病的研究提供理论借鉴和参考依据。     

豌豆根胞质V1-ATPase的鉴定

利用免疫印迹、免疫电镜和ATP水解活性的测定对豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)根细胞胞质中V1-ATPase复合物的存在进行鉴定.用兔抗绿豆V-type H+-ATPase 的A、B亚基的抗体进行的immuno-blotting和胶体金电镜结果都表明,胞质中存在有A、B亚基.活性测定结果进一步表明胞质具有ATP水解活性.这些结果说明豌豆根胞质具有有活性的V1-ATPase复合物.这是首次直接证明植物中有胞质V1-ATPase的存在.     

V型H+-ATPase结构和调控机制的研究现状

V-ATPase存在于所有已知的真核生物中,有极为重要的生理作用.近几年来,对V-ATPase的结构、功能和调控机制的研究进展很快,对复合体的组装有了进一步的认识.对V-ATPase的主要亚基已经完成序列测定及分析,对各亚基生理功能也进行了较为深入的研究.生物化学及分子生物学工作揭示：生物体内以多种方式对编码V-ATPase主要亚基的基因表达和该酶的活力进行调控.     

过量表达棉花液泡H+-ATPase C亚基基因促进酵母细胞伸长和提高盐胁迫耐受性

棉花液泡H -ATPase在纤维细胞的伸长过程中具有重要作用,能够通过对纤维细胞膨压的调节而介导细胞的极性膨大.拟南芥液泡H -ATPase C亚基(DET3)具有调节液泡H -ATPase活性,进而调控细胞伸长的作用.为了快速鉴定棉花液泡H -ATPase C亚基基因(GhDET3)的功能和推测其在棉花纤维生长中的作用,作者构建了GhDET3的酵母表达载体pREP5N( ).GhDET3,并进行了裂殖酵母的遗传转化.结果表明,在酵母细胞中过量表达GhDET3基因,能够促进酵母细胞的伸长和提高酵母细胞对NaCl和高pH的耐受性,说明GhDET3对液泡H -ATPase的活性有重要影响,由此推测GhDET3基因与棉花纤维细胞的伸长生长具有密切关系.     

The effect of F0 inhibitors on the Vibrio alginolyticus membrane ATPase.

The inhibition of membrane ATPase from the marine alkalotolerant bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus by DCCD, triphenyltin and venturicidin was studied. DCCD proved to be an irreversible inhibitor, while venturicidin and triphenyltin produced a reversible inhibitory effect. The DCCD-binding proteolipid was identified in the membrane preparations. The effect of the inhibitors on ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Na⁺-transport in V. alginolyticus subcellular vesicles is discussed.     

The coupled chemomechanics of the F1-ATPase molecular motor

The enzyme F₁-ATPase is a rotary nanomotor in which the central γ subunit rotates inside the cavity made of α₃β₃ subunits. The experiments showed that the rotation proceeds in steps of 120° and each 120° step consists of 80° and 40° substeps. Here the Author proposes a stochastic wave mechanics of the F₁-ATPase motor and combines it with the structure-based kinetics of the F₁-ATPase to form a chemomechanic coupled model. The model can reproduce quantitatively and explain the experimental observations about the F₁ motor. Using the model, several rate-limited situations about γ subunit rotation are proposed, the effects of the friction and the load on the substeps are investigated and the chemomechanic coupled time during ATP hydrolysis cycle is determined.     

Suppression of mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor protein (IF1) in the liver of late septic rats

Sepsis and ensuing multiple organ failure continue to be the most leading cause of death in critically ill patients. Despite hepatocyte-related dysfunctions such as necrosis, apoptosis as well as mitochondrial damage are observed in the process of sepsis, the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis remains uncertain. We recently identified one of the differentially expressed genes, mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor protein (IF1) which is down-regulated in late septic liver. Hence, we further hypothesized that the variation of IF1 protein may be one of the causal events of the hepatic dysfunction during late sepsis. The results showed that the elevated mitochondrial F₀F₁-ATPase activity is concomitant with the decline of intramitochondrial ATP concentration in late septic liver. In addition, the key finding of this study showed that the mRNA and the mitochondrial content of IF1 were decreased in late sepsis while no detectable IF1 was found in cytoplasm. When analyzed by immunoprecipitation, it seems reasonable to imply that the association capability of IF1 with F₁-ATPase β-subunit is not affected. These results confirm the first evidence showing that the suppression of IF1 expression and subsequent elevated mitochondrial F₀F₁-ATPase activity might contribute to the bioenergetic failure in the liver during late sepsis.     

Coupling factor activity of the purified pea mitochondrial F1-ATPase

The pea cotyledon mitochondrial F₁-ATPase was released from the submitochondrial particles by a washing procedure using 300 mM sucrose /2 mM Tricine (pH 7.4). The enzyme was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and subsequent sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions, the purified protein exhibited a single sharp band with slightly lower mobility than the purified pea chloroplast CF₁-ATPase. The molecular weights of pea mitochondrial F₁-ATPase and pea chloroplast CF₁-ATPase were found to be 409 000 and 378 000, respectively. The purified pea mitochondrial F₁-ATPase dissociated into six types of subunits on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Most of these subunits had mobilities different from the subunits of the pea chloroplast CF₁-ATPase. The purified mitochondrial F₁-ATPase exhibited coupling factor activity. In spite of the observed differences between CF₁ and F₁, the mitochondrial enzyme stimulated ATP formation in CF₁-depleted pea chloroplast membranes. Thus, the mitochondrial F₁ was able to substitute functionally for the chloroplast CF₁ in reconstituting photophosphorylation.     

乙醇对F_1-ATP酶和H~+-ATP酶的抑制与其核苷酸结合位点状态的关系

 本文利用动力学方法研究了乙醇对F_1-ATP酶和H~(+)-ATP酶复合体的抑制与其结合核苷酸位点状态的关系,结果表明天然情况下乙醇对F_1呈现反竞争性抑制类型,对H~(+)-ATP酶呈现非竞争性抑制类型,且乙醇对F_1和H~(+)-ATP酶的抑制与核苷酸结合位点的构象密切相关。游离状态下和膜结合状态下的F_1在部分结合的核苷酸被洗脱前后动力学行为的不同,反映了二种状态下的F_1具有不同的构象,且F_0和膜脂对F_1起着一定的调控作用。     

The Changes of H+-ATPase During the Mitochondrial Development of Pea Cotyledon

Electron microscopic observation indicated that the mitochondrial membrane of pea cotyledon gradually developed into integral structure during seeds imbibition. ATP-synthesizing activity of H+-ATPase increased in company with mitochondrial development, but the content of F1-ATPase subunits was not different on the mitochondria of cotyledon imbibed for 6 hours and for 24 hours in water. After cotyledon was imbibed at low temperature, the content of γ and β subunits of F1-ATPase was distinctly reduced with the inhibition of H+-ATPase activity.     

Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains an Na+-dependent F1F0-ATP synthase with a potential role in salt-stress tolerance

Aphanothece halophytica is a halotolerant alkaliphilic cyanobacterium that can grow in media of up to 3.0 m NaCl and pH 11. Here, we show that in addition to a typical H(+)-ATP synthase, Aphanothece halophytica contains a putative F(1)F(0)-type Na(+)-ATP synthase (ApNa(+)-ATPase) operon (ApNa(+)-atp). The operon consists of nine genes organized in the order of putative subunits β, ε, I, hypothetical protein, a, c, b, α, and γ. Homologous operons could also be found in some cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017. The ApNa(+)-atp operon was isolated from the A. halophytica genome and transferred into an Escherichia coli mutant DK8 (Δatp) deficient in ATP synthase. The inverted membrane vesicles of E. coli DK8 expressing ApNa(+)-ATPase exhibited Na(+)-dependent ATP hydrolysis activity, which was inhibited by monensin and tributyltin chloride, but not by the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). The Na(+) ion protected the inhibition of ApNa(+)-ATPase by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The ATP synthesis activity was also observed using the Na(+)-loaded inverted membrane vesicles. Expression of the ApNa(+)-atp operon in the heterologous cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 showed its localization in the cytoplasmic membrane fractions and increased tolerance to salt stress. These results indicate that A. halophytica has additional Na(+)-dependent F(1)F(0)-ATPase in the cytoplasmic membrane playing a potential role in salt-stress tolerance.