Electrophoretic Variation in Esterases, Peroxidases and Acid Phosphatases in Some Native Greek Taxa of the Genera Hordeum and Taeniatherum

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis has been applied to thestudy of esterase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase patternsin seven taxa, namely Hordeum diploids (2n=14) (H. marinum,H. marinum I and H. hystrix), tetraploids (2n=28) (H. bulbosumand H. murinum subsp. leporinum) and Taeniatherum (2n=14) (T.caput-medusae and T. caput-medusae I) in order to elucidatetheir phylogenetic relationships. On the basis of our experimentalresults the seven taxa may be placed in the following threegroups; (1) diploid Hordeum (H. marinum, H. marinum I, H. hystrix);(2) tetraploid Hordeum (H. bulbosum, H. murinum subsp. leporinum);(3) Taeniatherum (T. caput-medusae, T. caput-medusae I). Esterase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase patterns of the twoHordeum diploid taxa (H. marinum and H. marinum I) are verysimilar suggesting their close phylogenetic relationship; thesame is true for both the taxa of the genus Taeniatherum (T.caput-medusae and T. caput-medusae I). The taxa of the Taeniatherumgroup compared with the diploid Hordeum (H. marinum, H. marinumI, H. hystrix) and the tetraploid Hordeum (H. bulbosum, H. murinumsubsp. leporinum) show a lower degree of phylogenetic relationshipand seem to be equally distant from them. The tetraploid Hordeumgroup shows a higher phylogenetic relationship with diploidHordeum group than with the Taeniatherum group. These results confirm that the genus Taeniatherum, previouslyconsidered as part of the genus Hordeum, should be regardedas a separate genus. Gramineae (Poaceae), Hordeum L., Taeniatherum Nevski., esterase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase patterns, phylogenetic relationships     

DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION OF THREE HYDROBIA SPECIES (GASTROPODA: HYDROBIIDAE) IN A SHALLOW COASTAL LAGOON IN THE BAY OF CADIZ, SPAIN

The abundance, life span, growth and production of the mud snailsHydrobia minoricensis, H. ulvae and H. ventrosa in a semi-naturallagoon system were studied by taking monthly samples at threesites during 1991 and 1992. The most abundant species, H. minoricensisoccurred at mean densities of 12834 to 26264 snails m^–2(10.7 to 25.8g dry weigh m^–2), depending on the site.The least abundant species, H. ulvae, occurred at mean densitiesof 185 to 353 snails m^–2 (3.2 to 2.2g dry weight m^–2).The numerical abundance and biomass of the three Hydrobia specieswere positively related to the biomass of benthic macroalgae(P<0.01). Although H. ulvae egg capsules were recorded throughoutthe year, newly hatched snailsof this species were not observed,in contrast to the other two species. The early spring and summercohorts of H. minoricensis and H. ventrosa seemed to be themost numerous. The average life spans of these two species wereestimated to be about 18 and 13 months respectively. Annualproduction estimates for the whole lagoon system were 29.0 (6.3),5.5 (0.8) and 5.2 (1.0)g dry weight (ash-free dry weight) m^–2yr^–1 for H. minoricensis, H. ulvae and H. ventrosa respectively.The annual P/B ratio was about 2 for H. minoricensis and H.ventrosa. (Received 5 July 1994; accepted 5 October 1994)     

THE GENUS HAMINOEA (GASTROPODA: CEPHALASPIDEA) IN PORTUGAL, WITH A REVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN SPECIES

The study of specimens of Haminoea collected on the coast ofPortugal, together with the re-evaluation of historical specimensused by Nobre (1938–40) in his main work on the Portuguesemolluscs, recognized the presence of two species, Haminoea navicula(da Costa, 1778) and H. orbignyana (Férussac, 1822),and confirmed the misidentification of H. orbignyana as H. elegans(Gray, 1825). Anatomical analysis found intraspecific variabilityin the radula of H. navicula and H. orbignyana and in the seminalduct of the latter. The systematic value of taxonomic featuresincluding the shell, external morphology, animal coloration,radula, jaws, gizzard plates, prostate gland, seminal duct,penis and egg-masses is discussed. For all European speciesbut H. orbignyana, identification is only possible when anatomicaldata are considered, and the most relevant character is themale reproductive system. SEM images of the penis and prostateof H. navicula and H. orbignyana are given for the first time.A synoptic table for the recognition of the European speciesis provided. (Received 21 January 2005; accepted 17 June 2005)     

Ontogeny and distribution of Hygophum benoiti(Pisces, Myctophidae) of the North Western Mediterranean

Two species of the lanternfish genus Hygophum, H.benoiti andH.hygomii, are present in the Mediterranean. Differentiationof the larvae from these two species has been problematic. Anattempt to identify such larvae in the plankton samples of theNorth Western Mediterranean led to a broader study that includedthe examination of a large number of plankton samples collectedin the region since 1976. The large number of Hygophum larvaeobtained during July 1992 in the North Western Mediterranean(that proved to be H.benoiti), together with collections oflarvae from different geographic areas (especially H.hygomiifrom the Southwest Indian Ocean), allowed a detailed morphometriccomparison of the larvae of H.benoiti and H.hygomii. Developmentalstages of H.benoiti from yolk sac to post-flexion larvae aredescribed. Information on the temporal occurrence of H.benoitiin the plankton, as well as the spatial distribution of thisspecies during the survey of peak abundance (June/July 1992)in the North Western Mediterranean, is presented.     

INTRASPECIFIC AND INTERSPECIFIC VARIATION IN SHELL MORPHOLOGY OF BIOMPHALARIA PFEIFFERI (KRAUSS, 1848) AND HELISOMA DURYI (WETHERBY, 1879) FROM MOSHI, TANZANIA, ANALYSED BY MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES

Helisoma duryi, a planorbid snail species, which is a potentialbiological control agent of the intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis,was introduced in an irrigation scheme (T.P.C.) in northernTanzania in 1972. The species has been present at T.P.C. since,and during a snail survey in January 1981, a great variationin the shell morphology of H. duryi, ranging from typical H.duryi forms to forms resembling Biomphalaria pfeifferi, theintermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in the area, was observed.The Biomphalaria- Wkc forms of H. duryi could constitute anentire population but also occasionally occurred in populationsof typical H. duryi. This study was undertaken to determine whether simple shellmeasurements, or ratios between some of these could be usefulin discriminating between H. duryi and B. pfeifferi. Followingparameters were considered: shell height, shell diameter, diameterof the umbilicus, ratio between shell height and diameter ofthe umbilicus, and the number of whorls. (Received 29 July 1983;     

The Inflorescence Papillae of the Triticeae: a New Tool for Taxonomic and Archaeological Research

The diameter of silicified inflorescence papillae and the numberof pits in the base of the papilla of 45 accessions from thegenera Hordeum, Triticum and Aegilops, were recorded using lightand scanning electron microscopy. There was a highly significantpositive correlation between pit number and papilla diameterwhen all the accessions were considered together, but therewas little correlation between these variables when each genuswas considered separately. Two wild Hordeum species were comparedwith the cultivated H. vulgare. Whilst H. murinum was very similarto H. vulgare, H. jubatum had a significantly larger numberof pits. Most, but not all, of the T. aestivum accessions investigatedhad greater papilla diameters than the H. vulgare accessions,and pit number was always greater in T. aestivum. Within thegenus Triticum pit number and papilla diameter increase as theploidy level increases from AA to AABB, and again from AABBto AABBDD. The implications of the results for taxonomic andarchaeological research are discussed.Copyright 1993, 1999 AcademicPress Hordeum, Triticum, Aegilops, inflorescence, papilla, lemma, glume, taxonomy, archaeology     

Descriptions of five new species of Haplostylus (Mysidacea-Crustacea) from South West Australia

Five new species, Haplostylus flagelliforma sp. nov., H.similissp. nov., H.multispinosus sp. nov., H.uthupus sp. nov. and H.disparsp. nov., are described from the south-west coast of Australia.These new species are distinguishable from each other and fromthe other allied species by the structure of the pleopods ofthe male, and by the armature of the telson and the uropods.     

Temporal changes in the ciliate assemblage and consecutive estimates of their grazing effect during the course of a Heterocapsa circularisquama bloom

Temporal changes in ciliate assemblages during the course ofa bloom of the harmful microalga Heterocapsa circularisquama(Dinophyceae) were investigated and consecutive estimates ofspecies-specific maximum grazing losses were analyzed from Augustto September 1998 at a site in western Hiroshima Bay, the SetoInland Sea of Japan. Temporal increases of the H. circularisquamamean concentration in the water column were observed twice (25–29August and 7–10 September) with the maximum concentration(ca. 4000 cells mL^–1) being recorded on 25 August. Themain ciliate genera during the bloom were Favella, Tontonia,Eutintinnus, Tintinnopsis and Amphorellopsis. Increases of Favellaand Tontonia were observed when the concentration of H. circularisquamaranged from 260 to 1170 cells mL^–1. Total maximum grazingloss estimated from the abundance and ingestion rate of eachciliate species on H. circularisquama ranged from 1 to 75% standingstock removed d^–1 of the H. circularisquama concentration.High grazing losses mainly due to the genera Favella and Tontoniaoccurred during the period when the H. circularisquama concentrationwas decreasing. These results suggest that grazing by ciliateassemblages can influence the population dynamics of H. circularisquamadespite the potentially toxic nature of the phytoplankter.     

THE EARLY LIFE-CYCLE STAGES OF HYDROBIA VENTROSA AND HYDROBIA NEGLECTA WITH OBSERVATIONS ON POTAMOPYRGUS JENKINSI

The egg mass of Hydrobia neglecta contains a single egg, whilethat of H. ventrosa contains up to three eggs. At hatching H.neglecta has a significantly greater shell length than H. ventrosaand the late embryos and young snails of the two species canbe separated according to the pigmentation of the head region.The young snails can also be separated on the basis of surfaceornamentation of the shell and comparisons with the closelyrelated H. ulvae and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi show how the basicpattern of shell sculpturing differs in the four species. Thesedifferences are discussed in relation to the mode of development. (Received 14 February 1980;     

Novel 'homeotic' CMS patterns generated in Nicotiana via cybridization with Hyoscyamus and Scopolia

Cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids) that contain nuclear genetic materialfrom Nicotiana tabacum and cytoplasms from Hyoscyamus nigeror Scopolia carniolica were constructed by protoplast fusions.Both types of hybrids exhibited cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).Furthermore, unusual floral morphogenesis marked by ‘greenflowers’ deprived of corolla and stamens occurred in themajority of the lines. Backcrosses of these plants with wild-typetobacco demonstrated a maternal inheritance of the ‘greenflower’ trait. After repeated transfer of cytoplasm (‘donor-recipientfusion’) from cytoplasmic hybrid N. tabacum (+H. niger)to albino plastome mutant N. tabacum DSR A15, male sterile tobaccoplants with two types of flowers were recovered (‘greenflowers’ and corolla-containing flowers with transformedstamens). RFLP analysis confirmed that N. tabacum (+ H. niger)and N. tabacum (+S. carniollca) as well as their sexual progeniescontained plastids from H. niger and S. carniolica, respectively.Mitochondrial DNA within the hybrids N. tabacum (+H. niger)originated from H. niger, but was obviously altered. Repeatedparasexual transmission, cybrids in the combination of N. tabacum+N.tabacum (+H. niger), reflected similar characteristics. Cybrids,N. tabacum (+S. carniolica) and their sexual progeny, whichresulted after pollination with wild-type tobacco, containeda modified mtDNA generally originating from tobacco. Furtherhistological analysis established the dramatic difference inthe composition of ‘green flowers’ and flowers ofwild-type tobacco. Therefore, the construction of tobacco cybridswith foreign cytoplasms provides a functional method for thede nova generation of alternative CMS types. Key words: Nicotiana, Hyoscyamus, Scopolia, cybrids, CMS, homeotic patterns     

Salt Tolerance in the Triticeae: K/Na Discrimination in Barley

Concentrations of ions were measured in the youngest fully-expandedleaves of Triticum aestivum, T. durum, Hordeum vulgare, H. spontaneum,Secale cereale, and Aegilops squarrosa accessions grown in hydroponicculture in the presence of salt (NaCl+CaCl₂). Triticum aestivum,Secale cereale, and Ae. squarrosa had the low leaf Na and highleaf K concentrations typical of plants which contain the enhancedK/Na discrimination character originally found in Ae. squarrosa.T. durum and the Hordeum species did not have this character.The better growth of H. vulgare than of T. durum with similarsalt concentrations in the youngest fully-expanded leaves maybe a result of better compartmentation of Na, Cl, and K betweendifferent tisssues or between different compartments withincells. The enhanced K/Na discrimination character was expressedin disomic addition lines of H. vulgare chromosomes in Triticumaestivum. The H. vulgare variety Herta and its slender mutantboth had similar leaf cation concentrations, although they differedin growth rate when grown at 60 mol m^–3 NaCl. H. vulgareand T. durum seedlings grown in the absence of monovalent cationsaccumulated more ²²Na in their shoots than seedlings of otherspecies when incubated in 1.0 mol m^–3 NaCl labelled with²²Na. Key words: Salt, ion transport, I genome, barley, wheat     

中国隧蜂属研究及新种新亚种记述(膜翅目：隧蜂科)

中国隧蜂属Halictuss．sir．的研究是根据Pesenko的分类系统撰写的[1,2]。有关中国隧蜂属的第1篇报道是Morawitz[3]记述由俄罗斯N．M．Przewalsky1877年采自天山的Halictusquadricinctus及H.resurgens（名为H．sexcinctussensuMorawitz）,1890年Morawitz又增加两种[4],即H.tetrazonicus（部分应为H．tsintouensis）及H.rubicundus,该两种是G.N．Potanin于1886年采自甘肃（标签上误写为蒙古“Mongolei”,详见Pesenko中国及蒙古隧蜂属的讨论[5]）。Strand也记述了中国的种类[6,7],其1909年的文章中记述了中国西部（“Jarkand”…     

Chemical Defence in Cephalaspidean Gastropods: Origin, Anatomical Location and Ecological Roles

Within the opisthobranchs, the cephalaspideans are traditionallyconsidered a transitional group between typical testacean prosobranchsand shell-less opisthobranchs. The cephalaspidean anatomy, includingthe presence of a cephalic shield, is related to burrowing throughsoft sediment. Recent studies have shown that some herbivorousand carnivorous cephalaspideans contain secondary metabolites.The micro-herbivorous bubble snails of the Bullidae and Haminoeidaefamilies are known to have secondary metabolites which have differentecological roles. The polypropionates isolated from Bulla gouldianaand B. striata were deterrent to fishes while the secondarymetabolites of Haminoea callidegenita, H. fusari, H. hydatis,H. navicula, H. orbignyana and H. orteai were alarm pheromonesemployed during cross copulation. In Bulla gouldiana and B.striata, the defensive secretion was located mainly in a whitegland along the margin of the mantle. In Haminoea species, alarmpheromones were located in external parts (cephalic shield,parapodial lobes and posterior pallial lobe). The carnivorous cephalaspideans Navanax inermis and Philinopsisdepicta employ chemotaxis to follow the slime trail of theirprey, which include other cephalaspideans or even congenericindividuals. N. inermis and P. depicta sequester alarm pheromonesand allomones from their cephalaspidean prey, which are ejectedwhen N. inermis and P. depicta are disturbed. The specific metabolic patterns of Mediterranean cephalaspideanssuggest that these patterns can be used as chemotaxonomic markers.We propose the use of a single Thin Layer Chromatography todifferentiate among Mediterranean Haminoea species. (Received 3 February 1997; accepted 22 May 1998)     

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF SPERMATOZOA OF HELIX ASPERSA AND HELIX POMATIA (GASTROPODA, PULMONATA)

Spermatozoa of the pulmonates Helix aspersa Müller andH. pomatia Linnaeus are examined in detail using transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM). Important features such as the acrosome,perinuclear sheath, nucleus and terminal region of the midpieceare described for the first time. Also presented are the firstultrastructural observations on spermatozoa from spermatophoresin any pulmonate gastropod (H. aspersa). No morphological differencescould be found between sperm taken from spermatophores and thosewithin the hermaphrodite duct in H. aspersa. Spermatozoa ofH. aspersa and H. pomatia snow all the characteristics of euthyneuranspermatozoa, namely: a helically-keeled nucleus; distinctivearrangement of acrosomal components (apical vesicle, acrosomalpedestal), and extremely elongate midpiece (axoneme and glycogenhelix enclosed by matrix and paracrystalline layers). The spermnucleus of both species is short, and the midpiece also formsthe terminal portion of the spermatozoon (glycogen piece absent).The extraordinary positioning of the acrosome in H. aspersa—reflectedbackwards from the nuclear apex—is not observed in H.pomatia, though a perinuclear sheath (possibly another acrosomalcomponent) is present in sperm of both species. Helix spermatozoaare compared with other euthyneuran sperm and briefly discussedfrom the systematic viewpoint. Present address: Department of Zoology, St. Lucia, 4067, Brisbane,OLD, Australia (Received 23 May 1988; accepted 17 August 1988)     

THE EFFECT OF VARYING RELATIVE DENSITY AND VARYING FOOD SUPPLY ON INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION BETWEEN HELISOMA DURYI AND BULINUS TRUNCATUS (GASTROPODA, PLANORBIDAE)

Interspecific competition between Helisoma duryi and the intermediatehost of schistosomes, Bulinus truncatus results in reduced growthand reproduction of B. truncatus and the effects are more pronouncedas the density of H. duryi is increased. The drastic reductionin reproduction of B. trunauus is the result of a predationby H. duryi on egg masses. It appears that increasing the foodsupply cannot completely eliminate the effects of competition.Although the growth and reproduction of B. truncatus in competitionwith H. duryi increases significantly with the increased foodsupply, both growth and reproduction are still reduced comparedto control snails given the same amount of food. The effectsof food supply and competition on the allometric size-weightrelationships of the two species are slight. (Received 23 February 1987; accepted 4 May 1988)     

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HELIX SNAILS: INFLUENCE OF GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

This paper describes the biochemical composition of differentspecies (Helix lucorum, Helix pomatia) and sub-species of snails(Helix aspersa aspersa, Helix aspersa maxima) reared in thesame conditions with a feed (‘Helixal’) speciallydesigned for edible snails. In addition, the composition ofwild H. pomatia and H. lucorum is presented to allow comparisonbetween snails of different origins. Analyses determined thepercentages of proteins, lipids and minerals. They reveal bothsimilarities and differences in composition according to thespecies and the part analysed (whole body, pedal mass, and visceralmass). H. pomatia contains the highest percentage of mineralmatter and the lowest percentage of lipids. Surprisingly, proteincontents are slightly different between artificially rearedH. aspersa maxima of 3 months old and wild H. pomatia. The resultsmake it possible to evaluate nutritional quality of snails withthe composition of the body of four edible snail species. (Received 16 September 1996; accepted 24 May 1997)     

华硬蜱和二棘血蜱的交叉免疫反应

本文首次比较了经中华硬蜱(Ixodes sinensis)叮咬三次后再经二棘血蜱(Haimaphysalis bispinosa)叮咬的家兔与仅经二棘血蜱叮咬的家兔的交叉免疫抗性。二棘血蜱叮咬被中华硬蜱致敏的家兔时,吸血增重为：143.12±32.67mg,但二棘血蜱在正常家兔体上寄生,初次吸血增重为：181.30±44.35mg,两者之间有显著性差异(P<0.01)。中华硬蜱和二棘血蜱唾液腺提取物(SGE)经十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),显示两者分别有24条和22条电泳带,中华硬蜱主带有6条,分子量分别为142、105、94、66/65、64和56kD,而二棘血蜱主带有5条,分子量分别为：215、114、105、66/65和58kn,经中华硬蜱叮咬致敏的家兔血清和经二棘血蜱叫‘咬致敏的家兔血清作免疫印渍,均显示出105kD这一电泳带。该实验表明中华硬蜱和二棘血蜱叮咬家兔两者之间存在着交叉免疫反应,提示105kD蛋白质抗原可能是两者的共同抗原。     

Sulfated glycans on oral mucin as receptors for Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is able to colonize gastric epithelia, causingchronic active gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers and presumablygastric malignancies. Attempts to identify the natural reservoirfor this microorganism other than the stomach have been unsuccessful.It is suspected that H.pylori can be transmitted orally, sincethe microorganism has been detected at various sites of theoral cavity. The aim of the present study was to determine whetherH.pylori can bind to salivary mucins, which in vivo coat theoral epithelia, and characterize further the interaction. Bindingof salivary mucins and of synthetic oligosaccharides was studiedIn ELISA and immunoblotting, using specific mono-and polyclonalantibodies, and synthetic neoglycoconjugates. H.pylori boundmost avidly to a highly sulfated sub-population of high molecularweight salivary mucins, secreted from the palatine salivaryglands, and with less avidity to mucin species secreted by thesublingual and submandibular salivary glands, which are lesssulfated. Binding was strongly enhanced upon decreasing pH from6.0 to 5.0. Using synthetic polyacrylamide coupled oligosaccharidesit was found that SO₃-3-Gal and the SO₃-3-Lewis^a blood groupantigen bound to H.pylori. In contrast, binding of sialylatedLewis^a and Lewis^b antigens was much weaker. This study indicatesthat sulfated oligosaccharides on salivary mucins may providereceptor structures for adhesion of H.pylori to oral surfaces. H.pylori saliva sulfomucin nickel oligosaccharide     

棉铃虫对Bt生物农药早期抗性及与转Bt基因棉抗虫性的关系

用饲料感染法建立了棉铃虫Helicoverpa rmigera(Hubmer)敏感品系(SUS1)对Bt生物农药的敏感毒力基线和区分剂量,1995年测定了五省六县棉铃虫初孵幼虫对Bt生物农药的敏感性,结果表明：山东阳谷、河北邯郸、河南新乡、安徽萧县及江苏丰县棉铃虫已产生早期抗性,抗性个体百分率为5%～10%,与敏感品系相比,LC₅₀值稍有增加,但斜率b值明显变小;而江苏东台棉铃虫仍属敏感。这是国内外首次诊测到棉铃虫对Bt生物农药抗性。用棉叶喂饲法测定比较了转Bt基因棉花品系对不同种群棉铃虫的抗虫性效果,结果表明：用早期抗性的阳谷和新乡棉铃虫初孵幼虫接虫5d后平均死亡率较敏感品系下降16%～29%,说明棉铃虫对Bt农药与转Bt生物基因棉花品系间存在交互抗性。还讨论了Bt农药的抗性治理对策。     

PAGODATROCHUS, A NEW GENUS FOR MINOLIA VARIABILIS H. ADAMS, 1873 (GASTROPODA: TROCHIDAE)

Nomenclaturel confusion surrounding the name Minolia variabilisH. Adams, 1873 is clarified. Joint consideration of overallshell morphology and radula structure indicates previous subfamilialand generic referral of the taxon to be incorrect. This necessitatesthe proposal of Pagodatrochus gen. nov. which is provisionallyplaced in the Gibbulinae. Trochus mariei Fischer, 1886, andMinolia eutyches Melvill, 1918, are shown to be synonyms. Lectotypesof the following species are designated and figured: M. eutyches,Gibbula holdsworthana G. & H. Nevill, 1871, and Vanitrochustragema (Melvill & Standen, 1896); the holotype of Trochusmariei is also figured. Minolia charmosyne Melvill, 1918, issynonymised with Gibbula holdsworthana G. & H. Nevill, 1871. (Received 24 April 1988; accepted 26 May 1988)