蓝太阳鱼第一次性周期性腺发育的组织学

蓝太阳鱼(Lepomis cyanellus)是广东省于1997年从北美引进的小型淡水鱼类,本文采用组织切片技术对蓝太阳鱼的性腺发育进行了研究。蓝太阳鱼的性腺发育程序可以分为5个时期。在1月龄,卵巢和精巢处于第Ⅰ期;2~3月龄时,卵巢和精巢发育到第Ⅱ期;4月龄时发育到第Ⅲ期;5~6月龄时发育到第Ⅳ期;7~8月龄时达到性成熟第Ⅴ期。过冬时,卵巢退化到第Ⅱ~Ⅲ期,而精巢仍停留在第Ⅴ期。成熟卵巢的成熟系数为2.80%~8.10%,成熟精巢的成熟系数为1.45%~3.45%。精巢和卵巢发育都为不完全同步型,且精巢发育比卵巢稍快。蓝太阳鱼的繁殖期在广州地区为3~11月,为多次产卵类型。本文从生殖和生长的关系上对蓝太阳鱼生长缓慢的原因进行了初步探讨,并将蓝太阳鱼作为一种鱼类实验动物的可行性进行了分析。     

生长激素mRNA在蓝太阳鱼垂体外组织中的表达分布

应用半定量RT PCR方法和Southern杂交技术,系统地研究了生长激素(GH)基因在蓝太阳鱼垂体外组织中的表达情况。在建立检测蓝太阳鱼GHmRNA表达的半定量RT PCR扩增条件之后,分别对蓝太阳鱼雄性幼鱼(6月龄)和雄性成鱼(1年龄)的12个组织部位中GHmRNA的表达进行了检测。结果表明,除了在垂体之外,还在肌肉、性腺、鳃、心脏、脑、肾脏6个组织检测到GHmRNA的表达,但各组织间的表达水平存在差异,而在脾脏、肝脏、胃3个组织未检测到表达;肌肉组织中的表达水平从幼鱼到成鱼后明显提高,同时观察到在幼鱼和成鱼的性腺组织中存在着较高水平的表达。本研究表明,GH基因在蓝太阳鱼的垂体外组织中存在着广泛的表达,由此提示,蓝太阳鱼GH可能以旁分泌或自分泌的方式对其生长繁殖起着重要的作用。     

Histological structure of the intestine and pyloric caeca of the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque

A histological study was made of the intestine and pyloric caeca of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Centrarchidae). The intestinal and caecal walls are histologically very similar, consisting of a mucosa (epithelial layer), submucosa (lamina propria and stratum compactum), muscularis (circular and longitudinal layers) and the serosa. Cellular constituents of the mucosal layer include absorptive, columnar epithelial cells, mucous-secreting goblet cells, and various leucocytes, the majority of which are lymphocytes. Other than relative size and the entrance of the bile duct at the base of the first caecum, no difference was found among caeca.
When fish were nutritionally stressed, a greater variety and number of leucocytes and shifts in the numbers of lymphocytes and goblet cells of the mucosal layer were the only observable effects.     

绿色太阳鱼的生物学习性

对绿色太阳鱼(Lepomis cyanellus)的食性、生活习性、对环境的适应性、生长和繁殖特性进行了研究。绿色太阳鱼为温和肉食性鱼类。对温度适应性广。体长与体重的相关关系为:W=0.375 3L3.194 9,同龄雄鱼大于雌鱼。135~180日龄性成熟,为多次产卵类型,卵沉性、粘性,绝对怀卵量与体重呈直线正相关:Y=0.551 2 0.252 3X,相对生殖力为260粒/g,胚胎发育阶段所需积温为950℃.h.。     

外源生长激素基因在蓝太阳鱼中的整合、表达和遗传

通过基因重组, 将石斑鱼生长激素基因编码序列克隆到鲤鱼βactin基因启动子下游, 构建了“全鱼”生长激素基因表达载体pCAecGHc。采用显微注射法, 研制出转“全鱼”生长激素基因蓝太阳鱼。经过PCR、PCR Southern杂交、RT PCR等技术对转植基因在转基因蓝太阳鱼中的整合和表达情况进行了检测。结果表明:转植基因在两批次P0 转基因蓝太阳鱼中的整合率为5 .60%和12. 26%, 并在转基因鱼中得到了正确表达, 表现为嵌合性表达。对转基因蓝太阳实验鱼进行了对照养殖实验, 初步显示转基因蓝太阳鱼具有较快的生长表型效应, 比对照组生长速度快20%-40%左右。应用近交策略培育出了两个转基因蓝太阳鱼F1 品系, 检测表明, 转植基因在两个品系的整合率分别为22 .03%和40 .8%。结果表明: 转植基因通过性腺传递给了子代, 同时也证实转基因P0 代的生殖腺为转植基因的嵌合体。     

Body shape variation in the Characid Psalidodon rivularis from São Francisco river,Southeast Brazil (Characiformes: Stethaprioninae)

Psalidodon rivularis is a species of tetra endemic to the São Francisco River basin and, based on cytogenetic and molecular studies, represents a complex of species. The objective of the present work was to identify morphological differences in the body shape of seven populations of P. rivularis from the Upper and Middle São Francisco River basin through geometric morphometry. In all, we photographed 174 individuals on the right side of the body and 17 landmarks were digitized on each image. To study the effects of allometry on the shape, we performed regression analysis and, to study shape modulation at different collection points and sub-basins, the canonical variation analyses. We found differences in shape between collection points and sub-basins associated with relative body height and sub-orbital plate recoil, in addition to a significant influence of size on specimen shape (allometry) associated with the ventral skull, orbits and sub-orbital plate. We do not envision differences in body shape between males and females. Several works with fish relate body height with water velocity, while the sub-orbital plate recoil shows a taxonomic or ecological potential, marking the main difference between the populations of the Upper and Middle São Francisco River.     

Differences in shape and size of skull and mandible in Talpa species (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) from Turkey

We analysed with landmark-based images morphological differences between four species of Talpa which resemble each other morphologically and are all highly adapted to underground life. Subtle shape differences of the skull and mandibular bones were found between all species. However, there is also broad overlap between all species. Talpa caucasica had the largest skull and mandibles, and Talpa levantis the smallest.     

Size and shape changes of Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in relation to population level

1 High intraspecific competition is known to occur during Ips typographus outbreaks, and is thought to be the main factor regulating epidemic populations by affecting beetle population productivity. However, little is known about the consequences of intraspecific competition on population quality during outbreaks, although it could have consequences on beetle population dynamics. 2 Ips typographus morphological variations among localities, years and beetle population levels were investigated in 10 Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands having various beetle damage intensities. Beetle size and shape estimators based on wing length, and using isometric size and log‐shape ratios, were employed. Field‐caught beetles were compared with beetles emerging from controlled breeding at different densities, performed in the laboratory. Beetles from this colony were also used to check the influence of breeding densities on the size estimator. 3 Size variations occurred among localities and years and were consistent with the epidemic or latent status of the beetle populations. Controlled breeding confirmed the negative effect of beetle densities encountered in the field on offspring size. Two hypotheses are formulated to explain this increase of intraspecific competition during an outbreak, but our data support the effect of host quality change between latent and epidemic populations. 4 Shape variations also occurred among localities but were unrelated to beetle population levels. No groups consistent with a geographical structure were found, suggesting low genetic variation for I. typographus populations in France.     

Body composition in baboons: Evaluating a morphometric method

The objective of this study was to determine whether noninvasive morphometric measurements of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) can reliably predict lean body mass and fat mass in this species. Crown-rump length, triceps circumference, and skinfold measures at the neck, subscapular, suprailiac, and triceps sites were obtained prior to necropsy from 21 clinically normal infant baboons at 18 weeks of age and from 22 clinically normal adolescent baboons at 5 years of age. At necropsy, the lean body mass and body fat mass were measured using gravimetric methods. Pearson's correlations and regression analysis were used to test the relationship between direct measures of lean and fat mass obtained at necropsy with calculated estimates based on morphometric measures obtained prior to death. Our null hypothesis was that the morphometric measures (individually or in combination) were not related to direct measures of fat mass or lean mass. Non-linear and multiple regression estimators, by age and gender, were derived and provided increased predictability. Our results indicate that (1) morphometric measures can accurately predict lean body mass in male and female baboons; (2) morphometric measures used to predict lean body mass change with age; (3) morphometric measures are strongly associated with body fat mass at 18 weeks of age but are not as strongly associated with body fat mass in 5-year-old baboons; (4) triceps circumference provides the best single indicator of lean body mass for both genders and age periods; (5) baboons are like humans in that adolescent females tend to accumulate body fat while males of the same age tend to develop lean mass; and (6) combinations of these morphometric measurements explain between 70% and 100% of the variability and can be used to estimate lean and fat mass in baboons.     

Sensory responses and movement-related activities in extrinsic neurons of the cockroach mushroom bodies

We have previously reported that most units in the input regions of the cockroach mushroom bodies have activities related to sensory inputs, while the majority of units in the output regions are related to movements of the animal. In the present study, we were able to attain a more satisfactory isolation of single units by using thinner wires and further characterize the activities of units in the mushroom body output regions. Forty-one units recorded here were classified into three types: sensory, movement-related, and sensori-motor units. Different units from each group exhibited a great variety in activities. Some movement-related and sensori-motor units exhibited activity preceding the onset of movements. We propose that the mushroom body participates in the integration of a variety of sensory and motor signals, possibly for initiating and maintaining motor action. While different neurons displayed a great diversity of responses, the activities of multiple neurons recorded simultaneously exhibited similar, but not identical, responses. These neurons appeared to locate adjacent to each other and may represent a cluster of extrinsic neurons that act synergistically to transmit a specific set of mushroom body output signals. Accepted: 5 May 1999