黔中贵阳乌当地区下-中奥陶统的牙形刺生物地层

奥陶纪时期紧邻黔中古陆南缘的贵阳乌当发育有富含牙形刺的碳酸盐岩沉积,但生物地层研究非常薄弱。本文对乌当地区小谷龙剖面和豹子窝剖面的奥陶系进行牙形刺生物地层研究,共识别出10个牙形刺带,自下而上为Chosonodina herfurthi带、Drepanodus arcuatus带、Triangulodus bifidus带、Serratognathus diversus带、Oepikodus evae带、Baltoniodustriangularis带、Baltoniodusnavis带、Baltoniodusnorrlandicus带、Lenodusantivariabilis带和Dzikodustablepointensis带,时代属于下奥陶统特马豆克阶至中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶,可与华南同期地层的化石带对比。根据牙形刺生物地层,本研究构建了乌当地区奥陶系的年代地层格架,并限定黔中古陆南缘开始暴露出水面的时间为不晚于中奥陶世达瑞威尔期早期。     

新疆东部托克逊马鞍桥剖面桑树园组刺毛-珊瑚礁的时代

新疆东部托克逊马鞍桥剖面桑树园组下部灰岩段的顶部发育了刺毛-珊瑚礁,通过对礁体及其上下地层的■类和牙形刺研究,可识别出■类3属14种,以属Eostaffella-Eostaffellina-Pseudostaffella组合为特征;牙形刺2属2种:Idiognathoides corrugatus和Idiognathodus sp.。■类Pseudostaffella antiqua,P.conspecta和P.paracompressa extensa的出现指示桑树园组灰岩段顶部相当于上石炭统滑石板阶上部,属于■类Pseudostaffella composite-P.paracompressa带。牙形刺Idiognathoides corrugatus和Idiognathodus sp.是晚石炭世巴什基尔期常见分子,对应上石炭统罗苏阶上部至滑石板阶上部。综合上述■类和牙形刺生物地层,可以确定桑树园组刺毛-珊瑚礁的时代为巴什基尔期中期(滑石板阶上部)。本文刺毛-珊瑚礁时代的确定可以为石炭纪中期生物灭绝/更替事件之后后生动物礁的复苏演化提供新认识。     

北祁连山地区石炭系—二叠系牙形刺序列(英文)

甘肃省北祁连山地区典型的石炭系—二叠系海陆过渡相沉积中牙形刺较为丰富。对该区三个剖面进行牙形刺的系统研究,鉴定牙形刺9属27种。识别出11个牙形刺带或组合带,从下至上依次为Gnathodus bilineatus bilineatus,G.bilineatus bollandensis,Idiognathoides sulcatus sulcatus,Id.sinuatus,Idiognathodus delicatusI.magnificus,I.podolskensis,Swadelina subexcelsus,Sw.makhlinae,Streptognathodus oppletus-S.elegantulus,S.elongatus和S.barskovi带或组合带。该牙形刺序列可与我国其他地区进行对比,为北祁连山地区提供了高精度的牙形刺生物地层格架。牙形刺的丰度受沉积相控制。     

依据牙形刺确定的内蒙古苏尼特左旗泥盆系泥鳅河组的时代

内蒙古苏尼特左旗泥鳅河组一段下部产Caudicriodus woschmidti hesperius等牙形刺,时代为Lochkovian(洛赫考夫期)期最早期。泥鳅河组二段最下部产牙形刺Masaraella pandora W new morph,Pandorinellinacf.miae等,时代为Pragian(布拉格期)期最早期,或由Lochkovian晚期pandora beta-gilberti带到Pragian期早期的steinachensis带。依据牙形刺确定的泥鳅河组一段—二段的时代为早泥盆世早、中期,即Lochkovian期到Pragian期的沉积。本文还首次确认了Masaraella属在中国的存在,并描述了Masaraella pandora W新的形态型。     

我国石炭系滑石板阶标准剖面的牙形刺

滑石板阶标准剖面的牙形刺主要有Neognathodussymmetricus,Declinognathodusnoduliferusnoduliferus,D .noduliferusinaequalis,D .lateralis,Idiognathoidescorrugatus,I .sinuatus和I .sulcatus等 ,应属Neognathodussymmetricus带 ;滑石板阶之底界则在Neognathodussymmetricus带中通过。由此可知 ,在标准剖面上 。     

贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层的再研究

本文详细描述了贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)剖面的生物地层和年代地层,其牙形刺序列自上而下可详细划分为：Streptognathodus isolatus, S. wabaunsensis, S. tenuialveus, S. firmus, Idiognathodus nashuiensis , Streptognathodus simulator, S. guizhouensis , S. gracilis-S, excelsus , S. cancellosus , S. clavatulus , S. nodocarinatus , Idiognathodus podolskensis , Mesogondolella clarki -Idiognathodus robustus , Diplognathodus ophanus-D, ellesmerensis, Idiognathoides ouachitensis, Streptognathodus expansus, Idiognathoides sulcatus parva, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus bassleri, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus symmetricus, Neognathodus symmetricus, Idiognathoides corrugatus-I, pacificus, I. sinuatus, I. sulcatus sulcatus, Declinognathodus noduli ferus 和 Gnathodus bilineatus bollandensis 等带。 Declinognathodus noduliferus 和 Streptognathodus isolatus 的首次出现分别代表上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)和二叠系的开始。根据牙形刺和有孔虫的序列,罗甸纳水剖面的上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层自下而上可划分为罗苏阶(Luosuan)、滑石板阶(Huashibanian)、达拉阶(Dalaan)和马平阶(Mapingian),并可与俄罗斯的巴什基尔阶(Bashkirian)、莫斯科阶(Moscovian)、卡西莫夫阶(Kasimovian)和格舍尔阶(Gzhelian),北美的莫罗阶(Morrowan)、阿托克阶(Atokan)、得梅因阶(Desmoinesian)、密苏里阶(Missourian)和弗吉尔阶(Virgilian)进行对比。另外,本文也详细讨论了剖面中的石炭系中间界线及石炭-二叠系界线。     

蒙古南部新金斯特地区下泥盆统洛霍考夫阶察甘安布拉格组牙形刺的新记录

蒙古南部新金斯特地区萨克黑尔剖面察甘安布拉格组上部发现的牙形刺, 包括Caudicriodusneowos chmidtisp. nov., Caudicriodussp. A, Kimognathussp., “Ozarkodina”planilingua, Pandorinellinaoptima, Ozarkodinaexcavata, 清楚地表明察甘安布拉格组上部应当归到中洛霍考夫阶(泥盆系)而不是像以往那样归到中-上志留统。海相温洛克统和罗德洛统地层在蒙古南部是否存在还需要寻找证据。文章描写了一个新种Caudicriodusneowos chmidtisp. nov.和一个未定种Caudicriodussp. A。     

重庆石柱漆辽地区中、上奥陶统牙形刺序列—揭示达瑞威尔阶下部至桑比阶之间的沉积间断

本文详细描述了重庆石柱漆辽剖面奥陶系达瑞威尔阶(Darriwilian)牯牛潭组至凯迪阶(Katian)宝塔组的牙形刺序列及其对比。牙形刺序列由上而下可分为:宝塔组Hamarodus brevirameus生物带和Amorphognathus superbus生物带;大田坝组的Baltoniodus alobatus,Baltoniodus variabilis和Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带;牯牛潭组的Yangtzeplacognathus crassus生物带和Lenodus variabilis生物带。其中Hamarodus brevirameus生物带至Baltoniodus alobatus生物带上部为凯迪阶,B.alobatus生物带下部至Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带上部为桑比阶(Sandbian),而Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带下部,Yangtzeplacognathus crassus生物带和Lenodus variabilis生物带归入达瑞威尔阶。根据文中所识别的牙形刺序列,该剖面显然缺失了达瑞威尔阶中上部的牙形刺生物带如Pygodus serra生物带(即Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus和Y.foliaceus生物带),Eoplacognathus suecicus和Dzikodus tablepointensis生物带。因此,在重庆石柱漆辽剖面奥陶系牯牛潭组和大田坝组之间的地层是不连续的,存在一明显的沉积间断,缺失了相当于牯牛潭组标准剖面中上部的地层(达瑞威尔阶中上部)。而这一沉积间断所发生的时间正好与达瑞威尔中晚期全球海平面下降相吻合。     

贵州罗甸上石炭统罗苏阶和滑石板阶牙形刺序列的再研究

本文详细描述了贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统罗苏阶（Luosuan)和滑石板阶（Huashibanian)的牙形刺序列,自上而下可详细划分为：Diplognathodus ophenus-D.ellesmerensis,Idiognathoides ouachitensis,Streptognathodus expan-sus,Idiognathoides sulcatus parua,Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus bassleri,Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus symmetricus,Neognathodus symmetricus,Idiognathoides corrugatus-I.pacificus,I.sinuatus,I.sulcatus sulcatus和Declinognathodus noduliferus等带,Declinognathodus noduliferus,Idiognathoides ouachitensis和Mesogondolella clarki的首次出现分别代表罗苏阶,滑石板阶和达拉阶的开始,根据牙形刺和有孔虫的序列,罗甸纳水剖面上石炭统的罗苏阶和滑石板阶可与俄罗斯的巴什基尔阶（Bashkirian),莫斯科阶（Moscovian)以及北美的莫罗阶（Morrowan)和阿托克阶（Atokan)对比。     

湖北宜昌真金和陈家河奥陶系牯牛潭组至宝塔组的牙形刺及其地层意义

根据采自湖北宜昌分乡陈家河和远安真金两剖面奥陶系牯牛潭组至宝塔组的牙形刺,将该段地层的牙形刺生物带自上而下综合划分为Hamarodus brevirameus,Amorphognathus superbus,Baltoniodus alobatus,Pygodus anserinus-Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis,Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus,Yangtzeplacognathus foliaceus,Histiodella kristinae-Eoplacognathus suecicus,Dzikodus tablepointensis,Lenodus variabilis和Lenodus antivariabilis等牙形刺生物带。其中宝塔组之Hamarodus brevirameus,Amorphognathus superbus生物带及Baltoniodus alobatus生物带顶部归为凯迪阶(Katian),庙坡组Baltoniodus alobatus生物带大部和Pygodus anserinus-Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带中上部归为桑比阶(Sandbian),而牯牛潭组的Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus至Lenodus antivariabilis等牙形刺生物带和庙坡组Pygodus anserinus-Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带下部则归入达瑞威尔阶(Darriwillian)。这一牙形刺带序列与宜昌黄花场和分乡剖面的牙形刺生物带相一致。     

THE APPLIED BIOLOGIST, THE CHILD, AND SOCIETY

Consideration of the characteristics of past and current applied biology reveals its fundamentally ecological nature, and also indicates the potent influence of the applied biologist upon society. It is urged that in order to impress influence upon pupils biological education should be based mainly upon field studies, rather than upon predominantly evolutionary, morphological and physiological studies. The nature of past and existing school biology strongly reinforces the abovel conclusion.
The results of attempts to find and evaluate evidence of the social influences of past and present biological education are presented, both in relation to the whole population, as well as to particular aspects, like food poisoning, the press, and the education of Civil Servants and Members of Parliment.
The potentialities of a Sixth Form biology resting chiefly upon field study are discussed not only as a means of developing an outlook valuable to-day, but also of treating suitably the pre-university education of future applied biologists.