腾冲嗜热厌氧菌丙氨酸消旋酶底物通道氨基酸位点的功能

【目的】通过定点突变探究腾冲嗜热厌氧菌MB4中生物合成型丙氨酸消旋酶Tt Alr底物通道内氨基酸位点A172和S173的功能。【方法】利用定点突变PCR技术构建突变体,通过亲和层析法纯化酶蛋白,采用D-氨基酸氧化酶偶联法检测各突变蛋白的活性及其稳定性。【结果】通过定点突变PCR成功得到8个突变体,酶学特性分析发现,A172位点突变为丝氨酸(S)后酶蛋白的相对活性有所提升,但含有该位点突变的酶蛋白稳定性均大幅下降;S173位点突变为天门冬氨酸(D)后导致突变体蛋白的最适反应温度提升了15°C,半衰期大幅延长,但相对活性明显下降。【结论】丙氨酸消旋酶Tt Alr底物通道内A172和S173位点均是影响酶蛋白催化活性和稳定性的关键位点。     

矮牵牛PMADS9基因启动子的克隆及分析

矮牵牛PMADS9基因是MADS-box基因AGL15亚家族的成员。该亚家族基因可能具有调控开花时间、抑制花器官衰老脱落和促进体胚形成等功能。本文应用YADE和hiTAIL-PCR等方法,克隆了PMADS9基因5′端翻译起始位点上游1853bp的启动子区域序列(FJ798977);RACE分析发现该基因至少有4个转录起始位点,2个位于编码区第一外显子内。启动子调控元件分析显示,PMADS9启动子富集花粉和种子发育过程中特异表达元件和与环境应答相关的元件;AGL15同源基因启动子存在非常保守的RY-repeat元件,启动子的保守性与物种的遗传距离不一致;推测PMADS9启动子翻译起始位点上游200～400bp和800～1000bp区域具重要功能。     

β-甘露聚糖酶AuMan5A/Af酶学性质的改善与其Asp320的相关性分析

【目的】为改善宇佐美曲霉5家族β-甘露聚糖酶(AuMan5A)的酶学性质,本实验室前期将AuMan5A底物结合凹槽内一个7肽(~(316)KSPDGGN~(322))组成的loop替换为烟曲霉5家族β-甘露聚糖酶对应的氨基酸片段(PSPNDHF),得到loop替换突变酶AuMan5A/Af。为揭示AuMan5A/Af酶学性质显著改善与其Asp~(320)的相关性,定点突变构建突变体AuMan5A/Af~(D320G)。【方法】采用大引物PCR技术将AuMan5A/Af基因(Auman5A/Af)中编码Asp~(320)的密码子GAC突变为Gly~(320)的GGT,构建出突变体基因Auman5A/Af~(D320G),并在毕赤酵母GS115中进行表达,分析表达产物AuMan5A/Af~(D320G)的酶学性质。【结果】AuMan5A/Af~(D320G)的最适温度T_(opt)为70.0℃,变性温度T_m为71.5℃,介于AuMan5A(T_(opt)=65.0℃,T_m=64.5℃)和AuMan5A/Af(T_(opt)=75.0℃,T_m=76.6℃)之间;在70.0℃的半衰期为40 min,高于AuMan5A的10 min,但较AuMan5A/Af的480 min显著缩短;比活性分别是AuMan5A和AuMan5A/Af的2.7和0.3倍;催化效率(k_(cat)/K_m)分别是AuMan5A和AuMan5A/Af的3.9和0.3倍。【结论】将Asp~(320)突变为Gly~(320)显著影响了AuMan5A/Af的酶学性质,证明了Asp~(320)对AuMan5A/Af温度特性改善、比活性和催化效率显著提高的重要作用。     

长双歧杆菌N-乙酰氨基己糖1-位激酶的活性位点

【目的】研究长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)JCM1217的N-乙酰氨基己糖1-位激酶(Nacetylhexosamine 1-kinase,Nah K)中对催化活性有影响的位点。【方法】利用点突变试剂盒,获得Nah K的4个位点的共10种单点突变体表达菌株。诱导表达并纯化野生型和突变体酶,用DNS法和NADH偶联的微孔板分光光度法检测野生型及突变体酶的最适p H和最适Mg~(2+)浓度,并测定酶促反应动力学参数。【结果】D208A、D208N、D208E和I24A四种突变体的催化活性几乎丧失。突变体H31A、H31V、F247A和I24V的最适p H由野生型的7.5变为7.0,突变体H31A和F247A的最适Mg~(2+)浓度由野生型的5 mmol/L变为10 mmol/L。反应动力学参数测定结果表明,突变体F247Y对底物Glc NAc/Gal NAc及ATP的催化活性均高于野生型。【结论】通过定点突变,确定了对Nah K催化活性有影响的4个位点,并且获得了一个催化效率提高的突变体(F247Y),为进一步对Nah K进行分子改造奠定了一定基础。     

小麦抗赤霉病突变体的诱导与筛选研究

用~(60)Co-γ射线辐照和Ar~+离子束注入分别处理2个小麦品种皖麦19和丰华8903的干种子,在M_2代的抽穗期接种赤霉菌进行抗赤霉病突变体筛选,获得了两个抗病性明显提高的突变株.通过SSR分子鉴定表明,皖麦19的突变株其突变发生在Xgwm261、Xgwm493、Xwmc41和Xgwm212等4个基因座位,突变位点分别位于2D、3B、5A和5D染色体上;丰华8903的突变株其突变发生在Xgwm493、Xbarc164、Xgwm161、Xgwm312、Xgwm156和Xgwm427等6个基因座位上,突变位点分别位于3B、2A和5A染色体上.     

拟南芥花分生组织决定基因AGL24对花发育的影响

AGAMOUS-LIKE 24(AGL24)基因编码MADS蛋白,在植物花发育的不同时期发挥着重要的作用。综述了AGL24如何通过和其他花分生组织决定基因的相互作用来影响拟南芥花的发育,调节开花时间,这将有助于人们对开花基因调控网络有更进一步的认识,能够在生产上有效的调控开花时间,从而为植物育种提供借鉴。     

7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶LXYL-P1-1和LXYL-P1-2活性中心预测及初步的功能分析

7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶LXYL-P1-1和LXYL-P1-2是克隆自真菌香菇的两个双功能酶(序列一致性97%),具有β-木糖苷酶/β-葡萄糖苷酶双重活性,能特异性地水解移除7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇等紫杉烷上的木糖基。采用生物信息学方法对两个酶蛋白进行酶活性中心预测,初步确定Asp300和Glu529分别为亲核试剂和一般酸/碱催化剂,而Asn172-Gly173-Arg174和Lys207-His208为底物结合结构域。以LXYL-P1-2为研究对象,以毕赤酵母细胞为表达宿主,应用定点突变技术获得了N172A、G173A、R174A、K207A、H208A、D300N和E529Q突变体,并进行了酶活性分析。结果显示:在分别以PNP-Xyl、PNP-Glc和7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇为底物时,N172A、G173A、R174A、K207A、D300N和E529Q的β-木糖苷酶与β-葡萄糖苷酶活性大幅度下降甚至完全消失;H208A的β-木糖苷酶活性也显著下降,但仍保持98%的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性。其结果初步验证了对上述两个酶蛋白的活性中心的预测,为进一步揭示7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶结构与功能的关系提供了实验依据。     

毕赤酵母醇氧化酶2启动子上游调控序列的随机突变研究

巴斯德毕赤酵母是表达外源蛋白的重要宿主之一.醇氧化酶2启动子(PAOX2)与醇氧化酶1启动子(PAOX1)的启动模式相同,但是启动强度不同.为了研究其醇氧化酶启动子PAOX2的上游调控序列,本文利用随机突变的方法对醇氧化酶启动子PAOX2的上游调控序列进行了随机突变,构建了PAOX2上游调控序列突变文库,检测突变体启动...     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450基因CYP9A17v2核心启动子区缺失分析

CYP9A17v2的过量表达与棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性相关。为了研究CYP9A17v2表达调控机制, 对CYP9A17v2核心启动子区域的功能进行了分析;构建了含荧光素酶报告基因和CYP9A17v2启动子不同长度缺失片段(-1 095~+43)的重组质粒, 转染Sf9细胞瞬时表达后用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统检测启动子活性。功能分析结果表明: 所有的7个缺失片段均具有启动子活性, -197~+43启动子区域的转录活性最高。在CYP9A17v2基因5′-调控区-197~-113区域内可能存在转录增强因子的结合位点, 而在-1 095~-197区域内可能存在转录抑制因子的结合位点。本研究为探索棉铃虫CYP9A17v2过量表达的转录调控机理奠定了重要基础。     

NFY结合位点缺失下调NPCEDRG基因启动子转录活性和效率

NPCEDRG基因是一个鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC)相关基因. NPCEDRG基因启动子为TATA-less启动子,其核心启动子区域位于-146 ～-8 bp区,该区域包含NFY、STAT1和cMYB等转录因子结合位点. 前期研究结果提示,转录因子NFY可能参与NPCEDRG基因的转录调控. 为明确NFY转录因子在NPCEDRG基因转录中的作用,本研究应用报告基因载体系统分析方法对NPCEDRG基因核心启动子区进行NFY结合位点（或CCAAT-box）缺失突变及其功能分析,分别构建NPCEDRG基因核心启动子区NFY结合位点缺失突变的Luc和EGFP报告基因表达载体. 比较核心启动子和NFY结合位点缺失突变体报告基因载体的转录活性和效率. 结果表明,在MCF7和CNE2细胞中,NFY结合位点缺失突变体的转录活性分别约为其核心启动子转录活性66.94%和75.72%,即NFY结合位点缺失致使该启动子转录效率在MCF7和CNE2细胞中分别降低了33.06%和24.28%;EGFP报告基因表达载体系统研究结果与Luc报告基因载体系统结果基本吻合. 本研究再次证实,转录因子NFY通过结合NPCEDRG基因启动子的核心元件NFY结合位点参与NPCEDRG基因的转录调控,并提高其基因转录活性和效率.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">SOC1</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">AGL24</Emphasis> interact with AGL18-1, not the other family members AGL18-2 and AGL18-3 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis>

Many MCM1-AGAMOUS-DEFICIENS-SRF (MADS) genes have been proved to play an important role in the flowering time regulation of plants. The flowering-inhibiting factor AGAMOUS-LIKE 18 (AGL18) integrates into the two flowering-activating factors SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) and AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24), which play an important role during the plant developmental stages of the flowering pathway. However, it remains unknown whether and how the AGL18 protein directly interacts with SOC1 and/or AGL24 genes to regulate flowering time in Brassica juncea. In this study, three members (AGL18-1 in florescence, AGL18-2 and AGL18-3 in young seedlings) of the AGL18 family, and SOC1 and AGL24 in florescence were cloned in Brassica juncea. Yeast One-Hybrid assays and Dual-Glo^® Luciferase assays showed that the SOC1 and AGL24 promoters interacted only with AGL18-1 protein, not AGL18-2 and AGL18-3. The typical conserved structure of the M-domain of AGL18-1 was the key region that mediated the interaction between the AGL18-1 protein and SOC1 promoter, and the I-domain, K-domain and C-domain did not regulate the interaction of AGL18-1/SOC1. In contrast, the K-domain and M-domain in AGL18-1 could mediate the interaction between the AGL18-1 protein and AGL24 promoter. This indicated that the AGL18-1 protein must have its unique functions that differed from AGL18-2 and AGL18-3. This work provides valuable information for in-depth studies into the molecular mechanisms of the AGL18 protein with SOC1 and AGL24 for flowering time control of Brassica juncea.     

SOC1 translocated to the nucleus by interaction with AGL24 directly regulates leafy

SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 ( SOC1 ) is one of the flowering pathway integrators and regulates the expression of LEAFY ( LFY ), which links floral induction and floral development. However, the mechanism by which SOC1, a MADS box protein, regulates LFY has proved elusive. Here, we show that SOC1 directly binds to the distal and proximal region of the LFY promoter where critical cis -elements are located. Intragenic suppressor mutant analysis shows that a missense mutation in the MADS box of SOC1 causes loss of binding to the LFY promoter as well as suppression of the flowering promotion function. The full-length SOC1 protein locates in the cytoplasm if expressed alone in protoplast transient expression assay, but relocates to the nucleus if expressed with AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24), another flowering pathway integrator and a MADS box protein. The domain analysis shows that co-localization of SOC1 and AGL24 is mediated by the MADS box and the intervening region of SOC1. Finally, we show that LFY is expressed only in those tissues where SOC1 and AGL24 expressions overlap. Thus, we propose that heterodimerization of SOC1 and AGL24 is a key mechanism in activating LFY expression.     

The MADS-Domain Factors AGAMOUS-LIKE15 and AGAMOUS-LIKE18, along with SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and AGAMOUS-LIKE24, Are Necessary to Block Floral Gene Expression during the Vegetative Phase

Multiple factors, including the MADS-domain proteins AGAMOUS-LIKE15 (AGL15) and AGL18, contribute to the regulation of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. AGL15 and AGL18 were previously shown to act redundantly as floral repressors and upstream of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A series of genetic and molecular experiments, primarily focused on AGL15, was performed to more clearly define their role. agl15 agl18 mutations fail to suppress ft mutations but show additive interactions with short vegetative phase (svp) mutations in ft and suppressor of constans1 (soc1) backgrounds. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses with AGL15-specific antibodies indicate that AGL15 binds directly to the FT locus at sites that partially overlap those bound by SVP and FLOWERING LOCUS C. In addition, expression of AGL15 in the phloem effectively restores wild-type flowering times in agl15 agl18 mutants. When agl15 agl18 mutations are combined with agl24 svp mutations, the plants show upward curling of rosette and cauline leaves, in addition to early flowering. The change in leaf morphology is associated with elevated levels of FT and ectopic expression of SEPALLATA3 (SEP3), leading to ectopic expression of floral genes. Leaf curling is suppressed by sep3 and ft mutations and enhanced by soc1 mutations. Thus, AGL15 and AGL18, along with SVP and AGL24, are necessary to block initiation of floral programs in vegetative organs.Appropriate timing of the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth is an important determinant of plant fitness. The time at which a plant flowers is determined through integration of signals reflecting extrinsic and intrinsic conditions, such as photoperiod, the duration of cold, plant health, and age (for review, see Amasino, 2010). One of the most important pathways regulating the timing of the floral transition is the photoperiod pathway (for review, see Imaizumi and Kay, 2006). Under long-day (LD) inductive conditions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), photoperiod pathway components act to promote flowering by inducing CONSTANS (CO) and downstream genes. The floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a major target of multiple flowering pathways and the photoperiod pathway in particular. It is directly activated by CO (Samach et al., 2000). Under LD conditions, the peak of CO expression is coincident with the presence of light, and CO activates FT expression in the leaf vascular system (Yanovsky and Kay, 2003). FT travels through the phloem to the shoot apex (Corbesier et al., 2007), where, together with FLOWERING LOCUS D (Abe et al., 2005; Wigge et al., 2005), it activates APETALA1 (AP1) and other floral meristem identity genes, starting the flowering process. Other flowering time pathways converge on FT and/or directly impact gene expression in the meristem. The changes in gene expression that accompany the floral transition must be rapid, robust, largely irreversible, and strictly controlled spatially. This is achieved through positive feed-forward and negative feedback loops involving multiple regulatory factors (for recent review, see Kaufmann et al., 2010).Members of the MADS-box family of regulatory factors are central players in the regulatory loops controlling the floral transition (for a recent review, see Smaczniak et al., 2012a). MADS-domain factors typically act in large multimeric complexes and are well suited for regulation that involves combinatorial action. During the floral transition, MADS-domain proteins can act either as repressors or activators. In Arabidopsis, important floral repressors include SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) and members of the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)-like group, including FLC, FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM)/MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING1 (MAF1), and MAF2 to MAF5. Promoters of flowering include such MADS-domain factors as SUPPRESSOR OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) and AGAMOUS-LIKE24 (AGL24). Together with non-MADS-box proteins FT and TWIN SISTER OF FT, SOC1 and AGL24 function as floral integrators. These operate downstream of the flowering time pathways but upstream of the meristem identity regulators such as LEAFY (LFY) and the MADS-domain factor AP1.The MADS-domain factors AGL15 and AGL18 also contribute to regulation of the floral transition in Arabidopsis. While single mutants have no phenotype, agl15 agl18 double mutants flower earlier than the wild type (Adamczyk et al., 2007). Therefore, AGL15 and AGL18 appear to act in a redundant fashion in seedlings, and like SVP, FLC, and MAF1 to MAF5, they act as floral repressors. The contributions of AGL15 and AGL18 are most apparent in the absence of strong photoperiodic induction: the agl15 agl18 double mutant combination partially suppresses the delay in flowering observed in co mutants, as well as the flowering delay associated with growth under short-day (SD) noninductive conditions. The earlier flowering in agl15 agl18 mutants under these conditions is associated with up-regulation of FT, and both AGL15 and AGL18 are expressed in the vascular system and shoot apex of young seedlings (Adamczyk et al., 2007), raising the possibility that AGL15 and AGL18 act directly on FT in leaves, as well as other targets in the meristem.AGL15, and to a lesser extent AGL18, have been further implicated in the networks that control flowering through molecular studies. Zheng et al. (2009) performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis using AGL15-specific antibodies, tissue derived from embryo cultures, and a tiling array. Floral repressors (SVP and FLC), floral integrators (FT and SOC1), and a microRNA targeting AP2-like factors (miR172a) were identified as possible AGL15 targets (Zheng et al., 2009), suggesting that AGL15 may contribute to regulation through multiple avenues during the floral transition. AGL15 itself is directly bound and activated by AP2, which is both an A-class floral identity gene and a floral repressor (Yant et al., 2010). AGL15 is down-regulated in ap2 mutants, which are early flowering, while AGL18 is the nearest locus to multiple AP2-bound sites (Yant et al., 2010). Both AGL15 and AGL18 were identified as SOC1 targets through ChIP analyses (Immink et al., 2009; Tao et al., 2012). In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assays, AGL15 interacts with a number of other MADS-domain proteins (de Folter et al., 2005), and in a one-hybrid study based on the SOC1 promoter, AGL15-SVP, AGL15-AGL24, and AGL15-SOC1 heterodimers were shown to bind to regions containing CArG boxes (Immink et al., 2012). AGL18 may act redundantly to AGL15 in these contexts. However, AGL18 either does not interact or only interacts weakly with other proteins in yeast two-hybrid assays (de Folter et al., 2005; Hill et al., 2008; Causier et al., 2012). It remains to be determined whether this truly reflects weaker or nonredundant in planta interactions or a technical problem in the artificial yeast system.Guided by the knowledge gained about AGL15 targets and interactions from molecular studies, we asked the following question: what is the functional significance of these molecular relationships in the context of the floral transition? We performed a series of genetic experiments combining agl15 agl18 mutations and mutations in interacting factors such as SVP, AGL24, and SOC1, as well as targets such as FT and SOC1. We also performed further molecular experiments focused on AGL15, for which a variety of tools are available. Among other things, we show that AGL15 and AGL18, along with AGL24 and SVP, play a role in blocking expression of the floral MADS-domain factor SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) during the vegetative phase. In the absence of these four factors, reproductive programs are initiated early, and floral genes are expressed in the youngest rosette leaf and cauline leaves.     

The MADS domain factors AGL15 and AGL18 act redundantly as repressors of the floral transition in Arabidopsis

The developmental roles of AGL15 and AGL18, members of the AGL15-like clade of MADS domain regulatory factors, have not been defined previously. Analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that overexpression of AGL18 produces the same phenotypic changes as overexpression of AGL15, and the two genes have partially overlapping expression patterns. Functional redundancy was confirmed through analysis of loss-of-function mutants. agl15 agl18 double mutants, but not single mutants, flower early under non-inductive conditions, indicating that AGL15 and AGL18 act in a redundant fashion as repressors of the floral transition. Further genetic analyses and expression studies were used to examine the relationship between AGL15 and AGL18 activity and other regulators of the floral transition. AGL15 and AGL18 act upstream of the floral integrator FT, and a combination of agl15 and agl18 mutations partially suppresses defects in the photoperiod pathway. agl15 agl18 mutations show an additive relationship with mutations in genes encoding other MADS domain floral repressors, and further acceleration of flowering is seen in triple and quadruple mutants under both inductive and non-inductive conditions. Thus, flowering time is determined by the additive effect of multiple MADS domain floral repressors, with important contributions from AGL15 and AGL18.     

The MADS domain protein AGL15 localizes to the nucleus during early stages of seed development.

Little is known about regulatory factors that act during the earliest stages of plant embryogenesis. The MADS domain protein AGL15 (for AGAMOUS-like) is expressed preferentially during embryogenesis and accumulates during early seed development in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous flowering plants. AGL15-specific antibodies and immunohistochemistry were used to demonstrate that AGL15 accumulates before fertilization in the cytoplasm in the cells of the egg apparatus and moves into the nucleus during early stages of development in the suspensor, embryo, and endosperms. Relatively high levels of AGL15 are present in the nuclei during embryo morphogenesis and until the seeds start to dry in Brassica, maize, and Arabidopsis. AGL15 is associated with the chromosomes during mitosis, and gel mobility shift assays were used to demonstrate that AGL15 binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To assess whether AGL15 is likely to play a role in specifying the seed or embryonic phase of development, AGL15 accumulation was examined in Arabidopsis mutants that prematurely exit embryogenesis. lec1-2 mutants show an embryo-specific loss of AGL15 at the transition stage, suggesting that AGL15 interacts with regulators in the leafy cotyledons pathway.     

Regulation of flowering time by the histone deacetylase HDA5 in Arabidopsis

The acetylation level of histones on lysine residues regulated by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases plays an important but under‐studied role in the control of gene expression in plants. With the aim of characterizing the Arabidopsis RPD3/HDA1 family histone deacetylase HDA5, we present evidence showing that HDA5 displays deacetylase activity. Mutants defective in the expression of HDA5 displayed a late‐flowering phenotype. Expression of the flowering repressor genes FLC and MAF1 was up‐regulated in hda5 mutants. Furthermore, the gene activation markers, histone H3 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation on FLC and MAF1 chromatin were increased in hda5‐1 mutants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that HDA5 binds to the chromatin of FLC and MAF1. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays and co‐immunoprecipitation assays showed that HDA5 interacts with FVE, FLD and HDA6, indicating that these proteins are present in a protein complex involved in the regulation of flowering time. Comparing gene expression profiles of hda5 and hda6 mutants by RNA‐seq revealed that HDA5 and HDA6 co‐regulate gene expression in multiple development processes and pathways.     

AGL24 acts in concert with SOC1 and FUL during Arabidopsis floral transition

Arabidopsis plants flower in response to long days (LDs). Exposure of leaves to inductive day lengths activates expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein which moves to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to induce developmental reprogramming. SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) and FRUITFULL (FUL) are induced by FT at the apex. We previously screened the SAM for mRNAs of genes required to promote the floral transition in response to photoperiod, and conducted detailed expression and functional analyses on several putative candidates. Here, we show that expression of AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24) is detected at the SAM under SD conditions and increases upon exposure to LDs. Mutations in AGL24 further delay flowering of a soc1 ful double mutant, suggesting that flowering is controlled by AGL24 partly independently of SOC1 and FUL.