榕树根际土壤广谱拮抗菌株的筛选、鉴定及特性

于江西省吉安市内一株明万历年间植下的古榕树下,采集根际土样并使用23种指示菌通过管碟法和菌丝生长速率法对土壤内放线菌进行拮抗筛选,最终得到一株传代稳定的广谱拮抗菌株AHF-20.根据对菌株的形态观察、生理生化特性以及分子生物学鉴定,将该拮抗菌株鉴定为链霉菌,并对该菌株的抑菌活性物质进行了研究.结果表明:链霉菌AHF-20的发酵产物对23种测试指示菌全部具有拮抗效果,且抑菌能力稳定性较好,对温度、光照、紫外线、酸碱都有一定的耐受性,于121 ℃下加热20 min后依然存在抑菌活性.根据活性物质的极性使用正丁醇萃取发酵产物,获得的正丁醇粗提物稀释至1 μg·mL^-1后,对大肠杆菌仍有抑制效果,可见具有较好的生防利用潜力和开发成新型微生物药物的可能性.     

剑叶龙血树内生真菌的分离及体外抑菌活性筛选

为研究剑叶龙血树内生真菌资源多样性,初步探讨和筛选具有抑菌活性的特异性菌株以及进一步开发剑叶龙血树内生真菌的抗菌活性化合物.该文采用植物组织分离法从剑叶龙血树茎和叶中分离内生真菌,对内生真菌进行液体发酵7 d,经乙酸乙酯萃取后制得粗提物,并采用牛津杯扩散法,以10种常见病原菌和5种临床耐药菌为靶标检测其发酵粗提物的抑菌...     

一株植物病原拮抗细菌的分离筛选及拮抗物质

从黄豆酱中分离筛选对植物病害有防治效果的拮抗菌,提取发酵液中的拮抗物质,研究其抑菌机理及基本性质。采用稀释平板法分离细菌、平板对峙法筛选拮抗菌,通过形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA鉴定菌种,硫酸铵沉淀法提取发酵液中的拮抗物质,考马斯亮蓝法测得蛋白含量,扫描电镜观察拮抗物质抑菌作用,琼脂孔扩散法测定拮抗物质抑菌谱及其活性的稳定性。从黄豆酱中分离出18株细菌,通过筛选,得到一株拮抗效果最好的菌株,菌体抑菌率62.78%,发酵液抑菌率53%,命名为4-z-3,经鉴定为Bacillus siamensis。4-z-3发酵液在硫酸铵饱和度为20%~30%时提取的粗提物抗菌活性最大,为60.8%。最适饱和度下提取的粗提物的蛋白质含量为3.45%。拮抗物质对多种病原菌有良好的拮抗效果。经过4-z-3粗提物处理的病原真菌,菌丝受到破坏,细胞形状改变,细胞完整性缺失。粗提物的稳定性方面,对热不敏感,仅在90和100℃时抑菌活性下降明显;对酸碱不敏感,pH值为4时仍有81.6%的抑菌活性;对蛋白酶不敏感,抑菌活性最低时降低了19.6%;对紫外线不敏感,照射12 h之后抑菌活性仍有92.5%。本研究表明,菌株4-z-3是一株具有发展潜力的农业生防菌,分泌的胞外拮抗物质能够有效防治多种植物病害,且抑菌活性稳定。     

超广谱β内酰胺酶肠杆菌拮抗菌的鉴定及抑菌产物分析

本研究对从土壤中筛选出的超广谱β内酰胺酶肠杆菌的拮抗菌进行鉴定,并对其发酵产物抑菌效果进行研究。以分离到的污水中的15株产超广谱β内酰胺酶肠杆菌为测试菌株,土壤中分离到的1株拮抗菌为试验菌株,通过点接种法、平板对峙法和发酵产物抑菌试验测试试验菌株对测试菌住的拮抗作用;通过16S r DNA PCR产物测序及生理生化反应鉴定试验菌株种属;通过发酵产物氯仿粗提物薄层色谱分析试验,结合细菌次级代谢产物基因簇预测在线分析,初步研究试验菌株的抑菌成分。显示试验菌株鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌,对15株产超广谱β内酰胺酶肠杆菌均有拮抗作用,其发酵产物氯仿粗提物中组分之一具有明显抑菌作用,次级代谢产物基因簇在线软件分析推测该产物可能为Nrps、Bacteriocin、Phenazine、Siderophore、Hserlactone、Arylpolyene中的一种或几种。本研究提示铜绿假单胞菌含有多种已知或未知次级代谢产物,为开发利用铜绿假单胞菌资源提供研究资料。     

海洋活性芽胞杆菌MD-5发酵时间优化及抑菌性质研究

[目的]探究海洋活性芽孢杆菌MD-5抑菌活性及性质。[方法]采用测定抑菌半径结合OD₆₀₀及pH确定最佳发酵时间;通过平板琼脂扩散法、平板对峙法测定其抑菌谱;通过测量抑菌圈面积探究加热时间、pH对抑菌活性物质的影响。[结果]在既定培养条件下,该菌株产抑菌活性物质最优的发酵时间为34 h,对多种指示菌具有抑制作用;其发酵上清在100℃下加热2、5、10 min活性保留分别为88.9%、60.4%、38.9%,加热15 min完全失活;当pH 5.0～7.0活性基本不变,pH为酸性活性有所降低,为碱性活性下降明显,pH≥11完全失活。[结论]该菌株具有广谱的抑菌作用,可有效抑制革兰氏阳性菌和部分阴性菌及真菌;所产生的活性物质对温度及pH敏感,高温或碱性环境易于降解失活。     

黄麻链霉菌AUH-1发酵液的抗菌活性及其稳定性研究

旨在研究黄麻链霉菌AUH-1菌株发酵液的抗真菌活性,并明确温度、紫外线及pH等理化因素对活性物质稳定性的影响。以8种植物病原真菌为供试菌,采用抑制菌丝生长速率法测定发酵液的抗真菌活性,并以水稻纹枯病菌为指示菌,测定不同条件下发酵液的抑菌活性。抗真菌活性结果表明:AUH-1菌株发酵液对8种植物病原真菌均具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对西瓜枯萎病菌、烟草黑胫病菌、水稻纹枯病菌以及辣椒疫病菌的抑制效率分别高达81%、78%、68%和67%以上。稳定性实验结果表明:AUH-1菌株所产抗真菌活性物质具有良好的热稳定性和紫外稳定性。可见,黄麻链霉菌AUH-1具有广谱拮抗作用,具备开发生物农药的良好应用前景。     

博落回不同部位提取物对大肠菌群的抑菌作用研究

研究了博落回提取物对大肠菌群的抑制作用。本实验以大肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌为指示菌,采用牛津杯法筛选对三种指示菌有最佳抑制作用的博落回组织粗提物;对抑菌效果好的粗提物依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇进行萃取,采用滤纸片法筛选出抑菌活性最高的萃取物,并测定其最小抑制浓度和最小杀菌浓度。实验结果表明博落回不同部位粗提物有抑制指示菌的活性,其中以博落回根部提取物的抑菌活性最佳;根部萃取物抑菌实验结果表明正丁醇萃取物对三种指示菌均有较好的抑制效果,抑菌圈直径均在12 mm以上,远高于粗提物,对大肠杆菌,其最小抑制浓度和最小杀菌浓度分别为400、600μg/m L,对产气肠杆菌与阴沟肠杆菌,其最小抑制浓度均为500μg/m L,最小杀菌浓度均为700μg/m L。博落回根部提取物对上述三种指示菌均有抑制作用,尤其以正丁醇萃取物的抑菌效果最佳。     

拮抗菌抗菌谱及发酵液拮抗能力测定的新方法

目的:确定测定拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌A的抗菌谱及发酵液拮抗能力的方法。方法:平板对峙法测定抗菌谱,三明治法、管碟法、滤纸片法和双层打孔法测定发酵液的拮抗能力。结果:用点接拮抗细菌单菌落的平板对峙法测得菌株A对玉米小斑病菌等10种病原真菌均有拮抗作用;用双层打孔法测定菌株A发酵液拮抗能力,发现在培养条件为温度32℃,溶氧量为300mL三角瓶培养基装量为30mL,接种量5%,初始pH值7.5时发酵液拮抗能力最强。结论:点接拮抗细菌单菌落的平板对峙法适合用来测定菌株A的抗菌谱,双层打孔法适合用来测定菌株A发酵液的拮抗能力。     

响应面法优化油茶炭疽病拮抗细菌R6发酵条件

[目的]为了获得拮抗细菌R6的最佳发酵条件,提高其对油茶炭疽病菌的抑菌活性。[方法]采用响应面分析法对拮抗细菌R6发酵条件进行了优化。首先通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对菌体浓度影响较大的3个重要因素即初始p H、摇床转速、培养温度,最后应用响应面法进行分析。[结果]菌株R6的最佳发酵条件为:初始p H8.10、培养温度30.30℃、摇床转速171.00r/min、接种量5%、培养时间24h,此时,发酵液的OD600为1.915,与模型的预测值基本相符。优化后菌体浓度和对油茶炭疽病菌的抑菌率较优化前分别提高了9.56%和12.24%。[结论]响应面法优化得到的R6的发酵条件参数准确,该模型可以用于R6菌株发酵条件的优化。     

动物乳杆菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌蛋白的特性分析

通过滤纸片法从健康肉猪猪大肠、小肠中分离得到212株抗生物质产生菌, 以杯碟法复筛, 得到1株对溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)等革兰氏阳性菌和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)等革兰氏阴性菌以及部分真菌如禾谷镰刀霉(Fusarium graminearum)均有强烈抑制作用的乳酸菌。经形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列同源性分析等手段鉴定该菌株为动物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus animalis)。排除酸和过氧化氢的干扰后, 该菌株的发酵上清液对指示菌仍有明显抑菌活性; 用蛋白酶处理该菌株的发酵上清液后, 抑菌活性丧失; 发酵液粗提物具有较好的热稳定性(经121°C处理20 min仍有较强抑菌活性)以及较宽的抑菌活性pH值范围(3.5~5.5), 因此初步认为该菌株产生一类具有广谱抑菌活性的类细菌素物质。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.