对刺激朝向改变的自动加工:事件相关电位的证据

利用事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）技术,探讨非注意状态的刺激朝向改变是否引起自动加工。刺激为具有一定朝向（垂直和水平各５０％）和一定空间频率（低频９０％,高频１０％）的光栅。要求被试忽略光栅朝向,对高频光栅作反应。刺激呈现时间为５０ｍｓ,刺激间隔在２５０至４５０ｍｓ之间随机变化。低频光栅刺激被分为两类,“匹配”（与前一刺激朝向相同）和“失匹配”（与前一刺激朝向不同）。结果发现,失匹配刺激比匹配刺激诱发出更大的枕区Ｐ１、更大的前额－中央区Ｎ１以及更大的前部与顶区Ｐ２,但前部与顶区的Ｎ２却更小。这些ＥＲＰｓ变化提示,视觉对非注意的刺激朝向变化进行了一定程度的自动加工;视觉通道可能存在类似听觉失匹配负波（ＭＭＮ）的、然而机制不同的自动加工成分     

情绪预期影响人类对恐惧面孔的敏感性——来自电生理的证据

采用事件相关电位技术,本研究考察了情绪预期对人类恐惧面孔敏感性的影响．实验记录了被试在线索提示条件及无线索提示条件下对恐惧和中性面孔进行性别判断时的ERP数据．行为结果显示,不可预期条件下被试对恐惧面孔性别判断的正确率显著低于对中性面孔的正确率,表明不可预期的恐惧情绪对实验任务产生了显著地干扰效应．ERP数据显示,在不可预期条件下,在P2及200～250ms区间,恐惧面孔比中性面孔诱发了更大的波幅,情绪效应显著;而可预期条件下,人脑对恐惧面孔和中性面孔的反应类似,表现出情绪效应的显著降低．因此,人类情绪加工的负性偏向效应受个体情绪预期的调节．人类对不可预期的负性情绪敏感,相反当恐惧情绪的发生可以被提前预期时,个体对它们的神经敏感性降低．     

跨通路注意的失匹配负波研究

采用“跨通路延迟反应”实验模式 ,提高了非注意纯度 ,排除了偏差刺激中的目标任务因素 ,以 1 2名青年正常人为被试者 ,研究注意与非注意条件下的ERPs.实验分为 2项 :( 1 )注意视觉通路 ,忽视听觉通路 ;( 2 )注意听觉通路 ,忽视视觉通路 .主要分析偏差刺激ERP减去标准刺激ERP所得之偏差成分 .结果发现视听通路在注意条件下均能产生MMN ,N2b和P3,在非注意时主要产生MMN .听觉MMN与视觉MMN具有如下共同特征 :注意时视听最大MMN波幅分布于它们的初级感觉投射区 ,而在非注意条件下视听最大MMN波幅均分布于额中央部 .视觉MMN与听觉MMN波幅无显著性差异 .MMN波幅及其头皮分布不受注意影响 ,提示MMN波幅是反映自动加工的重要ERP指标 ;但视听觉MMN潜伏期皆受注意影响 ,表明MMN不仅仅反映自动加工 ,尚与控制加工有关     

面孔分类中空间高低频表征的神经机制：一个颅内脑电研究

来自多方面的研究表明,面孔的分类和识别位于特定脑区．同时,已有行为实验研究表明,图像的空间高低频特征在面孔分类的不同范畴中起不同的贡献,例如身份更多被低频信号传递,性别被高低频共同传递,而表情更多被高频传递．然而,空间频率在面孔分类中的贡献,其表征和神经机制目前相关研究很少．利用特定癫痫患者植入颅内电极的监控期,呈现不同类型面孔图像,同时记录其颅内脑电,用事件相关电位方法考察了据认为是面孔特定成分的相关电位的潜伏期在170 ms的波形(N170波形)的变化;用电极反应显著性分析考察了空间频率在不同分类特征上的贡献．结果表明,空间高频(HSF)图像的N170潜伏期显著延迟．只呈现空间低频(LSF)图像,N170的潜伏期对普通人面孔会延迟,而对熟悉的名人则没有这个差异．女性面孔诱发的N170在HSF条件下潜伏期明显晚于LSF条件,而男性面孔诱发的波形则不存在这个差异．表情在N170上没有体现出任何差异．但是基于电极的显著性分析表明,有更多的额叶电极参与了表情的加工;身份特征加工有更多电极在空间低频上表现出差异,而性别加工则空间高低频比较平衡．与以往行为结果不同的是,表情加工也有更多低频贡献,而且表情的差异可以在早达114 ms的时候就发生．这符合表情信息在颞枕区域有一个快速基本加工,再传递到其他脑区的认知模型．因此,空间高低频信息在身份和性别上的贡献,可能发生在经典的面孔加工脑区,由N170表达,表情信息不由N170表达,而是在颞枕较广泛的范围内快速加工再传递到别的脑区,如额叶．这是首次利用颅内脑电就空间频率在面孔分类中的贡献的神经机制进行研究,为深入理解脑内面孔各种特征加工的动态过程提供了一个新的切入点．     

早产儿语言发展及其脑机制

早产儿语言发展存在特殊规律.行为研究发现,早产儿在词汇、句法、语义言语流畅性等方面存在发展滞后的现象.早产对语言发展的影响可能持续到成年早期,但具体的滞后程度受到生物因素和社会因素的影响.随着脑成像技术的发展,有研究开始考察早产儿的脑发育情况.研究者发现,青少年时期的早产儿在大脑白质、皮层下灰质和小脑结构等方面发生了改变,但关于早产儿语言发展的脑机制还有待进一步的研究来确证.简述了早产儿语言发展的行为研究和脑神经研究方面的最新进展,以揭示早产儿这一特殊群体在语言发展和认知神经方面的规律.研究认为,应结合行为研究与脑神经研究的优势,进一步深化对早产儿语言发展机制的探讨,也为考察正常儿童语言获得规律提供特殊的科学依据.     

发展性阅读障碍的产生机制——从行为到遗传研究

发展性阅读障碍(developmental dyslexia,DD)是一种特殊的学习障碍,探索DD的产生机制有助于寻求DD儿童的鉴别和治疗方法.目前拼音文宁国家对DD的产生机制研究很多,结果也很丰富,但是很多观点还不一致.汉语DD研究起步较晚,各方面还不够深入和完善.简述了DD在认知、脑神经和基因方面的研究进展,对拼音文字DD与汉语DD的研究结果进行了对比,以揭示不同语言文字系统下DD者的认知神经差异.研究认为,应该大力加强对汉语DD的探究,这样不但为中国DD儿童的诊治提供理论基础,也可以为DD的语种特异性问题提供科学依据.     

错误信念推理的时间过程与源定位

理解他人心理并进行人际互动是人类交往的认知基础,人所持有的信念直接决定着个体的心理活动．为了研究推测他人信念的认知神经机制,记录并分析了14名健康成人执行“欺骗外表”任务时的32导脑电数据．错误信念与正确信念问题呈现后,均在头皮中前部诱发了N100,P200和晚期负成分（LNC）．LNC从400ms左右开始,一直持续到1200ms结束．在400～800ms,错误信念LNC显著低于正确信念．对错误信念减正确信念所得差异波进行源分析,发现偶极子定位于扣带回中部皮层．这些发现表明,错误信念推理中可能包含了抑制加工．     

创伤性事件（汶川地震）对个体选择性注意的影响：一项ERP实验

采用事件相关电位（ERP）技术探讨了被试完成地震色词Stroop任务（the earthquake color-matching Stroop task）时的脑内时程动态变化．24名被试都亲身经历了汶川大地震（5．12）,其中12名被试为成都灾民（成都组：强烈震感）,另外12名来自重庆（重庆组：稍有震感）．行为结果发现,只有成都组被试对地震相关词颜色判断的反应时显著长于地震无关词,表现出了明显的地震干扰效应（the earthquake interference effect）．ERP结果显示,就成都组被试而言,在刺激出现后的350～450ms内,地震相关词比无关词诱发出一个更加正性的ERP成分（P350～450）,最强效应出现在大脑中前部;而重庆组没有表现出明显的ERP干扰效应．对差异波（地震相关词一地震无关词）进行偶极子溯源分析,结果显示,P350～450可能起源于海马旁回．本研究结果表明,P350～450可能反映了成都被试对地震词的注意加工偏向（或创伤性事件的自动激活）,从而干扰了其对刺激物理颜仁的判断．     

温度驯化对布氏田鼠肝脏温敏瞬时受体电位通道蛋白表达的影响

肝脏是哺乳动物基础代谢产热的关键器官。温敏瞬时受体电位通道蛋白(Thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels,Thermo-TRPs)参与了调控肝细胞的生理功能。为了解Thermo-TRPs是否参与肝脏的代谢产热,以成年布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)为研究对象,测定了不同驯化温度下6种Thermo-TRPs在肝脏中的表达,分析其与肝脏产热相关蛋白和信号通路蛋白的关系。结果显示：(1)与高温组相比,低温增加了肝脏解偶联蛋白1(uncoupling protein 1,UCP1)的表达;而与常温组相比,低温降低了肝脏解偶联蛋白3 (uncoupling protein 3,UCP3)的表达;(2) 6种Thermo-TRPs均在肝脏中表达,与高温组相比,低温显著降低了TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4)的表达,同时显著增加了腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)的表达;(3)低温显著增加了布氏田鼠血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T₃)...     

红藤养胃汤对胃癌患者血清MG7-Ag、TPS及OPN水平的影响

目的:探讨红藤养胃汤治疗胃癌的疗效及对血清胃癌相关抗原(MG7-Ag)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)、组织多肽特异性抗原(TPS)水平的影响。方法:选择2015年2月至2017年1月在我院进行胃癌治疗的86例患者,将其随机均分为观察组和对照组,每组43例。对照组患者给予奥美拉唑治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上给予红藤养胃汤疗,比较两组患者的临床疗效,治疗前后血清MG7-Ag、TPS、OPN水平变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组,血清MG7-Ag、TPS、OPN水平均显著低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),且恶心呕吐、发热及白细胞减少等不良反应的发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:红藤养胃汤可显著提高胃癌患者的临床疗效,减少不良反应,有效降低患者血清MG7-Ag、TPS、OPN水平。     

连续闪现抑制下对洞的无意识知觉

大量收敛一致的实验证据表明,图形的大范围性质可以由拓扑性质来描述,并且其检测发生在视觉过程的最早期,这些证据几乎全部来自对意识上知觉的研究,而拓扑性质的意识下加工机制尚有待发掘.意识下知觉是人的感官系统客观上接受刺激呈现但主观上没有察觉的知觉,其机制和应用长期以来一直是知觉研究的热点.本文采用了一种双眼竞争的变式——连续闪现抑制,将待检测的刺激图形掩蔽,使之处于意识下状态,考察意识下知觉中拓扑性质的加工."洞的个数"作为一种拓扑性质是本文的研究对象.通过量度被抑制图形从发生变化到被知觉的被抑制时间,或者被试对被抑制的变化图形的正确检测率,我们发现,相比于不变或者各种非拓扑性质变化,意识下知觉中的拓扑性质(洞的个数)的变化会使图形更快、更容易被检测到.本研究揭示了拓扑性质(洞的个数)在意识下知觉中的优先性,将拓扑知觉理论从意识上知觉领域拓展到了意识下知觉领域,为拓扑性质加工的早期性提供了有力的证据;另一方面,本研究也提示了拓扑性质经由皮层下视通路加工处理的可能性.     

仙琴蛙对不同类型声音的感知差异研究

既往研究发现听觉感知包括对声音信号的觉察、感觉、注意和知觉等多个认知过程,但依然不清楚大脑如何对不同类型的复杂声音信号(如同种鸣声和其他声音)进行解码和处理,以及在感知不同类型声音信号时大脑活动的动态特征.本研究记录了在随机播放白噪声和洞内鸣叫声音刺激时仙琴蛙Nidirana daunchina的左右端脑、间脑和中脑的...     

年龄相关的情绪偏向效应的时间进程

来自记忆、注意和决策等领域的大量研究发现,在加工情绪刺激时老年人具有正性情绪偏向或负性情绪规避的特点.本研究采用oddball变式,将情绪面孔图片作为分心刺激呈现.实验过程中记录被试脑电,考察不同情绪效价对脑电波的影响,同时考察老年人在非任务相关条件下情绪加工和情绪调节的时间进程.研究发现,在相对早期时间窗口(270~460 ms),年轻组脑电不受情绪效价影响,而老年组中悲伤情绪面孔较之快乐和中性情绪面孔引发了一个更大的正成分(P3a).在晚期时间窗口(500~850 ms),年轻组中悲伤情绪面孔吸引了被试更多注意并引发了一个更大的正性慢波.相反,老年组在晚期加工阶段,情绪效价效应消失.研究揭示了老年人和年轻人在加工非任务相关的情绪刺激时存在的时间进程差异,年龄相关的正性情绪效应发生在晚期时间窗口,表现为年轻组的负性情绪偏向和老年组的无情绪偏向.研究结果为社会情绪选择理论提供了来自脑电数据的支持.     

Reflection of the Process of Emotional Perception of Short Musical Fragments in the Parameters of Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials

The amplitude–temporal parameters of long-latency components of evoked potentials (recorded in symmetrical leads of the parietal regions) were studied during listening to short fragments of classical musical works, which had different emotional expressiveness, presented to healthy subjects by different modes. In random order of presentation, the maximal markedness of the N1-P2 complex and the P3 wave was found to be observed for fragments causing predominantly negative emotional experiences, while the minimal amplitude values and the highest values of the latencies were observed in response to presentation of a musical fragment assessed as emotionally neutral. Significantly higher amplitude values of these oscillations were recorded in the right parietal lead as compared to the left. The data obtained are interpreted in the context of the specific features of perception of short musical fragments in a human with the use of data concerning functional interhemispheric asymmetry when opposite-sign emotional experiences occur.     

情绪调节时间知觉的作用方式及认知神经机制

人类的时间知觉会受到情绪的调节发生主观扭曲,这种调节可以通过情绪的体验与预期来实现.本文区分了体验性情绪和预期性情绪调节时间知觉的作用方式和认知机制,基于标量计时理论,提出了在不同加工阶段情绪调节时间知觉的认知理论模型,并梳理了情绪调节时间知觉的神经生理学基础和脑机制方面的证据.未来研究需更关注预期性情绪对时间知觉的调节作用,考察注意、唤醒和效价等因素的交互影响,并进一步探究情绪调节时间知觉的神经机制.     

Perspectives: The Looking Time Experimental Paradigm in Studies of Animal Visual Perception and Cognition

Experiments are the foundation of empirical science, and experimental paradigms that are broadly applicable across settings and species are particularly useful for comparative research. Originally developed to address questions related to perception and cognition of pre‐verbal human infants, the looking time experimental paradigm has been increasingly used to study animal behavior and cognition, particularly in non‐human primates. Looking time experiments are based on the assumption that animals direct eye gaze toward objects or scenes based on their degree of interest, and use looking behavior to infer perceptual or cognitive characteristics of subjects. This paradigm can be used in a variety of contexts and is not based on species‐typical behaviors, allowing for intra‐ and interspecific comparisons. Here, we describe the history of use of looking time measures, provide an overview of the problems and controversies related to this method, and offer recommendations on how to implement looking time tasks, focusing on the preparation of stimuli, experimental procedures, and data analysis. Our overview focuses on non‐human primates, where most work has been carried out, but the issues discussed should be applicable to a wide range of species. We conclude that despite pertinent criticism, looking time tasks are practical when executed and interpreted properly. The further implementation of these methods in studies of animal behavior and cognition is likely to be fruitful.     

Perception of Environmental Threat in the Shadow of War: The Effect of Future Orientation

People may express high concern for global warming or environmental degradation, but when forced to evaluate the severity of environmental threats in relation to other threats, environmental threats are pushed to the bottom of the list. The present study was based on the premise that prioritizing threats involves, inter alia, hierarchizing the threats according to their perceived temporal proximity and since environmental threats are perceived, relative to other threats, as more temporally distant, they rank low. Future orientation (FO) is an individual-difference variable that describes the tendency to take into account temporally distant considerations. We predicted that environmental threats would be evaluated as more severe by individuals who were more future-oriented. The strongest effect of FO was found to be on concern about global warming and environmental degradation. This indicated that environmental threats were perceived as temporally farthest and, not surprisingly, received the lowest priority. External security threat was a top-priority; its severity evaluation was uncorrelated to FO, indicating that it was perceived as temporally closest. These evaluations significantly affected environmental attitudes and behavior. The implications on promoting environmental behavior in the presence of ever-existing shorter-term existential threats are discussed.     

MMN responses during implicit processing of changes in emotional prosody: an ERP study using Chinese pseudo-syllables

In this study, we tested the underlying mechanisms of early emotional prosody perception, especially examined whether change detection in oddball paradigm was caused by emotional category and physical properties. Using implicit oddball paradigms, the current study manipulated the cues for detecting deviant stimuli from standards in three conditions: the simultaneous changes in emotional category and physical properties (EP condition), change in emotional category alone (E condition), and change in physical properties alone (P condition). ERP results revealed that physical property change increased brain responses to deviant stimuli in the EP than in the E condition at early stage 90–160 ms, suggesting that physical property change of emotional sounds can also be detected at the early stage. At the later stage 160–260 ms, the simultaneous and respective changes in emotional category and physical properties were reliably detected, and the sum of the brain responses to the corresponding changes in E and P conditions was equal to the brain responses to the simultaneous changes in EP condition. Source analysis further revealed that stimuli-driven regions (inferior parietal lobule), temporal and frontal cortices were activated at early stage, while only frontal cortices for higher cognitive processing were activated at later stage. These findings suggest that emotional prosody changes in physical properties and emotion category are perceived as domain-general change information in emotional prosody perception.     

护理行为感知在前置胎盘剖宫产手术中的意义

为探讨护理行为感知在前置胎盘剖宫产手术患者中应用的价值,本研究选取我院拟实施剖宫产的前置胎盘妊娠妇女90例,收集时间为2015年1月至2017年4月,随机将其分为观察组(手术期护理实施护理行为感知模式)和常规组(常规护理模式)各45例,并对比两组产妇术中出血量、术后24 h出血量、新生儿基本情况及产妇焦虑情绪变化情况。研究发现,观察组产妇的术中、术后24 h出血量均显著低于常规组,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05);观察组和常规组的新生儿体质量差异无统计学意义(p>0.05);观察组新生儿1 min及5 min Apgar评分高于常规组,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05);观察组的产后并发症发生概率为15.56%,显著低于常规组的35.56%,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05);产前24 h、产后24 h,观察组的HAMA评分均低于常规组,差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05)。结果表明,护理行为感知在前置胎盘剖宫产手术患者中应用有利于减轻产妇的焦虑情绪、减少术中及术后出血量,提高新生儿的Apgar评分,并降低手术并发症的风险。     

The Effects of Face Masks on the Doctor-Patient Relationship in Orthopaedics

BackgroundSince the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the widespread use of face masks has grown exponentially. There is limited data highlighting the patient perception of face mask use during this pandemic, specifically in orthopaedic clinics. The purpose of this study was to determine the patient’s perception of the implementation of face masks in the orthopaedic clinic during a period of mask mandates and if this change impacted the success of their interactions with physicians. The secondary aim includes measures of patient satisfaction such as the ability to understand conversation and communicate effectively with the physician.MethodsParticipants were recruited on the day of their appointment at our institution’s orthopaedic clinic and provided with instructions via email. The online, anonymous survey included the CARE questionnaire - a tool to examine patient satisfaction by assessing perception of empathy and was conducted using Qualtrics.ResultsDoes patient preference to have their physician wear a face mask impact the success of their interactions with physicians? Overall, the use of face masks by physicians did not negatively impact patient encounters. CARE scores for patients who preferred masks (37.2) were similar to those who preferred their physician did not wear a mask (37.5). Is patient satisfaction affected by the use of face masks in the orthopaedic clinic? Patients who preferred that their doctor wear a face mask stated that it had no negative impact on the effect of communication or conversation with the physician. Other factors such as how well the patients knew the physician and patient gender had a greater impact on the CARE score than masks did.ConclusionOur study determined that the preference of face masks by patients does not impact the success of their interactions with physicians using the CARE score. The findings of this study are valuable in informing orthopaedic physicians about patient attitudes towards mask use and could influence decision making for not only the COVID-19 pandemic, but also future infectious outbreaks that may arise. Level of Evidence: III