中国南方不同地区薰衣草花精油化学成分分析

为了解不同产地薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia Mill.×Lavandula latifolia Medik.)鲜花精油的化学成分,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了产自濮院、厦门、昆明的薰衣草花精油,并用GC-MS方法对其化学成分及相对含量进行了分析。结果表明,三地薰衣草花精油的得油率分别为6.60%、3.07%、3.17%。精油中分别检出50、59、44个化合物,其中4个化合物(桉叶油醇、α-红没药醇、樟脑和芳樟醇)的相对含量占精油总量的75%以上。三地薰衣草花精油中的主要化学成分相同,但含量不同,且精油的组成成分也存在差异。此外,薰衣草精油中的桉叶油醇、樟脑及α-红没药醇的相对含量与海拔及年均降雨量具有一定相关性。     

云南两个薰衣草品种精油分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取云南两个薰衣草品种(CAS07和CAS08)鲜花及干花精油,然后经GC-MS分析其化学成分,并用峰面积归一法确定其相对含量。结果表明,CAS07鲜、干花的得油率分别为2.2%和2.7%,CAS08鲜、干花的得油率分别为3.3%和3.8%,两个不同品种间的薰衣草精油得油率表现出极显著差异(P0.01),同一品种鲜、干花得油率无显著性差异(P0.05);CAS07薰衣草精油中的主要化合物有:芳樟醇(38.58%~39.16%)、乙酸芳樟酯(21.80%~26.71%)和乙酸薰衣草酯(7.69%~13.15%);CAS08薰衣草精油中的主要化合物有:桉叶油醇(49.70%~49.80%)、樟脑(13.64%~14.26%)、α-红没药醇(6.62%~7.65%)。本研究结果发现鲜花采收后及时加工比干花加工提取精油产量更高,精油品质更好;可为云南薰衣草产业化发展决策提供理论科学依据,并为建设美丽家庭农场及特色生态庄园提供参考与借鉴。     

不同产地青花椒精油的化学成分分析及体外抑制幽门螺杆菌研究

本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取青花椒精油，利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对8个云南不同产地的青花椒（分别产自云南迪庆州、昭通市、红河州、丽江市等地）精油中的挥发性成分，并选用滤纸片法测试其对幽门螺杆菌的抑菌效果。实验结果表明，8个不同产地青花椒精油的平均提取率为8.56%，精油中主要成分为芳樟醇、D-柠檬烯和4-萜烯醇，不同产地青花椒精油对幽门螺杆菌抑菌圈直径大小均大于25 mm。综上所述，不同产地青花椒精油的化学成分存在一定差异，但均有抑制幽门螺杆菌的作用，且抑制幽门螺杆菌效果与精油中的芳樟醇含量成正相关性。     

栽培地区、采收季节和株龄对迷迭香精油成分和抑菌活性的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用的方法,研究了不同提取部位、栽培地区、采收季节和株龄对迷迭香精油提取率、成分和抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,在贵州栽培的迷迭香叶子中精油的主要成分为α-蒎烯（31.88%–39.09%）、1,8-桉叶素（8.82%–10.97%）和樟脑（7.63%–11.59%）;茎中精油的主要成分为龙脑（26.62%–39.05%）、樟脑（11.41%–15.27%）和α-蒎烯（7.23%–17.80%）;茎中精油的抑菌活性强于叶中精油。北京地区栽培的迷迭香,其叶子中精油的主要成分为樟脑（27.92%）和L-β-蒎烯（25.28%）,抑菌活性强;茎中精油和贵州栽培的成分和活性均相似。对于采收季节,夏季采收的迷迭香精油提取率高,抑菌活性强。而株龄对精油的成分和抑菌活性影响不大。该研究为我国引种迷迭香的合理配置栽培、采收、生产条件和高效开发利用其抑菌活性提供了科学的依据。     

生长年限对段木栽培鲍姆桑黄子实体营养、活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响

本研究以鲍姆桑黄Sanghuangporus baumii为研究对象,通过测定段木栽培一年生、二年生、三年生子实体粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、氨基酸、多糖、三萜、总黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化活性（ABTS和FRAP）,探究生长年限对段木栽培桑黄子实体营养、活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,生长年限对上述10个指标均产生了极显著的影响。在粗蛋白质、粗纤维含量上,一年生极显著高于两年生、三年生,粗脂肪为三年生高于二年生、一年生,氨基酸总量则是二年生的高于一年生和三年生。氨基酸中,亮氨酸、异亮氨酸含量差异显著,表现为一年生最高、三年生次之,二年生最低。在多糖含量上,二年生最高,三年生次之,一年生最低;总黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化活性（ABTS、FRAP）,均为一年生最高,二年生次之,三年生最低;三萜含量,一年生和三年生较高,而二年生较低。相关性分析结果表明,粗蛋白含量与粗脂肪含量极显著负相关,与总黄酮、总酚含量显著正相关;粗纤维含量与多糖含量呈极显著负相关;总黄酮、总酚含量、ABTS自由基清除活性、FRAP活性,两两之间呈显著或极显著正相关;总氨基酸含量、三萜含量与其他指标均相关不显著。研究结果为段木栽培桑黄子实体质量控制、质量标准评价和桑黄产品进一步开发原料的选择提供了科学参考。     

福建省不同产地及不同生育期土荆芥精油化学成分的比较

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),对来源于福建省不同产地(福州新店镇、平潭县城关、连城县城关)以及不同生育期(苗期、生长期、果熟期)土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides L. )地上部分精油的化学成分及其相对含量进行了比较分析.结果表明,福州新店镇、平潭县城关和连城县城关产土荆芥精油的主要化学成分(相对含量0.04%以上)分别有12、11和27种,3个产地的共有成分为11种;福州新店镇产土荆芥精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.60%)、α-松油烯(26.81%)和异驱蛔素(8.16%)等,平潭县城关产精油中相对含量排在前3位的成分也为对-聚伞花素(47.25%)、α-松油烯(27.27%)和异驱蛔素(8.82%),连城县城关产精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(36.33%)、2,5-二甲基-3-己炔-2,5-二醇(20.03%)、α-松油烯(12.71%)和异驱蛔素(3.07%)等.苗期、生长期和果熟期土荆芥精油的主要成分分别有17、12和12种,3个时期的共有成分为10种;苗期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.75%)、异驱蛔素(10.77%)、1-(1,3-二甲基-3-环己烯-1-基)乙酮(8.08%)和2,5-二甲基-3-己炔-2,5-二醇(7.79%)等;生长期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.60%)、α-松油烯(26.81%)和异驱蛔素(8.16%)等;果熟期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(43.65%)、α-松油烯(24.09%)和异驱蛔素(19.12%)等.研究结果显示,产地的地理环境和土荆芥的生育期对福建产土荆芥地上部分精油的化学成分及其相对含量均有一定的影响.     

CO2浓度升高对茴香植株生长、精油含量和组分的影响

 采用每日定时向密封人工气候室补充CO₂的方法,研究了3种CO₂浓度（平均浓度分 别为287.11、532.88和780.46 μmol·mol^-1）对茴香 (Foeniculum vulgare)生长、精油含量和组分的影响。结果表明：随着CO₂浓度的升高,茴香的株高、花序数、花序鲜重、花序干重、全株干重 和植株的干物率均有所上升;植株可溶性糖和全碳含量不断升高,而全氮和蛋白氮含量不断减少;叶色素含量呈下降趋势,叶绿素a/b比的差异 不显著;植株精油含量（分别为1.26、1.45和1.57 ml·(100 g) ^-1 DW）和单株精油产量（分别为0.019、 0.023和0.033 ml）均随之升高。从茴 香植株的精油中鉴定出22种成分,用不同浓度的CO₂处理,精油的成分种类没有差异,成分相对含量却有差别,差异达到极显著水平的有：醎蒎 烯、鈅蒎烯、月桂烯、对聚伞花素、反式葑醇乙酸酯和顺式茴香脑;含量差异达到显著水平的有：香桧烯、水芹烯、罗勒烯、鉥萜品烯、3,4- 二甲基-2,4,6_三烯、爱草脑、葑醇乙酸酯、古巴烯、 金合欢烯和吉玛烯。茴香精油的主要成分反式茴香脑的含量（分别为55.94%、57.20%和 59.5 5%）随着CO₂浓度的升高而升高,而柠檬烯含量（29.60%、30.24%和26.12%）表现出相反的趋势,二者在不同的CO₂浓度处理之间差异均不 显著。     

浓度升高对茴香植株生长、精油含量和组分的影响

采用每日定时向密封人工气候室补充CO₂的方法,研究了3种CO₂浓度（平均浓度分 别为287.11、532.88和780.46 μmol·mol^-1）对茴香 (Foeniculum vulgare)生长、精油含量和组分的影响。结果表明：随着CO₂浓度的升高,茴香的株高、花序数、花序鲜重、花序干重、全株干重 和植株的干物率均有所上升;植株可溶性糖和全碳含量不断升高,而全氮和蛋白氮含量不断减少;叶色素含量呈下降趋势,叶绿素a/b比的差异 不显著;植株精油含量（分别为1.26、1.45和1.57 ml·(100 g) ^-1 DW）和单株精油产量（分别为0.019、 0.023和0.033 ml）均随之升高。从茴 香植株的精油中鉴定出22种成分,用不同浓度的CO₂处理,精油的成分种类没有差异,成分相对含量却有差别,差异达到极显著水平的有：醎蒎 烯、鈅蒎烯、月桂烯、对聚伞花素、反式葑醇乙酸酯和顺式茴香脑;含量差异达到显著水平的有：香桧烯、水芹烯、罗勒烯、鉥萜品烯、3,4- 二甲基-2,4,6_三烯、爱草脑、葑醇乙酸酯、古巴烯、 金合欢烯和吉玛烯。茴香精油的主要成分反式茴香脑的含量（分别为55.94%、57.20%和 59.5 5%）随着CO₂浓度的升高而升高,而柠檬烯含量（29.60%、30.24%和26.12%）表现出相反的趋势,二者在不同的CO₂浓度处理之间差异均不 显著。     

粤北阴香不同器官中精油成分研究

采用水蒸汽同步蒸馏法分别对采自粤北的阴香的果、叶、枝条提取精油,并用气质联用仪对所提取的精油进行了成分分析和鉴定。共鉴定了41种成分,主要成分为龙脑（68．5％～73．8％）、芳香醇、丁子香烯、橙花叔醇、榄香烯、柠檬醛、莰烯、葑醇、愈创烯、香叶烯、枞萜、萜品醇、蒎烯等。阴香不同器官（果、叶、枝）中的精油成分及所占比例均有差异。     

绿色低共熔溶剂提取互叶白千层精油及成分分析

为探究绿色低共熔溶剂提取互叶白千层精油的最佳工艺,该研究采用四种提取工艺作对比,并在单因素实验的基础上结合响应面进行了工艺优化,利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对四种工艺提取到的互叶白千层精油进行了比较分析。结果表明：（1）互叶白千层精油最佳提取工艺为干燥原料低共熔溶剂蒸馏,最优提取条件为氯化胆碱与1,3-丁二醇摩尔比1∶3、含水量52 mol、原料干燥时间9 h、料液比1∶5 g·mL^-1、蒸馏时间60 min,在此条件下所得提取率为4.06%,实验值与响应面模型的预测值有较好的拟合性,证实模型有效,提取率比新鲜原料水蒸气蒸馏、干燥原料水蒸气蒸馏和冻融原料水蒸气蒸馏分别提高了383.33%、290.38%和497.06%。（2）经四种工艺提取所得精油主要成分大致相同,但含量差距很大,主要有醇类和烯烃类物质。（3）干燥原料低共熔溶剂蒸馏的精油提取率和特征组分含量都高于其他工艺,包括醇类8种,烯烃类9种,其他化合物3种;主要成分为γ-松油烯、松油烯、α-蒎烯、α-松油醇、香树烯,其中烯烃类化合物相对含量最大,为45.31%;特征组分松油烯-4-醇含量为30.58%...     

Chemical compounds and essential oil release through decomposition process from Lavandula stoechas in Mediterranean region

All aromatic plants emit volatile substances into the environment either during their life or during the decomposition process. During decomposition, these volatile constituents affect the top soil microflora and the nutrients recycle process. Lavandula stoechas is a perennial aromatic shrub, rich in aromatic substances which can be found abundant across the Mediterranean. The aim of the present study was to investigate the essential oil degradation during decomposition process of L. stoechas and how the essential oil major compounds are released during this process. Fresh leaves and flowers of lavender were used for this study using the litter bag technique. The essential oil content of the initial plant was 1.46% dw and after seventeen months period dropped at 0.06%. There were no differences in oil degradation among the different experimental sites. Most of the essential oil compounds had disappeared after a year. However, the most toxic compounds in the plant material still remained after seventeen months.     

Up-regulation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase enhances production of essential oils in transgenic spike lavender

Spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia) is an aromatic shrub cultivated worldwide for the production of essential oils. The major constituents of these oils are monoterpenes, which are obtained from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors through the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and/or the cytosolic mevalonate pathway. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-P synthase (DXS) catalyzes the first step of the MEP pathway. A cDNA coding for the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DXS was constitutively expressed in spike lavender. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses revealed that transgenic plants accumulated significantly more essential oils compared to controls (from 101.5% to 359.0% and from 12.2% to 74.1% yield increase compared to controls in leaves and flowers, respectively). T(0) transgenic plants were grown for 2 years, self-pollinated, and the T(1) seeds obtained. The inheritance of the DXS transgene was studied in the T(1) generation. The increased essential oil phenotype observed in the transgenic T(0) plants was maintained in the progeny that inherited the DXS transgene. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid content in DXS progenies that inherited the transgene depended on the analyzed plant, showing either no variation or a significant decrease in respect to their counterparts without the transgene. Transgenic plants had a visual phenotype similar to untransformed plants (controls) in terms of morphology, growth habit, flowering, and seed germination. Our results demonstrate that the MEP pathway contributes to essential oil production in spike lavender. They also demonstrate that the DXS enzyme plays a crucial role in monoterpene precursor biosynthesis and, thus, in essential oil production in spike lavender. In addition, our results provide a strategy to increase the essential oil production in spike lavender by metabolic engineering of the MEP pathway without apparent detrimental effects on plant development and fitness.     

也门与中国产香丝草挥发油的化学成分分析和比较

目的：分析也门与中国产香丝草挥发油的化学成分,比较两者差异。方法：采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取也门及中国产香丝草的挥发油,运用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC—MS）对挥发油进行组分分析,将两者的成分差异进行了比较。结果：从也门产香丝草挥发油中鉴定了34个成分,相对含量最多的分别为醇类（47．77％）、烯类（29．15％）、酯类（9．64％）,主要为雪松烯醇（18．54％）和环氧化香橙烯（18．75％）;从中国产香丝草挥发油中鉴定了56个成分,以酯类（31．20％）、烯类（28．05％）、醇类（14-29％）等挥发性物质为主,包括异戊酸香叶酯（18．81％）、反式--佛手柑油烯（10．31％）。结论：也门与中国产香丝草挥发油的组成具有较大的差异,是两者香味迥异的物质基础,也是也门产香丝草制作香料、美食的科学依据;     

Up-regulation of an N-terminal truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase enhances production of essential oils and sterols in transgenic Lavandula latifolia

Spike lavender ( Lavandula latifolia ) essential oil is widely used in the perfume, cosmetic, flavouring and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, modifications of yield and composition of this essential oil by genetic engineering should have important scientific and commercial applications. We generated transgenic spike lavender plants expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana HMG1 cDNA, encoding the catalytic domain of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR1S), a key enzyme of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. Transgenic T₀ plants accumulated significantly more essential oil constituents as compared to controls (up to 2.1- and 1.8-fold in leaves and flowers, respectively). Enhanced expression of HMGR1S also increased the amount of the end-product sterols, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol (average differences of 1.8- and 1.9-fold, respectively), but did not affect the accumulation of carotenoids or chlorophylls. We also analysed T₁ plants derived from self-pollinated seeds of T₀ lines that flowered after growing for 2 years in the greenhouse. The increased levels of essential oil and sterols observed in the transgenic T₀ plants were maintained in the progeny that inherited the HMG1 transgene. Our results demonstrate that genetic manipulation of the MVA pathway increases essential oil yield in spike lavender, suggesting a contribution for this cytosolic pathway to monoterpene and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in leaves and flowers of the species.     

Role of Ethylene in Axillary Shoot Proliferation of Lavandin--Interaction with Benzyladenine and Polyamines

The role of ethylene in in vitro axillary proliferation of lavandin(Lavandula officinalis Chaix Lavandula latifolia Villars)was investigated. Basal ethylene production was modulated bythe addition of exogenous growth regulators (BA and polyamines),ethylene precursor (ACC) and inhibitors (AVG and SA). The resultsindicate that BA action is mediated by ethylene and, furthermore,that ethylene can substitute for BA in shoot proliferation.Among tested polyamines (Put, Spd, Spn) only Put was effectivein stimulating both the differentiation process and relatedethylene production. Moreover, Put appears to have a regulatoryfunction similar to BA. The data obtained in the present workoutline the complexity of axillary budding which is under multihormonalcontrol, ethylene playing an essential role. Key words: Axillary proliferation, benzyladenine, ethylene, lavandin, putrescine     

Chemical Composition of the Leaf and Flower Essential Oils of Tunisian Lavandula dentata L. (Lamiaceae)

Essential oils of Lavandula dentata, a Tunisian native plant, were isolated from leaves and flowers by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger‐type apparatus and characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The average essential oil yields, means of five replicates, were higher for the flowers (8.60 mg/g) than for the leaves (6.56 mg/g). A total of 72 compounds were identified, accounting for 98.1 and 97.7% of the total oil composition of the leaves and flowers, respectively. The main essential oil constituents were 1,8‐cineole, camphor, and L ‐fenchone, accounting for 33.54, 18.89, and 8.36% in the leaf oils and for 19.85, 23.33, and 7.13% in the flower oils, respectively. Besides this quantitative variation, the results also showed considerable qualitative variation between the essential oils of the two plant parts analyzed. These differences might be adaptative responses to ecological exigencies.     

Studies on lavandin callus cultures: Ethylene production in relation to the growth

Ethylene production and growth of callus cultures of lavandin (Lavandula offidnalis Cham x Lavandula latifolia Villars) cv. Grosso were examined. Callus lines, derived from various kinds of primary expiants (shoot tip, leaf and calyx), exhibited differences in ethylene production patterns independent of callus growth. Moreover these differences could not be ascribed to the expiant source. Within a line, ethylene pattern paralleled callus growth curve. Variations in ethylene evolution were induced in shoot tip callus by means of ACC, AVG and varied amounts of 2,4-D in the culture medium. Following all these treatments callus growth was not altered. Hie decrease in 2,4-D concentration caused changes in Chl a and water content of the tissues.     

水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响

通过控制茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea（Thunb．）DC．]不同生长期的土壤含水量,研究了轻度和重度干旱胁迫与涝渍胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响。结果表明,在不同生长期,茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油成分含量对不同土壤水分条件的反应不同,其中生殖生长期对水分胁迫较敏感,干旱和涝渍胁迫均会导致根茎生长量和挥发油含量下降。水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长量和挥发油含量的影响效应是一致的,导致根茎生长量显著下降的水分条件可使挥发油含量下降,对根茎生长量影响不显著的水分条件则有利于挥发油成分的积累。在果后期进行适当的涝渍胁迫（土壤含水量35．5％～38．5％）有利于茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油含量的提高。     

我国西南元江大理茶的挥发性成分及其抗氧化活性

大理茶(Camellia taliensis)为山茶科山茶属茶组植物,主要分布于云南横断山脉澜沧江至伊洛瓦底江流域,即从云南的西部及西南部至缅甸北部.在其分布区,大理茶亦被称为野生大茶树,常用于加工制作茶叶.采用水蒸气蒸馏法、GC及GC/MS联用技术,首次对大理茶的鲜幼叶和鲜幼叶及老叶分别制成的绿茶中的挥发性成分进行提取和分析,共鉴定出91个化合物.研究结果表明,大理茶鲜幼叶的主要香气成分为棕榈酸(30.52％),亚油酸(19.82％),植醇(8.75％)和亚麻酸乙酯(2.54％)等有机酸及其酯和二萜类,而制成绿茶后,其主要香气成分则为芳樟醇(28.43％),脱氢芳樟醇(1.13％),α-松油醇(11.68％),橙花醇(4.92％)和香叶醇(12.34％)等单萜醇类成分.从大理茶鲜叶到由其制成的绿茶,香气成分发生了较大变化,形成了28种原鲜叶中未检测到的香气成分,其中,(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八烷三烯-1-醇的含量分别达到1.21％(幼叶绿茶)和11.2％(老叶绿茶),是大理茶制作的绿茶的特征香气成分.DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除实验结果显示大理茶鲜叶及其制成的绿茶的挥发性成分均具有一定的抗氧化活性,但均弱于茶多酚的抗氧化活性.