茄子无土栽培氮磷钾浓度优化施肥方案

本试验采用三因子二次饱和D-最优设计(310),以蛭石为栽培介质,建立了以氮、磷、钾浓度为变量因子,茄子产量和品质为目标函数的三元二次数学模型,以期得到茄子优质高产最优氮磷钾浓度范围.对模型解析结果表明: 氮、磷、钾浓度对茄子产量和品质均有显著影响.对产量和品质的影响程度均以钾浓度较大,对产量的影响程度以氮浓度次之,磷浓度较小,对品质则为磷浓度次之,氮浓度较小.氮磷、氮钾、磷钾浓度交互对茄子产量均有显著影响;氮钾浓度交互对茄子品质亦有显著影响.在低水平条件下,茄子产量和品质均随氮、磷、钾浓度增加而增加,但超过一定范围后,茄子产量和品质均随之降低.通过计算机模拟运算得出,本试验条件下茄子单株产量达3600 g的施肥方案为:氮16.0～20.0 mmol·L^-1、磷2.2～2.6 mmol·L^-1、钾9.9～12.9 mmol·L^-1;品质综合评分在90分以上的施肥方案为:氮18.0～21.1 mmol·L^-1、磷1.9～2.6 mmol·L^-1、钾10.6～13.3 mmol·L^-1.试验小区茄子产量预期达到43.2 kg(6个月生长期)、品质综合评分高达90分以上的优质高产营养液氮磷钾浓度范围为:氮18.0～20.0 mmol·L^-1、磷2.2～2.6 mmol·L^-1、钾10.6～12.6 mmol·L^-1,适宜的N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O浓度比例约为1∶0.13∶0.62.     

不同供钾水平对平邑甜茶幼苗生长及NO3-吸收利用特性的影响

研究平邑甜茶幼苗NO₃^--N吸收和利用特性对不同供钾水平的响应,旨在明确钾肥对氮肥吸收利用的影响,从而为果园科学施肥提供理论依据.以平邑甜茶幼苗为材料进行砂培试验,设置K₀、K₁、K₂、K₃、K₄、K₅、K₆ 7个钾浓度处理,分别相当于0、2、4、6、8、10、12 mmol·L^-1 K⁺,运用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术和非损伤扫描离子选择电极技术,测定了不同供钾水平下平邑甜茶的氮素吸收和利用情况.结果表明: K₃处理平邑甜茶幼苗根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性以及根系形态指标均显著高于其他处理.与其他处理相比,K₃处理根、茎、叶从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N 量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)均达到最高,分别为K₀处理的1.36、1.33和1.47倍.随供钾水平的增加,植株氮素利用率呈现先增高后降低的趋势,且在K₃处理时最大,为23.3%,是K₀处理的3.04倍.非损伤微测技术结果显示,K₃处理时,平邑甜茶根系对NO₃^-有强烈吸收且内流速度达到最大,为19.34 pmol·cm^-2·s^-1;在缺钾(K₀)和高钾(K₆)处理时有明显外排趋势.因此,钾的亏缺或过量均抑制氮素的吸收和利用,适当供钾能够促进幼苗根系生长,增强硝酸还原酶活性,从而促进平邑甜茶对氮素的吸收.     

不同供钾水平对平邑甜茶幼苗生长及NO3-吸收利用特性的影响

研究平邑甜茶幼苗NO₃^--N吸收和利用特性对不同供钾水平的响应,旨在明确钾肥对氮肥吸收利用的影响,从而为果园科学施肥提供理论依据.以平邑甜茶幼苗为材料进行砂培试验,设置K₀、K₁、K₂、K₃、K₄、K₅、K₆ 7个钾浓度处理,分别相当于0、2、4、6、8、10、12 mmol·L^-1 K⁺,运用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术和非损伤扫描离子选择电极技术,测定了不同供钾水平下平邑甜茶的氮素吸收和利用情况.结果表明: K₃处理平邑甜茶幼苗根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性以及根系形态指标均显著高于其他处理.与其他处理相比,K₃处理根、茎、叶从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N 量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)均达到最高,分别为K₀处理的1.36、1.33和1.47倍.随供钾水平的增加,植株氮素利用率呈现先增高后降低的趋势,且在K₃处理时最大,为23.3%,是K₀处理的3.04倍.非损伤微测技术结果显示,K₃处理时,平邑甜茶根系对NO₃^-有强烈吸收且内流速度达到最大,为19.34 pmol·cm^-2·s^-1;在缺钾(K₀)和高钾(K₆)处理时有明显外排趋势.因此,钾的亏缺或过量均抑制氮素的吸收和利用,适当供钾能够促进幼苗根系生长,增强硝酸还原酶活性,从而促进平邑甜茶对氮素的吸收.     

供钾水平对苹果砧木M9T337幼苗生长、光合特性与15N、13C吸收利用的影响

以苹果M9T337幼苗为试材进行水培试验,采用¹⁵N和¹³C同位素示踪技术,研究不同供钾水平(0、3、6、9、12 mmol·L^-1,分别以K₀、K₁、K₂、K₃、K₄表示)对M9T337幼苗生长、光合特性与¹⁵N、¹³C吸收利用的影响.结果表明: K₂处理M9T337幼苗各器官干质量、根系长度、根系表面积、根尖数和根系活力均显著高于其他处理.叶片净光合速率(P_n)随着供钾水平的升高先上升后下降,在K₂处理时达到最高值,为15.5 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1.处理30 d后,硝酸还原酶(NR)和碳代谢酶活性均以K₂处理最高,K₀处理最低.随着供钾水平的提高,各处理幼苗的¹³C积累量呈先升高后降低的趋势,且在K₂处理时各器官¹³C分配率最均衡.各处理间¹⁵N吸收量和利用率差异显著,K₂处理下幼苗的¹⁵N吸收量和利用率最高,分别为16.11 mg和17.9％,是K₀处理的3.0倍.因此,钾素供应过低或过高均抑制幼苗根系生长和叶片光合作用,不利于植株碳氮吸收,而适宜的钾素供应水平可以提高根系活力和净光合速率,增强硝酸还原酶(NR)和碳代谢酶活性,从而促进碳氮代谢.     

The effect of temperature on the primary reaction of chloroplast Photosystem II Evidence for a temperature-dependent back reaction

The primary reaction of Photosystem II has been studied over the temperature range from −196 to −20 °C. The photooxidation of the reaction-center chlorophyll (P680) was followed by the free-radical electron paramagnetic resonance signal of P680⁺, and the photoreduction of the Photosystem II primary electron acceptor was monitored by the C-550 absorbance change.

At temperatures below −100 °C, the primary reaction of Photosystem II is irreversible. However, at temperatures between −100 and −20 °C a back reaction that is insensitive to 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1′-dimethylurea (DCMU) occurs between P680⁺ and the reduced acceptor.

The amount of reduced acceptor and P680⁺ present under steady-state illumination at temperatures between −100 and −20 °C is small unless high light intensity is used to overcome the competing back reaction. The amount of reduced acceptor present at low light intensity can be increased by adjusting the oxidation-reduction potential so that P680⁺ is reduced by a secondary electron donor (cytochrome b₅₅₉) before P680⁺ can reoxidize the reduced primary acceptor. The photooxidation of cytochrome b₅₅₉ and the accompanying photoreduction of C-550 are inhibited by DCMU. The inhibition of C-550 photoreduction by DCMU, the dependence of P680 photooxidation and C-550 photoreduction on light intensity, and the effect of the availability of reduced cytochrome b₅₅₉ on C-550 photoreduction are unique to the temperature range where the Photosystem II primary reaction is reversible and are not observed at lower temperatures.     

The site of manganese function in photosynthetic electron transport system

The effects of Mn²⁺ on aerobic photobleaching of carotenoids, on photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) and on fluorescence above 600 mμ of spinach chloroplasts washed with 0.8 M Tris-HC1 buffer were investigated. Carotenoids (mostly carotenes, lutein and violaxanthin) in the Tris-washed chloroplasts were irreversibly bleached by illumination with red light, while carotenoids in normal chloroplasts prepared with a low concentration of Tris-HC1 underwent no bleaching upon illumination. The photobleaching of carotenoids observed with Tris-washed chloroplasts was inhibited by Mn²⁺ (MnCl₂ or MnSO₄) as well as by some inhibitors of the Hill reaction such as dichlorophenyl-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), methylthio-4,6-bis-isopropylamino-s-triazine and o-phenanthroline or by reducing agents such as ascorbate plus tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine (TMPD). DCIP photoreduction, which was deactivated by Tris, was reactivated to 50–80% of the rate for normal chloroplasts upon addition of Mn²⁺. The restored photoreduction of DCIP was inhibited by DCMU and carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The steady-state fluorescence yield of normal chloroplasts measured at room temperature was lowered by Tris treatment, and the decreased yield was restored by adding Mn²⁺ as well as ascorbate plus TMPD. CCCP also lowered the yield; the yield was recovered by adding ascorbate plus TMPD. Determination of manganese in normal and Tris-washed chloroplasts showed that 30% of the manganese in chloroplast was removed with Tris. It was postulated that Mn²⁺ functions in the electron transport on the oxidizing side of Photosystem II at a site between water and an electron carrier (Y). CCCP as well as Tris inhibits the reduction of Y⁺ by Mn²⁺, and carotenoids are oxidized by Y⁺ which is reduced by ascorbate plus TMPD.     

Fluorescence induction and activity of ferredoxin-NADP reductase in Bryopsis chloroplasts

Effects of medium osmolarity on the rate of CO₂ fixation, the rate of the NADP⁺-Hill reaction, and the DPS₁ transient of chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in intact Bryopsis chloroplasts. Upon decreasing the sorbitol concentration from 1.0 M (the isoosmotic conditions) to 0.25 M, the envelopes of the chloroplasts became leaky to small molecules, resulting in a considerable depression of the CO₂-fixation rate and a higher rate of the NADP⁺-Hill reaction whereas the DPS₁ transient was unaffected. This DPS₁ transient of chlorophyll fluorescence is thought to be caused by the photoactivation of electron flow on the reducing side of Photosystem I at a site occurring after ferredoxin and probably before the reduction of NADP⁺ (Satoh, K. and Katoh, S. (1980) Plant and Cell Physiol. 21, 907–916). Little effect of NADP⁺ on the DPS₁ transient and a marked lag in NADP⁺ photo-reduction in dark-adapted (inactivated) chloroplasts support the hypothesis that the site of dark inactivation is prior to the reduction site of NADP⁺, and therefore, that ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase is inactivated in the dark and activated in the light. Moreover, at 0.25 M sorbitol, the activity of ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase itself (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol reduction by NADPH) was shown to increase according to dark-light transition of the chloroplasts. At low osmolarities (below 0.1 M sorbitol), the difference in the diaphorase activity between dark-and light-adapted chloroplasts and the lag time observed in the NADP⁺ photoreduction were lowered. This may correspond to a less pronounced DPS₁ transient at low concentrations of sorbitol. The mechanism of the photo-activation is discussed.     

晋西黄土区水肥调控对苹果-玉米间作系统玉米灌浆期穗位叶光合生理特性的影响

以晋西黄土区典型的苹果-玉米间作系统为研究对象,设置了双因素三水平水肥耦合试验,分析不同水肥调控措施下玉米灌浆期穗位叶光合生理特性.本试验根据玉米及苹果适宜的水分和养分条件设置9(3×3)个处理(W₁F₁、W₂F₁、W₃F₁、W₁F₂、W₂F₂、W₃F₂、W₁F₃、W₂F₃、W₃F₃),设置的3个灌溉水平为:田间持水量(Fc)的50％(W₁)、65％(W₂)和85％(W₃), 3个施肥量水平为:N 289 kg·hm^-2+ P₂O₅118 kg·hm^-2+ K₂O 118 kg·hm^-2(F₁)、N 412.4 kg·hm^-2 +P₂O₅168.8 kg·hm^-2 +K₂O 168.8 kg·hm^-2(F₂)、N 537 kg·hm^-2 + P₂O₅ 219 kg·hm^-2 +K₂O 219 kg·hm^-2(F₃),另设一组无水肥补给的空白对照(CK).结果表明: 不同水肥调控方式对光合指标日变化趋势无明显影响,但水肥补给可提高作物净光合速率(P_n)的峰值,降低作物日水分利用效率(WUE)最大值,延长气孔开放时间,影响胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)最低值的出现及维持时间;各处理光合作用的限制因素均为非气孔因素.蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(g_s)均与距树行距离呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),水分利用效率则与距树行距离呈显著正相关(P<0.05);距树行距离平均每增加1 m, T_r可减少0.56~1.41 mmol·m^-2·s^-1,g_s可减少0.028～0.093 mol·m^-2·s^-1,WUE可增加0.08~1.00 μmol·mmol^-1.灌水施肥可以显著提高净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度日均值;降低水分利用效率的日均值;W₃F₁拥有最高的净光合速率日均值(10.64 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、水分利用效率日均值(3.05 μmol·mmol^-1)、气孔导度日均值(0.295 mol·m^-2·s^-1)以及较低的蒸腾速率日均值(4.32 mmol·m^-2·s^-1).多元回归分析结果显示,在拔节-灌浆期内,灌水总量为1300 m³·hm^-2、施肥总量为525 kg·hm^-2时,作物净光合速率最大,理论值为10.32 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.因此,W₃F₁为最利于间作系统作物光合效率改善的水肥调控模式.     

Photochemical properties of a Photosystem II subchloroplast fragment

1. The Photosystem II fraction (D-10) obtained by incubation of spinach chloroplasts with digitonin was further purified by incubation with Triton X-100. The resulting Photosystem II subchloroplast fragment (DT-10) contained 1 mole of cytochrome b-559 per 170 moles of chlorophyll. It lacked cytochrome f and cytochrome b₆ and its content of P700 was low.

2. The DT-10 fragment showed only traces of photochemical activity with water as electron donor, but it was active in a Photosystem II reaction with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as electron acceptor and diphenyl carbazide as donor. Photoreduction of NADP⁺ with diphenyl carbazide as donor was negligible. There was some photoreduction of NADP⁺ with ascorbate plus 2,6 dichlorophenolindophenol as donor but this activity could be accounted for by contamination with Photosystem I. These results are consistent with the Z-scheme of photosynthesis with Photosystems I and II operating in series for the reduction of NADP⁺ from water. DT-10 subchloroplast fragments showed a light-induced rise in fluorescence yield at 20 °C in the presence of diphenyl carbazide. A light-induced fluorescence increase also was observed at 77 °K.

3. During the preparation of the DT-10 fragment, the high potential form of cytochrome b-559 was largely converted to a form of lower potential and C-550 was converted to the reduced state. A photoreduction of C-550 was observed at liquidnitrogen temperature, provided the C-550 was oxidised with ferricyanide prior to cooling. Some photooxidation of cytochrome b-559 was obtained at 77 °K if the preparation was reduced prior to cooling, but the degree of photooxidation was variable with different preparations. C-550 does not appear to be identical with the primary fluorescence quencher, Q.

4. Photosystem I subchloroplast fragments (D-144) released by the action of digitonin were compared with Photosystem I fragments (DT-144) released from D-10 fragments by Triton X-100. There were no significant differences between D-144 and DT-144 fragments either in chlorophyll a/b ratio or in P700 content.     

高温下喷施水杨酸和磷酸二氢钾对中稻生理特征和产量的影响

为探寻减轻水稻抽穗开花期高温热害的技术途径,以3个籼型杂交稻品种为材料,于2017—2018年在江西省吉安县、余干县、南昌县进行田间试验.在抽穗开花期自然高温下,设置叶面喷施5个不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)处理(SA₁～SA₅分别为100、500、1000、1500、2000 μmol·L^-1)和5个不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾(KH₂PO₄)处理(K₁～K₅分别为7.35、14.70、22.05、29.40、36.75 mmol·L^-1),并以叶面喷施蒸馏水为对照(CK),分析中稻生理特征和产量.结果表明: 与对照相比,SA处理和KH₂PO₄处理分别降低了剑叶丙二醛含量,提高了叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性,其中SA₂和K₃处理效果最好.SA₂、SA₃和K₃、K₄处理提高了水稻穗粒数、结实率和产量,其中SA₂和K₃处理效果显著,与对照相比,SA₂处理分别使穗粒数、结实率和产量增加了7.0%、4.0%和11.9%,K₃处理增加了3.9%、4.7%和6.6%.抽穗开花期高温下,采取叶面喷施500 μmol·L^-1 SA或22.05 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄的技术措施可显著提高中稻产量.     

New herbicide-binding site in the photosynthetic electron-transport chain: Competitive herbicide binding at the photosystem I phylloquinone-(vitamin K1)-binding site

The binding of herbicides to the phylloquinone-(primary electron acceptor A₁)-binding site in green plant photosystem (PS) I reaction centers is shown. Dissociation constants (K_d) of various herbicides to the phylloquinone-binding site were estimated by analyzing their competitive inhibition of the reconstitution of the phylloquinone analogue, menadione (vitamin K₃), to the phylloquinone-extracted spinach PS I particles. The phylloquinone-binding site was found to bind o-phenanthroline (K_d = 1.2 × 10⁻⁴ M), but only weak binding was observed with atrazine (K_d > 10⁻² M), although both are known to bind specifically to the quinone-(Q_B)-binding site in reaction centers of purple photosynthetic bacteria or PS II. The inhibitors of the cytochrome b/c₁(ƒ) complex, myxothiazol (K_d=9.5 × 10⁻⁶ M) or antimycin A (K_d = 2.8 × 10⁻⁶ M), also strongly bound to the phylloquinone site. This is the first report showing that the PS I reaction center complex also has a herbicide-binding site, although the site is probably not sensitive in vivo to these herbicides due to its higher affinity for phylloquinone than herbicides. The inhibitor specificity of the PS I phylloquinone site is different from that of the other quinone-functioning sites in the photosynthetic or respiratory electron-transfer chain, suggesting it to have a unique structure.     

Purification and characterization of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase from the green alga Chlorella fusca

Ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase (FNR, EC I.18.1.2) from the green algae Chlorella fusca Shihira et Kraus 211–15, was purified to homogeneity. The molecular mass was 36.8 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme exhibits the typical spectrum of a flavoprotein with an absorption maximum at 459 nm and an A_273/459 ratio of 7.2. It contains one mol of FAD per mol of protein and the calculated extinction coefficient is 9.8 m M cm⁻¹. Four different forms of the purified enzyme were detected by isoelectric focusing (pI between 5.4 and 5.9), even when protease inhibitors were used during the first steps of the purification. Kinetic parameters were determined for several FNR-catalyzed reactions. NADP⁺ photoreduction gave comparable rates when either ferredoxin or flavodoxin was used.     

Correlation of reaction-center chlorophyll (P-700) oxidation and bound iron-sulfur protein photoreduction in chloroplast Photosystem I at low temperatures

The extent of P-700 photooxidation at 18 °K has been followed in three different chloroplast preparations (unfractionated chloroplasts and two preparations enriched in Photosystem I). More than 90% of P-700⁺ formation in all preparations was eliminated by the addition of sodium dithionite at pH 10. Photoreduction of a bound chloroplast iron-sulfur protein was also decreased by at least 90% under similar conditions. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the chloroplast preparations in the presence of dithionite showed chemical reduction of bound iron-sulfur protein under conditions where primary photochemistry is eliminated. These results indicate that P-700 photooxidation is concomitant with photoreduction of a bound iron-sulfur protein and that this iron-sulfur protein functions as the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem I.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance saturation studies of P-700 reaction center chlorophyll in plant photosynthesis

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) power saturation and saturation recovery methods have been used to determine the spin lattice, T₁, and spin-spin, T₂, relaxation times of P-700⁺ reaction-center chlorophyll in Photosystem I of plant chloroplasts for 10 K T 100 K. T₁ was 200 μs at 100 K and increased to 900 μs at 10 K. T₂ was 40 ns at 40 K and increased to 100 ns at 10 K. T₁ for 40 K T 100 K is inversely proportional to temperature, which is evidence of a direct-lattice relaxation process. At T = 20 K, T₁ deviates from the 1/T dependence, indicating a cross relaxation process with an unidentified paramagnetic species. The individual effects of ascorbate and ferricyanide on T₁ of P-700⁺ were examined: T₁ of P-700⁺ was not affected by adding 10 mM ascorbate to digitonin-treated chloroplast fragments (D144 fragments). The P-700⁺ relaxation time in broken chloroplasts treated with 10 mM ferricyanide was 4-times shorter than in the untreated control at 40 K. Ferricyanide appears to be relaxing the P-700⁺ indirectly to the lattice by a cross-relaxation process. The possibility of dipolar-spin broadening of P-700⁺ due to either the iron-sulfur center A or plastocyanin was examined by determining the spin-packet linewidth for P-700⁺ when center A and plastocyanin were in either the reduced or oxidized states. Neither reduced center A nor oxidized plastocyanin was capable of broadening the spin-packet linewidth of the P-700⁺ signal. The absence of diplolar broadening indicates that both center A and plastocyanin are located at a distance at least 3.0 nm from the P-700⁺ reaction center chlorophyll. This evidence supports previous hypotheses that the electron donor and acceptor to P-700 are situated on opposite sides of the chloroplast membrane. It is also shown that the ratio of photo-oxidized P-700 to photoreduced centers A and B at low temperature is 2 : 1 if P-700 is monitored at a nonsaturating microwave power.     

钾水平对富士苹果果实膨大期13C同化物向果实转运的影响

以6年生‘烟富3’/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,采用¹³C同位素标记技术,在果实膨大期用不同浓度钾素水溶液(K₂O浓度分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%,分别用CK、K₁、K₂、K₃、K₄表示)涂抹果实周围20 cm范围内叶片,研究其对叶片叶绿素荧光参数、光合性能、糖转运蛋白基因表达、¹³C同化能力及¹³C同化物向果实转运的影响。结果表明: 与其他处理相比,K₃处理显著提高了叶片Rubisco酶活性、净光合速率、PSII原初光能转化效率、PSII实际光化学效率、光化学淬灭系数、山梨醇和蔗糖含量、6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶(S6PDH)和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性及¹³C同化能力;提高了果柄组织山梨醇转运蛋白基因MdSOT1、MdSOT2和蔗糖转运蛋白基因MdSUT4的表达,促进了糖在果实中的卸载。¹³C自留量(自身叶片+自身新梢)以CK最高,为82.6%,K₃处理最低,为60.5%。果实¹³C吸收量随钾素浓度增加呈先升后降趋势,以K₃处理最高(1.31 mg·g^-1),CK最低(0.57 mg·g^-1)。表明叶施钾素水溶液不同程度提高了叶片PSII光化学效率和碳同化关键酶活性,进一步提高了叶片同化物的合成能力和向外输送能力,促进了糖向果实的定向转运。同化物向果实转运数量以1.5% K₂O涂抹叶片处理(K₃)最多。     

Some properties of, and the effect of temperature on the (Mg + Ca) ATPase from immature and adult rat brain

1. 1. (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPases of microsomal and synaptic membrane preparations from immature and adult rat brain were activated by calcium (0.1–10 μM), maximal activation was found at 3 μM. The increase in (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase seen during development was greatest in the synaptic membrane preparations.

2. 2. At 37°C both Na⁺ or K⁺ at concentrations higher than 30 mM inhibited the microsomal Mg²⁺ ATPase, but the (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase was stimulated by both Na⁺ and K⁺. Synaptic membrane Mg²⁺ ATPase was inhibited by concentrations higher than 100 mM K⁺; Na⁺ however stimulated this enzyme at all concentrations. Much of this Na⁺ stimulated activity was ouabain sensitive. Synaptic membrane (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase was stimulated by Na⁺ or K⁺, this stimulation follows approximate saturation kinetics with an apparent K_m of 18.8 mM Na⁺ or K⁺.

3. 3. Arrhenius plots of microsomal (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase were curvilinear, but two intersecting lines with a break at 20°C could be fitted. The calculated energies of activation from these lines were very similar in immature and adult preparations. The synaptic membrane preparation (adult) also gave a curvilinear plot; but two intersecting lines with a break at 25°C could be fitted to the data. These lines had slopes of 21 and 28 Kcal mole⁻¹ above and below the break, respectively. The immature preparation when made using EDTA gave a Arrhenius plot of very similar form to the adult preparation. Without EDTA however the Arrhenius plot was complex with a plateau at 25–32°C. Pretreatment with EDTA activated the synaptic membrane (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase from both immature and adult brain.

K88大肠杆菌菌毛蛋白发酵工艺条件优化研究

分别采用LB培养基、牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基、强化营养培养基、玉米浆培养基对大肠杆菌K88进行发酵培养,选出最适于大肠杆菌K88生长的玉米浆培养基;采用正交实验对玉米浆培养基的C／N、K2HPO4／KH2PO4、Mg^2＋的配比进行优化,筛选最适于大肠杆菌K88生长的营养配比;研究生长曲线、接种量以及菌体和菌毛生产量的相关性,根据实验结果优化发酵培养条件,确定菌种的最佳发酵工艺,以收获最多的K88菌毛蛋白。研究表明,K88大肠杆菌在玉米浆培养基C／N、K2HP04／KH2PO4的配比分别为5／11、1／1,Mg^2＋为0．1g/mL,pH值为7．2,转速为200r／min,接种量为4．5％的条件下发酵26个小时,菌体和菌毛生产量均达到高峰,同时得出菌毛蛋白产生量和菌体量成正相关。     

Water soluble platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of alkyl sulfonated phosphines

The reactions of the alkylsulfonated phosphines LM=Ph₂P(CH₂)_nSO₃Na/K (n=2, 3, 4) with K₂PtCl₄ and K₂PdCl₄ have been studied in homogeneous aqueous solution as a function of pH. In homogeneous acidic solution the protonated phosphines react to give cis- and trans-PtCl₂(LH)₂. The biphasic reaction between 1,5-cyclooctadiene platinum(II) chloride in dichloromethane and acidified aqueous LNa/K gives a higher proportion of the cis isomer. In neutral solution the initial reaction to give [PtCl(LNa/K)₃]⁺Cl⁻ is followed by slow formation of cis-PtCl₂(LNa/K)₂. K₂PdCl₄ reacts more rapidly to give PdCl₂(LNa/K)₂. In homogeneous alkaline solution rapid oxidation of the phosphine occurs with only small amounts of platinum complex being observable. The biphasic reaction yields phosphine oxide in the aqueous layer and a small amount of the chelate complexes PtL₂ in the organic. Representative complexes have been isolated and characterised and the mechanisms for the reactions discussed. The electrospray mass spectra of solutions of the isolated complexes have been recorded in both positive and negative ionisation modes. The positive ionisation spectra are complicated, but platinum and palladium containing ions derived from loss of chloride, H⁺ and HCl are observed in the negative ionisation spectra.     

Pigment systems and electron transport in chloroplasts I. Quantum requirements for the two light reactions in spinach chloroplasts

From studies of electron-transport reactions of isolated spinach chloroplasts, we observe the following quantum requirements: (A) For the photoreduction of NADP⁺, measured both aerobically and anaerobically, in a 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) poisoned system with ascorbate and reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIPH₂) present as electron donors, the quantum requirements are 1.0 ± 0.05 at wavelengths longer than 700 nm of actinic light, and 1.5–2.5 for wavelengths between 620 and 680 nm. (B) For the photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) with water as the electron donor, the quantum requirements are 1.0 ± 0.05 in the range 630–660 nm. (C) For the photoreduction of NADP⁺ with water as the electron donor, the quantum requirements are 2.0 ± 0.1 in the wavelength range 640–678 nm of actinic light, increasing to 6 or greater at wavelengths beyond 700 nm. These results are shown to be inconsistent with the “separate package” model for the two pigment systems in higher plant photosynthetic electron transport. The evidence is most easily interpreted using a “controlled spillover” model, in which the transfer of electronic excitation energy from one pigment system to the other is under the control of incompletely identified factors in the reaction mixture.

At moderate light intensities the steady state rate of the [ascorbate + DCIPH₂ → NADP⁺] reaction (A) in the presence of DCMU and added ferredoxin can be increased more than 3 times when saturating amounts of plastocyanin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase are added to the chloroplasts. Similarly, the steady-state rate of the [H₂O → DCIP] Hill reaction (B) is increased about 3-fold by added MgCl₂ and plastocyanin, but added ferredoxin or ferredoxin-NADP reductase have no effect on this reaction. Plastocyanin appears to be the electron transport component which couples to DCIP, either in the oxidized or in the reduced form, in the reaction media. The steady-state rate of the [H₂O → NADP⁺] reaction (C) with saturating amounts of ferredoxin can be further increased more than 3-fold when MgCl₂, plastocyanin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase are added.     

Effects of 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium on Isolated Rat Brain Mitochondria: Evidence for a Primary Involvement of Energy Depletion

Abstract: The effects of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) on the oxygen consumption, ATP production, H₂O₂ production, and mitochondrial NADH-CoQ₁ reductase (complex I) activity of isolated rat brain mitochondria were investigated. Using glutamate and malate as substrates, concentrations of 10–100 µ M MPP⁺ had no effect on state 4 (−ADP) respiration but decreased state 3 (+ADP) respiration and ATP production. Incubating mitochondria with ADP for 30 min after loading with varying concentrations of MPP⁺ produced a concentration-dependent decrease in H₂O₂ production. Incubation of mitochondria with ADP for 60 min after loading with 100 µ M MPP⁺ caused no loss of complex I activity after washing of MPP⁺ from the mitochondrial membranes. These data are consistent with MPP⁺ initially binding specifically to complex I and inhibiting both the flow of reducing equivalents and the production of H₂O₂ by the mitochondrial respiratory chain, without irreversibly damaging complex I. However, mitochondria incubated with H₂O₂ in the presence of Cu²⁺ ions showed decreased complex I activity. This study provides additional evidence that cellular damage initiated by MPP⁺ is due primarily to energy depletion caused by specific binding to complex I, any increased damage due to free radical production by mitochondria being a secondary effect.