pcsk9基因突变与胆固醇血症

  常染色体显性高胆固醇血症（ADH）是家族早发性动脉粥样硬化的最主要的危险因素.在与ADH有关的基因突变中,LDL-R、apoB100基因突变导致ADH的机制已经比较明确,而pcsk9基因突变与ADH相关是最近发现的.pcsk9基因编码神经凋亡调节转化酶即NARC-1, 它通过在蛋白水平降低肝细胞上LDL受体的数量,使血液中LDL不能被清除,从而与高胆固醇血症相关联.研究pcsk9与LDL之间的关系,探索pcsk9在高胆固醇血症以及动脉粥样硬化发生中的作用及机制,将有助于高胆固醇血症和动脉粥样硬化发病机制的研究,也能为防治高胆固醇血症和动脉粥样硬化提供新思路.     

江西地区畲族人群pcsk9基因变异的SNaPshot分析

目的 研究江西地区畲族人群pcsk9基因SNP位点的变异,为开展冠心病风险研究提供可借鉴的资料.方法 通过SNaPshot法对84例畲族人外周血DNA pcsk9基因外显子7个SNP位点进行分型,ABI 3730XL扫描分型结果.结果 7个SNP位点中,仅rs505151A/G位点检测到基因变异,其G基因的频率为0.036.结论 江西地区畲族人群pcsk9基因7个SNP位点的基因型频率和等位基因频率与国内外其他民族间均存在一定差异,提示畲族人群可能具有独特的冠心病风险标记位点及变异特征.本研究为开展畲族人群pcsk9基因的冠心病风险关联性研究提供了参考依据.     

脂质代谢在乳腺癌发病中的作用

乳腺癌已经成为全球第一大癌症,其发病机制及治疗方法的探索越来越受到人们重视。脂质代谢异常是癌细胞中最突出的代谢改变之一,探索乳腺癌细胞中脂质代谢的改变,以寻找新的诊断指标和治疗靶点是至关重要的。本文从脂肪酸代谢、甘油三酯代谢、胆固醇代谢和脂质代谢信号通路4个方面介绍脂质代谢异常在乳腺癌中的研究进展,为靶向脂质代谢治疗乳腺癌提供新思路和新方法。     

LXRs在脂质代谢中的作用

LXRs ,为liverX activatedreceptors的简称 ,是核受体超家族的成员 ,包括两种同源亚型LXRα(NR1H3)和LXRβ(NR1H2 )。LXRs被内源性配体氧化甾醇或人工合成配体激活后 ,先与RXRα(retinoidXreceptorα ,亦称NR2B1)形成异二聚体 ,再与其靶基因的LXR调控元件结合 ,通过转录调节调控胆固醇的代谢、储存、吸收和转运 ,从而维持甾醇和脂肪酸代谢平衡。此外 ,LXRs也参与糖代谢调节 ,活化的LXRs可通过抑制肝脏糖异生而改变II型糖尿病动物的血糖水平。因此 ,LXRs有望成为治疗动脉粥样硬化和II型糖尿病的新靶点     

PPARδ在脂质代谢中的作用

PPARδ（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ）是过氧化物酶体增殖物激活型受体家族中的一员,广泛表达于多种器官和组织,主要控制脂肪组织和肌肉中脂肪酸氧化和能量解耦联,抑制巨噬细胞诱导的炎症,并参与许多疾病的发生和发展。近年来随着PPARδ选择性激动剂的发展,PPARδ有望成为治疗多种疾病的一个靶点。     

PPARδ在脂质代谢中的作用

PPARδ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 6)是过氧化物酶体增殖物激活型受体家族中的一员.广泛表达于多种器官和组织,主要控制脂肪组织和肌肉中脂肪酸氧化和能量解耦联,抑制巨噬细胞诱导的炎症,并参与许多疾病的发生和发展.近年来随着PPARδ选择性激动剂的发展,PPARδ有望成为治疗多种疾病的一个靶点.     

神经细胞凋亡调节转化酶-1在LDL胆固醇代谢中的作用

人类枯草溶菌素转化酶9（PCSK9）编码神经细胞凋亡调节转化酶-1,是一个属于丝氨酸蛋白酶K亚类的独特前蛋白转化酶。它能切割非碱性氨基酸,其底物特异性不同于许多其它前蛋白转化酶。它的唯一已知底物为前体NARC-1。PCSK9基因有多种序列变异,如错义突变S127R和F216L可引起常染色体显性高胆固醇血症;无义突变Y142X、C679X及错义变异R46L均可降低LDL胆固醇和冠心病发病率。通过研究这些变异和野生型PCSK9,发现PCSK9参与肝再生和神经分化,调节胆固醇代谢、含apoB脂蛋白代谢,并在动脉粥样硬化、冠心病等心血管疾病的发生发展和防治中发挥重要作用。     

巨噬细胞及脂噬在胆固醇代谢和动脉粥样硬化中的作用

随着全球经济的快速增长和西方饮食习惯的普及,动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率在现代社会中逐年上升。胆固醇代谢失衡被广泛认为是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的重要致病因素。作为免疫系统中的关键细胞,巨噬细胞在胆固醇代谢中的作用受到越来越多的关注。这些细胞不仅直接参与胆固醇的代谢过程,还通过脂噬作用维持胆固醇稳态,在动脉粥样硬化的发生与进展中扮演着至关重要的角色。本文综述了巨噬细胞及脂噬在胆固醇代谢及动脉粥样硬化中的作用机制,旨在深化对动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的理解,并为其治疗提供理论依据。     

miR-106b在阿尔茨海默病中的作用机制

目的 探讨miR-106b在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)发病中的作用.方法 取3月龄和6月龄APPswe/PSΔE9小鼠脑组织,进行microRNA芯片的检测;利用real-time PCR检测3、6、9月龄APPswe/PSΔE9小鼠脑组织中miR-106b的表达,对芯片检测结果进行验证;通过构建miR-106b稳定转染细胞系和miR-106b knockdown研究miR-106b与TGFBR2表达之间的关系; 构建TGFBR2 3'UTR-荧光素酶报告载体,验证miR-106b是否可以直接调控TGFBR2蛋白的表达;采用Western blot的方法检测APPswe/ΔPSΔE9小鼠和对照小鼠脑组织中TGFBR2蛋白的表达情况.结果 miR-106b在3月龄和6月龄AD模型小鼠脑组织中表达升高,在9月龄模型小鼠脑组织中表达降低;通过体外实验,我们发现miR-106b与TGFBR2蛋白的表达呈负相关;荧光素酶报告实验表明TGFBR2 3'UTR序列中包含miR-106b的结合位点;TGFBR2蛋白在3、6、9、12月龄AD模型小鼠脑组织中表达均降低.结论 miR-106b可能通过调控TGFBR2蛋白的表达影响TGF-β信号通路,从而参与AD的发病.     

要文聚焦:载脂蛋白E促进β-淀粉样蛋白的清除

β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)在海马的沉积是阿尔茨海默病(AD)发病的特征性病理改变,Aβ清除减少是造成其沉积的主要原因。载脂蛋白E4(ApoE4)基因能增加散发性AD的发病危险性,但其发挥作用的详细机制不详。最近在《科学》杂志发表的一篇论文发现,类视黄醇X受体激动剂bexarotene能够迅速激活ApoE,进而促进Aβ的降解,并改善痴呆小鼠的行为缺陷。该研究结果明确了ApoE对Aβ降解的促进作用,并为AD的治疗提出了新的设想。     

综述:中性内肽酶在阿尔茨海默病发病机制中的作用

β-淀粉样蛋白(β amyloid,Aβ)在海马区的沉积是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)发病的典型表现,清除或降低Aβ含量是治疗AD的目标之一．较之Aβ生成的增多,体内降解Aβ能力的下降在AD发病过程中显得更为重要．尽管Aβ在体内可以通过运输到血液和脑脊液途径来清除,但大部分Aβ被中性内肽酶(neprilysin,NEP)为代表的一类蛋白酶降解为小分子后从体内清除．老年人、轻度认知障碍期(MCI)和AD患者的NEP活性显著下降,且NEP活性下降与脑内Aβ升高及AD患者认知功能损伤相关．NEP有可能成为AD治疗的潜在药物靶点,针对轻度认知障碍前期(pre-MCI)和MCI,提高NEP的活性,促进Aβ的降解,有可能延缓AD的发生和发展．     

Synthesis of carbon-11-labeled 5-HT6R antagonists as new candidate PET radioligands for imaging of Alzheimer’s disease

Carbon-11-labeled serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 6 receptor (5-HT₆R) antagonists, 1-[(2-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-[¹¹C]methoxy-3-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1H-indole (O-[¹¹C]2a) and 1-[(2-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-methoxy-3-[(4-[¹¹C]methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1H-indole (N-[¹¹C]2a), 5-[¹¹C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (O-[¹¹C]2b) and 5-methoxy-3-((4-[¹¹C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (N-[¹¹C]2b), 1-((4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl)-5-[¹¹C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (O-[¹¹C]2c) and 1-((4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl)-5-methoxy-3-((4-[¹¹C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (N-[¹¹C]2c), 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-5-[¹¹C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (O-[¹¹C]2d) and 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-5-methoxy-3-((4-[¹¹C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (N-[¹¹C]2d), were prepared from their O- or N-desmethylated precursors with [¹¹C]CH₃OTf through O- or N-[¹¹C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 40–50% radiochemical yield, based on [¹¹C]CO₂ and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the molar activity (MA) at EOB was 370–740?GBq/μmol with a total synthesis time of ～40-min from EOB.     

Synthesis and evaluation of 6-(3-[18F]fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-substituted 2-pyridylbenzothiophenes and 2-pyridylbenzothiazoles as potential PET tracers for imaging Aβ plaques

3-[¹⁸F]Fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl substituted compounds were synthesized and evaluated as novel ¹⁸F-labeled PET tracers for imaging Aβ plaque in a living brain. All compounds exhibited high binding affinities toward the synthetic Aβ_1–42 aggregate and/or Alzheimer’s disease brain homogenate. In the microPET study with normal mice, the 3-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl substituted compounds resulted in fast brain washout by reducing the lipophilicities of the compounds. Intriguingly, (S)-configured PET tracers, (S)-[¹⁸F]1b and (S)-[¹⁸F]1c, exhibited a 2.8 and 4.0-fold faster brain washout rate at a peak/30 min in the mouse brain than the corresponding (R)-configured PET tracers despite there being no meaningful difference in binding affinities toward Aβ plaque. A further evaluation of (S)-[¹⁸F]1c with healthy rhesus monkeys also revealed excellent clearance from the frontal cortex with ratios of 7.0, 16.0, 30.0 and 49.0 at a peak/30, 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. These results suggest that (S)-[¹⁸F]1c may be a potential PET tracer for imaging Aβ plaque in a living brain.     

聚焦氧化应激在运动改善阿尔茨海默病的机制

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种主要影响记忆、学习以及认知功能的神经退行性疾病,目前缺乏有效的治疗措施,成为影响老年人健康的重要问题。AD主要的病理特征为淀粉样蛋白β(β-amyloid, Aβ)沉积形成的老年斑(senile plaque, SPs),以及过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白(hyperphosphorylated Tau, p-Tau)形成的神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangle, NFTs)。这些病理变化通常会诱导氧化应激,氧化应激是AD的重要病理机制,其与Aβ和Tau沉积密切相关,是治疗AD潜在的干预靶点。然而导致AD的病理机制具有多因素特征,AD氧化应激通常与其它机制相互作用共同影响AD进程。因此,本文重点探讨线粒体自噬、神经炎症、神经元凋亡及核因子红细胞2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)与氧化应激的调节关系,通过阐明AD病理特征、氧化应激及与其它调控机制的作用关系,发现潜在有效的干预靶点。目前大量研究表明,运动可有效缓解AD氧化应激,改善认知功能,但运动改善AD氧化应激的相关分子机制仍需进一步阐明。因此,本文进一步讨论了运动调控氧化应激与相关分子信号通路的作用机制,阐明运动可能通过影响这些信号通路改善AD氧化应激,从而改善AD相关病理特征与认知功能,这有助于从分子机制角度理解AD的发病机制,为科学有效的运动干预防治AD提供理论探讨。     

从代谢产物论述肠道菌群与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′sDisease, AD)是最常见的一种痴呆类型,其主要表现为记忆、语言和认知能力的逐渐丧失。肠道菌群(Gut Microbiota,GM)作为近年来的探讨热点,引起学者们的广泛关注。有研究证明肠道菌群与阿尔茨海默病密切相关,其可通过代谢产物等多种方式来参与AD的发生与发展,从代谢产物三甲胺N-氧化物、γ-氨基丁酸、乙酰胆碱、β-甲基氨基-L-丙氨酸等来论述肠道菌群与阿尔茨海默病的关系。     

Concise and high-yield synthesis of T808 and T808P for radiosynthesis of [18F]-T808, a PET tau tracer for Alzheimer’s disease

The authentic standard T808 and its corresponding mesylate precursor T808P were synthesized in six steps using ethyl vinyl ether and trichlorocetyl chloride as starting materials. The overall chemical yields of T808 and T808P were 35% and 52%, respectively. [¹⁸F]-T808 was synthesized from T808P by the nucleophilic substitution with K[¹⁸F]F/Kryptofix 2.2.2 and isolated by HPLC combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification in 35–45% radiochemical yield with 37–370 GBq/μmol specific activity at end of bombardment (EOB).     

Synthesis of carbon-11-labeled CK1 inhibitors as new potential PET radiotracers for imaging of Alzheimer’s disease

The reference standards methyl 3-((2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)carbamoyl)benzoate (5a) and N-(2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)-3-methoxybenzamide (5c), and their corresponding desmethylated precursors 3-((2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)carbamoyl)benzoic acid (6a) and N-(2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)-3-hydroxybenzamide (6b), were synthesized from 5-amino-2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole and 3-substituted benzoic acids in 5 and 6 steps with 33% and 11%, 30% and 7% overall chemical yield, respectively. Carbon-11-labeled casein kinase 1 (CK1) inhibitors, [¹¹C]methyl 3-((2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)carbamoyl)benzoate ([¹¹C]5a) and N-(2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)-3-[¹¹C]methoxybenzamide ([¹¹C]5c), were prepared from their O-desmethylated precursor 6a or 6b with [¹¹C]CH₃OTf through O-[¹¹C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 40–45% radiochemical yield, based on [¹¹C]CO₂ and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the molar activity (MA) at EOB was 370–740?GBq/μmol with a total synthesis time of ～40-min from EOB.     

Synthesis of a new fluorine-18-labeled bexarotene analogue for PET imaging of retinoid X receptor

The reference standard 2-fluoro-4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)vinyl)benzoic acid was synthesized from 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol and 2-fluoro-4-methylbenzoic acid in 10 steps with 3% overall chemical yield. The precursor 2-nitro-4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)vinyl)benzoic acid was synthesized from 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol and dimethyl-2-nitroterephthalate in seven steps with 2% overall chemical yield. The target tracer 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)vinyl)benzoic acid was synthesized from its nitro-precursor by the nucleophilic substitution with K[¹⁸F]F/Kryptofix 2.2.2 and isolated by HPLC combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification in 20–30% radiochemical yield with 37–370 GBq/μmol specific activity at end of bombardment (EOB).