pcsk9基因突变与胆固醇血症

  常染色体显性高胆固醇血症（ADH）是家族早发性动脉粥样硬化的最主要的危险因素.在与ADH有关的基因突变中,LDL-R、apoB100基因突变导致ADH的机制已经比较明确,而pcsk9基因突变与ADH相关是最近发现的.pcsk9基因编码神经凋亡调节转化酶即NARC-1, 它通过在蛋白水平降低肝细胞上LDL受体的数量,使血液中LDL不能被清除,从而与高胆固醇血症相关联.研究pcsk9与LDL之间的关系,探索pcsk9在高胆固醇血症以及动脉粥样硬化发生中的作用及机制,将有助于高胆固醇血症和动脉粥样硬化发病机制的研究,也能为防治高胆固醇血症和动脉粥样硬化提供新思路.     

江西地区畲族人群pcsk9基因变异的SNaPshot分析

目的 研究江西地区畲族人群pcsk9基因SNP位点的变异,为开展冠心病风险研究提供可借鉴的资料.方法 通过SNaPshot法对84例畲族人外周血DNA pcsk9基因外显子7个SNP位点进行分型,ABI 3730XL扫描分型结果.结果 7个SNP位点中,仅rs505151A/G位点检测到基因变异,其G基因的频率为0.036.结论 江西地区畲族人群pcsk9基因7个SNP位点的基因型频率和等位基因频率与国内外其他民族间均存在一定差异,提示畲族人群可能具有独特的冠心病风险标记位点及变异特征.本研究为开展畲族人群pcsk9基因的冠心病风险关联性研究提供了参考依据.     

脂质代谢在乳腺癌发病中的作用

乳腺癌已经成为全球第一大癌症,其发病机制及治疗方法的探索越来越受到人们重视。脂质代谢异常是癌细胞中最突出的代谢改变之一,探索乳腺癌细胞中脂质代谢的改变,以寻找新的诊断指标和治疗靶点是至关重要的。本文从脂肪酸代谢、甘油三酯代谢、胆固醇代谢和脂质代谢信号通路4个方面介绍脂质代谢异常在乳腺癌中的研究进展,为靶向脂质代谢治疗乳腺癌提供新思路和新方法。     

LXRs在脂质代谢中的作用

LXRs ,为liverX activatedreceptors的简称 ,是核受体超家族的成员 ,包括两种同源亚型LXRα(NR1H3)和LXRβ(NR1H2 )。LXRs被内源性配体氧化甾醇或人工合成配体激活后 ,先与RXRα(retinoidXreceptorα ,亦称NR2B1)形成异二聚体 ,再与其靶基因的LXR调控元件结合 ,通过转录调节调控胆固醇的代谢、储存、吸收和转运 ,从而维持甾醇和脂肪酸代谢平衡。此外 ,LXRs也参与糖代谢调节 ,活化的LXRs可通过抑制肝脏糖异生而改变II型糖尿病动物的血糖水平。因此 ,LXRs有望成为治疗动脉粥样硬化和II型糖尿病的新靶点     

PPARδ在脂质代谢中的作用

PPARδ（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ）是过氧化物酶体增殖物激活型受体家族中的一员,广泛表达于多种器官和组织,主要控制脂肪组织和肌肉中脂肪酸氧化和能量解耦联,抑制巨噬细胞诱导的炎症,并参与许多疾病的发生和发展。近年来随着PPARδ选择性激动剂的发展,PPARδ有望成为治疗多种疾病的一个靶点。     

PPARδ在脂质代谢中的作用

PPARδ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 6)是过氧化物酶体增殖物激活型受体家族中的一员.广泛表达于多种器官和组织,主要控制脂肪组织和肌肉中脂肪酸氧化和能量解耦联,抑制巨噬细胞诱导的炎症,并参与许多疾病的发生和发展.近年来随着PPARδ选择性激动剂的发展,PPARδ有望成为治疗多种疾病的一个靶点.     

神经细胞凋亡调节转化酶-1在LDL胆固醇代谢中的作用

人类枯草溶菌素转化酶9（PCSK9）编码神经细胞凋亡调节转化酶-1,是一个属于丝氨酸蛋白酶K亚类的独特前蛋白转化酶。它能切割非碱性氨基酸,其底物特异性不同于许多其它前蛋白转化酶。它的唯一已知底物为前体NARC-1。PCSK9基因有多种序列变异,如错义突变S127R和F216L可引起常染色体显性高胆固醇血症;无义突变Y142X、C679X及错义变异R46L均可降低LDL胆固醇和冠心病发病率。通过研究这些变异和野生型PCSK9,发现PCSK9参与肝再生和神经分化,调节胆固醇代谢、含apoB脂蛋白代谢,并在动脉粥样硬化、冠心病等心血管疾病的发生发展和防治中发挥重要作用。     

miR-106b在阿尔茨海默病中的作用机制

目的 探讨miR-106b在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)发病中的作用.方法 取3月龄和6月龄APPswe/PSΔE9小鼠脑组织,进行microRNA芯片的检测;利用real-time PCR检测3、6、9月龄APPswe/PSΔE9小鼠脑组织中miR-106b的表达,对芯片检测结果进行验证;通过构建miR-106b稳定转染细胞系和miR-106b knockdown研究miR-106b与TGFBR2表达之间的关系; 构建TGFBR2 3'UTR-荧光素酶报告载体,验证miR-106b是否可以直接调控TGFBR2蛋白的表达;采用Western blot的方法检测APPswe/ΔPSΔE9小鼠和对照小鼠脑组织中TGFBR2蛋白的表达情况.结果 miR-106b在3月龄和6月龄AD模型小鼠脑组织中表达升高,在9月龄模型小鼠脑组织中表达降低;通过体外实验,我们发现miR-106b与TGFBR2蛋白的表达呈负相关;荧光素酶报告实验表明TGFBR2 3'UTR序列中包含miR-106b的结合位点;TGFBR2蛋白在3、6、9、12月龄AD模型小鼠脑组织中表达均降低.结论 miR-106b可能通过调控TGFBR2蛋白的表达影响TGF-β信号通路,从而参与AD的发病.     

ABCA1在动脉粥样硬化发生与发展中的作用

腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运体A1(ATP binding cassette transporter A1 ,ABCA1)是一种整合膜蛋白,它以ATP为能源,促进细胞内游离胆固醇和磷脂的流出,在胆固醇逆转运(RCT)和HDL生成的起始步骤中起重要作用,被称作RCT守门人。核受体PPARs、LXRs和FXR对ABCA1蛋白的表达具有调控作用。人体50种组织中存在有ABCA1 mRNA,在胰、肝、肺、肾上腺和胎儿组织中ABCAl表达水平最高,ABCAl功能障碍将导致巨噬细胞内大量的胆固醇沉积而成为泡沫细胞,继而漫润血管壁,促进As的发生发展。     

长链非编码RNA在脂质代谢中的作用

脂质代谢是人体三大代谢之一，在激素等信号分子的调控下，脂质代谢处于稳定平衡的状态。当稳态被打破，血液中甘油三酯（triglyceride，TG）、胆固醇等水平发生变化，最终引起动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis，AS）、肥胖等脂质代谢疾病。长链非编码RNA（long noncoding RNA，lncRNA）是一组不具备蛋白质编码能力，长度大于200个核苷酸的RNA，近来研究发现，lncRNA与机体代谢、炎症和免疫系统以及血管功能的调控密切相关。大量文献表明，lncRNA参与脂质代谢调控，因而有望成为一些脂质代谢疾病的潜在治疗靶点。     

LDL、oxLDL对THP-1巨噬细胞PCSK9、LDLR表达的影响研究

为研究低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、氧化修饰的低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL)对THP-1源性巨噬细胞中PCSK9、 LDLR表达的影响及两者之间的关系.分别用0mg/L、10mg/L、20mg/L、30mg/L的LDL和0mg/L、10mg/L、20mg/L、30mg/L的oxLDL处理THP-1巨噬细胞,油红O染色检测细胞荷脂情况,免疫荧光检测THP-1巨噬细胞上PCSK9蛋白表达及分布情况,RT-PCR、 Western blot检测THP-1巨噬细胞上PCSK9、 LDLR mRNA、蛋白质的表达.结果发现,不同浓度LDL处理THP-1巨噬细胞后,随着LDL浓度的增大,细胞内脂滴数目略有增多.免疫荧光染色发现,PCSK9在THP-1巨噬细胞上的表达随LDL浓度的增加而增多,胞浆内定位于某一特定细胞器中;RT-PCR、 Western blot检测发现,LDL可以呈浓度依赖性下调THP-1巨噬细胞中LDLR的表达和上调PCSK9的表达.不同浓度oxLDL处理THP-1巨噬细胞后,随oxLDL浓度的增大,脂滴颗粒明显增加;oxLDL处理对THP-1巨噬细胞上PCSK9、 LDLR mRNA、蛋白质的表达影响均不明显.研究结果表明:THP-1巨噬细胞上,同时有PCSK9和LDLR的表达,且PCSK9定位于胞浆中某一特定细胞器;oxLDL对THP-1巨噬细胞LDLR和PCSK9表达没有影响;LDL能够降低THP-1巨噬细胞表面LDLR的表达,同时上调PCSK9表达,初步说明在THP-1巨噬细胞中,两者有一定的相关性.     

综述:中性内肽酶在阿尔茨海默病发病机制中的作用

β-淀粉样蛋白(β amyloid,Aβ)在海马区的沉积是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)发病的典型表现,清除或降低Aβ含量是治疗AD的目标之一．较之Aβ生成的增多,体内降解Aβ能力的下降在AD发病过程中显得更为重要．尽管Aβ在体内可以通过运输到血液和脑脊液途径来清除,但大部分Aβ被中性内肽酶(neprilysin,NEP)为代表的一类蛋白酶降解为小分子后从体内清除．老年人、轻度认知障碍期(MCI)和AD患者的NEP活性显著下降,且NEP活性下降与脑内Aβ升高及AD患者认知功能损伤相关．NEP有可能成为AD治疗的潜在药物靶点,针对轻度认知障碍前期(pre-MCI)和MCI,提高NEP的活性,促进Aβ的降解,有可能延缓AD的发生和发展．     

The Important Role of Lipid Peroxidation Processes in Aging and Age Dependent Diseases

Any change in the cell membrane structure activates lipoxygenases (LOX). LOX transform polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to lipidhydroperoxide molecules (LOOHs). When cells are severely wounded, this physiological process switches to a non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) process producing LOO^· radicals. These oxidize nearly all-biological molecules such as lipids, sugars, and proteins. The LOO^· induced degradations proceed by transfer of the radicals from cell to cell like an infection. The chemical reactions induced by LO^· and LOO^· radicals seem to be responsible for aging and induction of age dependent diseases. Alternatively, LO^· and LOO^· radicals are generated by frying of fats and involve cholesterol-PUFA esters and thus induce atherogenesis. Plants and algae are exposed to LOO^· radicals generating radiation. In order to remove LOO^· radicals, plants and algae transform PUFAs to furan fatty acids, which are incorporated after consumption of vegetables into mammalian tissues where they act as excellent scavengers of LOO^· and LO^· radicals. Figure 6 of this article is reprinted from the paper of G. Spiteller: “Peroxyl radicals: Inductors of neurodegenerative and other inflammatory diseases. Their origin and how they transform cholesterol, phospholipids, plasmalogens, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars and proteins into deleterious products” published in Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41, 362–387 (2006) Elsevier, 2006 by permission from Elsevier.     

Synthesis of carbon-11-labeled 5-HT6R antagonists as new candidate PET radioligands for imaging of Alzheimer’s disease

Carbon-11-labeled serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 6 receptor (5-HT₆R) antagonists, 1-[(2-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-[¹¹C]methoxy-3-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1H-indole (O-[¹¹C]2a) and 1-[(2-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-methoxy-3-[(4-[¹¹C]methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1H-indole (N-[¹¹C]2a), 5-[¹¹C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (O-[¹¹C]2b) and 5-methoxy-3-((4-[¹¹C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (N-[¹¹C]2b), 1-((4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl)-5-[¹¹C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (O-[¹¹C]2c) and 1-((4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl)-5-methoxy-3-((4-[¹¹C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (N-[¹¹C]2c), 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-5-[¹¹C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (O-[¹¹C]2d) and 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-5-methoxy-3-((4-[¹¹C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (N-[¹¹C]2d), were prepared from their O- or N-desmethylated precursors with [¹¹C]CH₃OTf through O- or N-[¹¹C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 40–50% radiochemical yield, based on [¹¹C]CO₂ and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the molar activity (MA) at EOB was 370–740?GBq/μmol with a total synthesis time of ～40-min from EOB.     

PCSK9结构与功能

前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9（PCSK9）基因属于前蛋白转化酶（PC）家族,由信号肽、前结构域、催化结构域和羧基末端结构域组成.大量研究发现,PCSK9能介导低密度脂蛋白受体（LDLR）降解,调节血浆LDL胆固醇（LDL-C）水平;而PCSK9的两类主要突变,功能获得型、功能缺失型可分别导致高胆固醇血症和低胆固醇血症. 因而研究PCSK9对相关心血管疾病的防治有重要意义. PCSK9结构特性与其生化功能密切相关,突变致使其调节胆固醇代谢的机制更为复杂.本文旨在总结PCSK9结构与功能的分子生物学特性,并指出目前研究中存在的问题,以利对PCSK9的进一步探索.     

LDL Receptor and ApoE Are Involved in the Clearance of ApoM-associated Sphingosine 1-Phosphate

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a vasoactive lipid mediator that is speculated to be involved in various aspects of atherosclerosis. About 70% of circulating plasma S1P is carried on HDL, and several pleiotropic properties of HDL have been ascribed to S1P. In the previous study with human subjects, however, LDL cholesterol or apoB, but not HDL cholesterol or apoA-I, had a significant positive correlation with the plasma S1P level, suggesting that the metabolic pathway for LDL might have some roles in the metabolism of S1P. In this study, we analyzed the association between LDL receptor, an important protein in the clearance of LDL, and circulating S1P. We observed that in LDL receptor-overexpressing mice, the plasma S1P levels as well as apolipoprotein M (apoM), a carrier of S1P, were decreased and that exogenously administered C₁₇S1P bound to apoM-containing lipoproteins was cleared more rapidly. Unlike the situation in wild-type mice, LDL receptor overexpression in apoE-deficient mice did not reduce the plasma S1P or apoM levels, suggesting that apoE might be a ligand for the LDL receptor during the clearance of these factors. The present findings clarify the novel roles of the LDL receptor and apoE in the clearance of S1P, a multifunctional bioactive phospholipid.     

Concise and high-yield synthesis of T808 and T808P for radiosynthesis of [18F]-T808, a PET tau tracer for Alzheimer’s disease

The authentic standard T808 and its corresponding mesylate precursor T808P were synthesized in six steps using ethyl vinyl ether and trichlorocetyl chloride as starting materials. The overall chemical yields of T808 and T808P were 35% and 52%, respectively. [¹⁸F]-T808 was synthesized from T808P by the nucleophilic substitution with K[¹⁸F]F/Kryptofix 2.2.2 and isolated by HPLC combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification in 35–45% radiochemical yield with 37–370 GBq/μmol specific activity at end of bombardment (EOB).     

Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory Proteins, Gq and Gi1/2, Mediate Platelet-Activating Factor-Stimulated Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Immortalized Hippocampal Cells

Abstract: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) may be a neuromodulator involved in neural cell differentiation, cerebral inflammation, and ischemia. The PAF receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In the present study, we sought to define the specific G protein(s) that mediate PAF-stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism in an immortalized hippocampal cell line, HN33.11. PAF increased the production of ³H-labeled inositol phosphates (IPs) with EC₅₀ values of 1.2–1.5 n M . The effect of PAF on ³H-IPs formation was completely blocked by the PAF antagonist BN 50739 at a concentration of 300 n M . Pertussis toxin pretreatment attenuated PAF-stimulated ³H-IPs production by 20–30% ( p < 0.05). Consistent with a role for G_i1/2 in this response, antiserum against G_αi1/2 blocked the response to a similar degree. Pretreatment of permeabilized cells with G_αq/11 antiserum attenuated the response by 70% ( p < 0.05), suggesting a role for G_q/11 in mediating the PAF response in this cell line. Stimulation with PAF increased [α-³²P]-GTP binding to both G_αq and G_αi1/2 proteins. Moreover, specific [³H]PAF binding sites coprecipitated with G_αq and G_αi1/2 proteins. The results suggest that PAF-stimulated PI metabolism in HN33.11 cells is mediated by both G_q and G_i1/2 proteins.     

Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Aluminum on the Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Central Nervous System and Erythrocytes

Aluminum (Al), a neurotoxic agent, has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is characterized by cholinergic dysfunction in the central nervous system. In this study, we evaluated the effect of long-term exposure to aluminum on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the central nervous system in different brain regions, in synaptosomes of the cerebral cortex and in erythrocytes. The animals were loaded by gavage with AlCl₃ 50 mg/kg/day, 5 days per week, totalizing 60 administrations. Rats were divided into four groups: (1) control (C); (2) 50 mg/kg of citrate solution (Ci); (3) 50 mg/kg of Al plus citrate (Al + Ci), and (4) 50 mg/kg of Al (Al). AChE activity in striatum was increased by 15% for Ci, 19% for Al + Ci and 30% for Al, when compared to control (P < 0.05). The activity in hypothalamus increased 23% for Ci, 26% for Al + Ci and 28% for Al, when compared to control (P < 0.05). AChE activity in cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex was decreased by 11%, 23% and 21% respectively, for Al, when compared to the respective controls (P < 0.05). AChE activity in synaptosomes was increased by 14% for Al, when compared to control (P < 0.05). Erythrocyte AChE activity was increased by 17% for Al + Ci and 11% for Al, when compared to control (P < 0.05). These results indicate that Al affects at the same way AChE activity in the central nervous system and erythrocyte. AChE activity in erythrocytes may be considered a marker of easy access of the central cholinergic status.