抗卵清蛋白单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的制备

为制备分泌抗卵清蛋白的杂交瘤细胞,以高纯度的卵清蛋白抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾脏细胞和Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,获得杂交瘤细胞,用ELISA间接法检测上清液中的抗卵清蛋白抗体效价,经3次单克隆化筛选,获得5株分泌抗卵清蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。     

猪细小病毒VP2蛋白的主要抗原表位基因的原核表达及检测应用

将构建好的重组质粒PET-VP2Ⅰ转化宿主菌BL21,利用IPTG(1mmol/L)诱导实现了PET-VP2Ⅰ蛋白主要抗原域VP2Ⅰ融合蛋白的高效表达。通过Western-blot检测证明表达的重组蛋白具有良好的免疫学活性。表达产物经HisBind层析柱纯化后作为诊断抗原初步建立了检测PPV抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果表明:抗原的最佳包被浓度为3.5μg/mL,血清的最佳稀释度为1∶40,待检血清阳性标准初步定为OD490>0.51,且待检血清的OD490值与阴性血清的OD490值的比值大于2.1。     

猪细小病毒VP2蛋白的主要抗原表位基因的原核表达及检测应用

将构建好的重组质粒PET-VP2Ⅰ转化宿主菌BL21,利用IPTG(1mmol/L)诱导实现了PET-VP2 Ⅰ蛋白主要抗原域VP2 Ⅰ融合蛋白的高效表达.通过Western-blot检测证明表达的重组蛋白具有良好的免疫学活性.表达产物经HisBind层析柱纯化后作为诊断抗原初步建立了检测PPV抗体的间接ELISA方法.结果表明抗原的最佳包被浓度为3.5μg/mL,血清的最佳稀释度为140,待检血清阳性标准初步定为OD490＞0.51,且待检血清的OD490值与阴性血清的OD490值的比值大于2.1.     

糖蛋白PAGE分离后的糖基显色法

鸡卵清蛋白通过SDS-PAGE分离后,用过碘酸-希夫(PAS)显色法可以使卵清蛋白显红色,而用糖苷酶去除卵清蛋白的糖基可以去除相应的红色。考马斯亮兰染色结果显示,去糖基后的卵清蛋白分子量略有减小。可见,PAS可方便地使糖蛋白呈现红色。     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒E蛋白主要抗原域的原核表达与间接ELISA检测方法的初步建立

重组质粒pET-E转化宿主菌BL21,经1.0mmol/LIPTG诱导,外源基因以包含体的形式获得高效表达.通过Western blotting检测证明表达产物具有良好的抗原性.以纯化后表达产物作为诊断抗原包被酶标板建立了检测JEV抗体的间接ELISA方法.结果表明,抗原的最佳稀释度为12000,血清的最佳稀释度为1200,待检血清阳性标准初步定为OD490nm＞1.2,且待检血清与阴性血清的OD490m比值大于2.     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒E蛋白主要抗原域的原核表达与间接ELISA检测方法的初步建立

重组质粒pET-E转化宿主菌BL21,经1.0mmol/LIPTG诱导,外源基因以包含体的形式获得高效表达。通过Westernblotting检测证明表达产物具有良好的抗原性。以纯化后表达产物作为诊断抗原包被酶标板建立了检测JEV抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果表明,抗原的最佳稀释度为1:2000,血清的最佳稀释度为1:200,待检血清阳性标准初步定为:OD490nm>1.2,且待检血清与阴性血清的OD490nm比值大于2。     

绿僵菌属血清学的初步研究

本文采用凝集试验和免疫电泳的方法对不同来源的七株绿僵菌属真菌进行了免疫学对比研究。抗原是孢子悬液和菌丝体清液,通过对角兔接种抗原而获得抗血清。每一种抗原与其同源抗血清和异源抗血清进行交叉试验,并对凝集试验的结果以及免疫电泳反应产生的沉淀弧数目和免疫电泳图谱加以对比分析,试验结果表明：不同菌株间存在明显的抗原类似性,同时各菌株间也表现出一定的抗原专一性。根据试验数据对供试菌株进行血清学分型的结果与形     

猪细小病毒NS1抗原表位的真核表达及ELISA方法的建立

以猪细小病毒NS1抗原表位的真核表达及ELISA建立为目的,以猪细小病毒基因组DNA为模板,扩增获得PPVNS1主要抗原表位基因,将其插入到真核表达载体pPICZα-A中,获得重组质粒pPICZα-A-NS1。电转化后将重组毕赤酵母菌株诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测证实重组蛋白获得了高效表达,Western blot实验表明表达产物具有良好的反应原性。将纯化后的重组蛋白包被酶标板,经棋盘法优化,初步建立了检测猪细小病毒特异性抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果表明,抗原最佳包被浓度为1.9μg/mL,血清最佳稀释度为1∶80,阳性判断标准定为OD待检血清>0.4且OD待检血清/OD标准阴性值>2.0。用该方法对猪血清样品进行检测,结果显示本方法与HI试验的符合率达91.2%,与国外同类试剂盒的符合率为92.1%,该间接ELISA方法特异性强、敏感性高,可用于猪细小病毒病感染抗体的检测。     

马动脉炎病毒GL蛋白主要抗原域的表达及间接ELISA的初步建立

在分析马动脉炎病毒GL蛋白抗原性的基础上,设计一对引物克隆GL蛋白一段抗原性较好的抗原域编码基因。将克隆的基因插入pET-32a的BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ之间构建了GL蛋白主要抗原域原核表达载体pET-GL1。将pET-GL1质粒转化BL(21)宿主菌后,对培养和表达条件进行了优化,实现了EAV GL蛋白主要抗原域的高效表达。免疫印迹试验表明获得的表达产物具有良好的反应原性。应用His.Bind亲和层析柱纯化重组EAV-GL1蛋白,以纯化的重组GL1蛋白作为检测抗原,初步建立了检测马动脉炎病毒抗体的iGL1-ELISA。结果表明,抗原的最佳包被浓度为9.65μg/mL,血清的最佳稀释度为1∶80,阳性标准初步定为:待检血清OD490>0.4,且待检血清OD490/阴性血清OD490>2。应用iGL1-ELISA对马血清样品进行检测,结果表明iGL1-ELISA与病毒中和试验的符合率达到94.1%,与国外同类试剂盒的符合率达到95.6%。     

鸭瘟病毒gB蛋白N端主要抗原域的表达及间接ELISA检测

在分析鸭瘟病毒gB蛋白抗原性的基础上,设计一对引物克隆gB蛋白N端抗原性较好的抗原域编码基因.将克隆的基因定向插入pET-32a的EcoR Ⅰ和HindⅢ之间,构建了gB蛋白主要抗原域原核表达载体pET-gB1.将pET-gB1质粒转化BL(21)宿主菌后,对培养和表达条件进行了优化,实现了DPV gB蛋白主要抗原域的高效表达.免疫印迹试验表明获得的表达产物具有良好的反应原性.应用His·Bind亲和层析柱纯化重组DPV gB蛋白,以纯化的重组gB1蛋白作为检测抗原,初步建立了检测鸭瘟病毒抗体的igB1-ELISA.结果表明,抗原的最佳包被浓度为6.5μg/mL,血清的最佳稀释度为1∶80,阳性标准初步定为:待检血清OD490＞0.4,且待检血清OD490/阴性血清OD490＞2.应用igB1-ELISA对鸭血清样品进行检测,结果表明igB1-ELISA与全病毒包被的iDPV-ELISA符合率达到95.6%.     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor