微弱发光分析技术应用实例(七)——流动注射法微弱化学发光分析痕量药物的研究

微弱发光分析技术在药物分析中具有广泛的应用前景.以Ce⁴⁺-安乃近-罗丹明6G的化学发光反应以及安乃近在胶束中的自氧化化学发光反应为例,介绍了BPCL微弱发光测量仪与流动注射装置相结合测定痕量药物的微弱化学发光分析方法.     

尿酸酶－鲁米诺化学发光传感器

研制了依赖于鲁米诺化学发光反应和固定化尿酸酶柱的测定血清尿酸的生物传感器。其测定血清样品响应时间47s。测定每份样品需时1．5min,样品体积17μl。工作曲线的线性范围1~20mg／dl。批内不精密度3．22％～4.36％,批间6.18%～7．8%。测定值回收率为93％～109％。与医院常规酶试剂盘方法比较相关系数r=0.9909。固定化尿酸酶柱室温使用,4℃冰箱保存,连续使用5个半月测定样品2000次以上,仍保持原酶柱活力的94%。     

化学发光法检测体外HBV复制

目的:建立化学发光法检测体外HBV复制水平的方法,研究其灵敏度和稳定性.方法:用HBV DNA重组质粒pCH9转染到人肝癌细胞株HepG2和Huh7中,5d后收集细胞并抽提其HBV复制中问体DNA,转印后以地高辛标记HBV DNA为探针进行杂交,用化学发光法检测杂交结果,同时进行探针灵敏度的检测.结果:转染后HepG2和Huh7细胞提取HBV DNA中检测出较强的复制中间体的信号,分别为松散环状DNA(rcDNA),双链线性DNA(dslDNA),单链DNA(ssDNA),探针检测的灵敏度可达到lpg,接近同位素法检测的灵敏度.整个实验重复3次获得同样结果.结论:成功建立了稳定的化学发光法检测体外HBV复制水平的方法.     

中国薯蓣属植物中的甾体皂苷及甾体皂苷元

中国薯蓣属(Dioscorea L.)植物含有约21种甾体皂苷元,其中大部分种类含有3β-羟基皂苷元,少数种类含有3α-羟基皂苷元。从薯蓣属13种植物中共分离出59个甾体皂苷成分,按化学结构可将这些甾体皂苷分为4种类型。约有17种薯蓣属植物含有甾体皂苷元(主要为薯蓣皂苷元),均为根茎组(Sect.Stenophora)种类。在查阅大量资料的基础上,对各种类所含的甾体皂苷元和甾体皂苷成分及各成分的化学结构进行了归纳和综述。     

药源植物盾叶薯蓣甾体皂苷及皂苷元的研究进展

盾叶薯蓣是重要的甾体激素类药源植物,其根茎中薯蓣皂苷元含量居薯蓣属植物之冠,为我国的特有种。为了寻找高含量的资源、筛选新的生理活性成分,多年来我国学者做了大量的研究工作。主要概括了盾叶薯蓣的资源分布、薯蓣皂苷元的提取工艺、化学成分、药理、含量测定等方面的研究。     

蒺藜总皂苷灌胃大鼠体内海柯皂苷元的代谢与分布

采用HPLC-UV和LC-MS方法相结合测定分析了海柯皂苷元在蒺藜总皂苷灌胃Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠体内不同器官组织分布动态变化。结果表明在大鼠胃肠中蒺藜总皂苷中有部分海柯皂苷水解为海柯皂苷元;在从6到32 h灌胃蒺藜总皂苷的大鼠肝脏中可检测到海柯皂苷元的存在,证明有一定量海柯皂苷元从大鼠胃肠道吸收进入体内;对于海柯皂苷元检测,API-MS检测方法较UV方法有更高的灵敏度,且有好的专属性。     

生物技术在薯蓣皂苷及其苷元生物合成中的应用

薯蓣皂苷及其苷元来源于药用植物盾叶薯蓣块茎,是合成甾体激素类药物的重要原料.由于野生盾叶薯蓣资源日渐枯竭及薯蓣皂苷及其苷元制备生产中的严重污染等问题,使其开发和生产面临严重的挑战.本文探讨了薯蓣皂苷及其苷元生产研究进展及存在的问题,概述了薯蓣皂苷及其苷元的代谢途径研究进展,展望了生物技术在薯蓣皂苷及其苷元生物合成中的应用前景.     

谷氨酶传感器及在流动注射分析中的应用

利用谷氨酸氧化酶共价偶联于硅烷化铂化铂丝表面。构建一种简单的微酶电极,该电极具有良好的操作性能,应用于流动注射分析系统,可用来测量谷氨酸含量,测量范围０－２．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,精度、响应时间小于６０秒,使用寿命大于２０天,实际测量发酵液中谷氨酸含量,回收率为９８．７％－１０７．５％。     

高效转化黄姜皂苷为薯蓣皂苷元菌株的筛选及转化条件优化

薯蓣皂苷元是甾体激素类药物重要的生产原料,在制药工业中有广泛应用。传统的生产方法是黄姜酸解法,污染严重。为寻找更清洁高效的生产方式,从本实验室保藏的菌株中筛选出一株赤霉菌Gibberellaintermedia WX12(层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum的有性阶段),能将黄姜中的皂苷转化为薯蓣皂苷元。采用统计学实验设计方法对其转化培养基进行研究,优化的转化培养基配方为(g/L):葡萄糖20.6;酵母膏5.0;氯化钠1;磷酸二氢钾3;硫酸锌1.5;黄姜酶解物3。采用以上优化参数,薯蓣皂苷元的得率提高到(31±0.3)mg/g干黄姜,较优化前提高了3倍。这是目前关于赤霉菌转化黄姜中皂苷的首次报道。     

Sensitive determination of synephrine by flow-injection chemiluminescence.

It was found that light emission produced by the oxidation of luminol by potassium ferricyanide in basic medium was enhanced by synephrine, an anti-obesity drug. The optimum conditions for this chemiluminescent reaction were studied in detail in a flow injection system and employed in a new, simple and rapid method for the determination of synephrine. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed, based on the chemiluminescence reaction spectra. In the optimum conditions, CL intensity is proportional to concentration of synephrine in the 0.008-1 microg/mL range. The limit of detection is 1.6 ng/mL for synephrine (3sigma), and the relative standard deviation (n = 11) is 2.6% for 0.5 microg/mL synephrine. The method was applied to the determination of synephrine in herbal products, citrus fruit and biological fluids. The recoveries were satisfactory (90-102%). The results given by the proposed method are in good agreement with those given by HPLC-UV.     

Determination of tsumacide residues in vegetable samples using a flow-injection chemiluminescence method.

A sensitive, simple and rapid flow-injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method is described to determine tsumacide pesticide residue based on the CL reaction of the alkaline degradation product of tsumacide with acidic KMnO(4) when rhodamine 6G was present. Under the optimum conditions, the relative CL intensity is linear with the concentration of tsumacide in the range of 2.0 x 10(-3)-0.20 mg/L. The detection limit is 6.6 x 10(-4) mg/L (3sigma) and the relative standard deviation for 2.0 x 10(-2) mg/L tsumacide solution was 2.28% (intra-day) and 4.85% (inter-day). The proposed method has been applied to determine the residue of tsumacide in vegetable samples and the recovery test is very satisfactory.     

Determination of phenformin hydrochloride using molecular imprinting technology coupled with flow-injection chemiluminescence

A novel method was developed using molecular imprinting technology (MIT) coupled with flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) for highly sensitive detection of phenformin hydrochloride (PH). The phenformin imprinted polymer was synthesized with methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross‐linker. Newly synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles were packed into a column as a selective recognition element for determination of PH. A CL method for the determination of PH was developed based on the CL reaction of PH with N‐bromosuccinimide sensitized by eosin Y in basic media. The optimization of detection conditions was investigated. The CL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of PH in the range 0.09–2.0 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9920. The detection limit was 0.031 µg/mL. The relative standard deviation for the determination of 1.0 µg/mL PH solution was 1.0% (n = 11). The method was applied to the determination of PH in urine samples, with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An investigation on the catalytic mechanism of enhanced chemiluminescence: Immunochemical applications of this reaction

The mechanism of peroxidase-catalysed oxidation of luminol by H₂O₂ was studied. The stopped-flow technique was used to measure the rate constants for the reactions between the oxidized forms of peroxidase with luminol and the following substrates: p-iodophenol, p-bromophenol, p-clorophenol, o-iodophenol, m-iodophenol, luciferin, and 2-iodo-6-hydroxybenzothiazole. The correlation between kinetic parameters and the degree of enhancement was established. The effect of charged synthetic polymers and specific antibodies on the peroxidase activity in the enhanced chemiluminescent reaction. Novel homogenous methods of luminescent immunoassay (LIA) for (1) antibodies to insulin, (2) insulin and (3) antibodies to trinitrophenyl group are proposed on the basis of regulatory facilities of the enhanced chemiluminescent reaction. Based on the enhanced chemiluminescent reaction a peroxidase flow-injection assay was developed and successfuly tested in the flow-injection enzyme immunoassays for human IgG and for thyroxin (T4). The immunoassay proposed has a detection limit of 10^?9M for IgG and 10^?11M for T4, the overall time of the assay being 5–15 min.     

A new sensitive flow-injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of H(2)-receptor antagonists.

Based on the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity generated from the potassium ferricyanide [K(3)Fe(CN)(6)]-rhodamine 6G system in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) medium, a new sensitive flow-injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method has been developed, validated and applied for the determination of three kinds of H(2)-receptor antagonists: cimetidine (CIMT), ranitidine (RANT) hydrochloride and famotidine (FAMT). Under the optimum conditions, the linear range for the determination was 1.0 x 10(-9)-7.0 x 10(-5) g/ml for CIMT, 1.0 x 10(-9)-5.0 x 10(-5) g/mL for RANT hydrochloride and 5.0 x 10(-9)-7.0 x 10(-5) g/mL for FAMT. During 11 repeated measurements of 1.0 x 10(-6) g/mL sample solutions, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were all <5%. The detection limit was 8.56 x 10(-10) g/mL for CIMT, 8.69 x 10(-10) g/mL for RANT hydrochloride and 2.35 x 10(-9) g/mL for FAMT (S:N = 3). This method has been successfully implemented for the analysis of H(2)-receptor antagonists in pharmaceuticals.     

Determination of procaine hydrochloride using flow injection inhibitory chemiluminescence

A new flow injection chemiluminescent method has been developed for the determination of procaine hydrochloride, based on the inhibition of the chemiluminescence reaction of luminol–hydrogen peroxide by procaine hydrochloride. The influence of several surfactants and β‐cyclodextrin on the chemiluminescence intensity were studied. It was found that β‐cyclodextrin enhanced the decrease in chemiluminescence intensity. The method is simple, convenient and sensitive, with a detection limit (3 σ) of 0.08 µg/mL. The decreased chemiluminescence intensity is linear, with the concentration of procaine hydrochloride in the range 0.2–100.0 µg/mL and 100.0–400.0 µg/mL. The relative standard deviation for 10 repeated measurements were 4.5% and 3.4% for 1.0 and 20.0 µg/mL procaine hydrochloride, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of procaine hydrochloride in injection solutions of this drug. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of cardamonin using a chemiluminescent flow-injection method

A sensitive and selective flow injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of cardamonin over the range 1.0 x 10(-8) to 8.0 x 10(-6) g/mL is described. The method is based on the enhancement by cardamonin of the chemiluminescence of the reaction between cerium (IV) and rhodamine 6G in sulphuric acid medium. The optimised flow injection procedure yielded a detection limit for cardamonin of 8.8 x 10(-9) g/mL, whilst the relative standard deviations of intraday and inter-day precision were below 2.5%. The method has the advantages of high sensitivity and a wide linear range. It was successfully applied to the determination of cardamonin in Alpinia katsumadai Hayata. The mechanism of the chemiluminescence reaction is proposed.     

Sensitive flow-injection method with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of choline-containing phospholipids in human serum

A sensitive and rapid flow-injection analysis (FIA) of total choline-containing phospholipids (PLs) and a selective FIA method for the class assay of choline-containing PLs combined with preparative HPLC were described. The FIA method is based on peroxyoxaxalate chemiluminescence (PO-CL) detection of hydrogen peroxide enzymatically formed from choline-containing PL. The linear standard curves were obtained up to 1 nmol/20-μl injection (r>0.999) with the detection limits of 1.3–1.6 pmol at a signal-to-noise ratio of 2. The total amounts of choline-containing PLs in human serum were ranged from 1.63 to 3.19 mg/ml. The HPLC separation of choline-containing PLs was achieved with an aminopropyl-modified silica gel column using a mixture of acetonitrile-methanol-10 mM ammonium phosphate buffer pH 5.8 as eluent. The eluate corresponding to each choline-containing PL was collected, evaporated, dissolved in 0.1% Triton X-100 aqueous solution, and then injected into FIA system. The FIA method combined with preparative HPLC was applied to the assay of human serum.     

Determination of estradiol valerate in pharmaceutical preparations and human serum by flow injection chemiluminescence

A novel method for the detection of trace estradiol valerate (EV) in pharmaceutical preparations and human serum was developed by inhibition of luminol chemiluminescence (CL) by estradiol valerate on the zinc deuteroporphyrin (ZnDP)‐enhanced luminol‐K₃Fe(CN)₆ chemiluminescence system. Under optimized experimental conditions, CL intensity and concentration of estradiol valerate had a good linear relationship in the ranges of 8.0 × 10^‐8 to 1.0 × 10^‐5 g/mL. Detection limit (3σ) was estimated to be 3.5 × 10^‐8 g/mL. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of estradiol valerate in pharmaceutical preparations and human serum and recoveries were 97.0‐105.0% and 95.5‐106.0%, respectively. The possible mechanism of the CL system is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detection of the freshness of rice by chemiluminescence

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are usually produced in rice under aerobic environmental conditions, resulting in peroxidative changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and affecting the deterioration of rice during storage. In addition, as an important enzyme that participates in removing ROS, peroxidase is also present in rice, and takes part in protecting rice from attack by ROS. Moreover, loss of peroxidase activity may give rise to rice deterioration during storage. Therefore, measuring peroxidase activity makes it possible to ascertain the freshness of rice. In addition, peroxidase can also catalyze the luminol–hydrogen peroxide system. Based on this, in this work we established a new chemiluminescence (CL) method that was used to detect the freshness of stored rice. Under optimal experimental conditions, we showed that the freshness of rice can be measured using this CL method. This study is the first to detect the freshness of rice using a CL method, opening up a novel direction for the application of CL.