吉林省白城、松原地区部分湖泡藻类植物的初步研究

2008年6～7月间对吉林省白城及松原地区4个大型湖泡中的藻类植物进行了调查,共鉴定藻类植物86个分类单位,包括76种10变种,分别隶属于5门7纲12目20科37属,初步分析了白城及松原地区4个大型湖泡中藻类植物群落的种类组成及生态类型,在该区域出现的大部分藻类属于普生种类,同时出现了一些碱水种类,此外还有少量的污染指示种出现。根据种类组成及分布初步推断,夏季白城、松原地区部分湖泡的藻类植物群落组成主要为硅藻—绿藻类型。     

西藏工布自然保护区藻类植物区系及分布特点

基于对西藏工布自然保护区藻类植物的调查采集,共鉴定出189种(含变种),隶属5门,28科,50属。其中以硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)种类最多,有9科,18属,109种;绿藻门(Chlorophyta)为亚优势门类,有9科,20属,50种;蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)次之,为8科,10属,28种;红藻门(Rhodophyta)和金藻门(Chrysophyta)最少,各为1科,1属,1种。主要群落类型有7种,即颤藻群落、胶须藻群落、念珠藻群落、水树藻群落、桥弯藻群落、丝藻群落和双星藻-转板藻-水绵群落。指示藻类分析显示,目前该地区水体状况良好,基本未受到严重污染,大部分水体为β-中污带,其余部分为寡污带。该地区藻类植物的分布特点表现为高原冷水山溪急流种类典型、高山源头性种类明显但耐污种类较少。对该地区水体和藻类植物多样性保护提出了建议。     

湖北省裸藻门植物的新种类

湖北省地处长江中游,气候温暖,雨量充沛,湖沼众多,沟塘密布,适宜裸藻类植物繁殖生长。作者自1974年起即从事本省裸藻类植物的标本采集和研究,已经鉴定的有200多种。在本文中,仅对其中的15个新种、3个新变种和1个新变型作一报道。在这些新发现的种类中,计有裸藻属(Euglena)3种,鳞孔藻属(Lepocinclis)2变种,扁裸藻属(Phacus)1种及1变型,囊裸藻属(Trachelomonas)1种及1变种,陀螺藻属(Strombomonas)1种,卡克藻属(Khawkinea)2种,变胞藻属(Astasia)2种,辦胞藻属(Petalomonas)1种,异丝藻属(Heteronema)3种和袋鞭藻属(Peranema)1种。这些种类的模式标本均保存在中国科学院水生生物研究所藻类标本室。       

山西省辛安泉泉域大型藻类的研究

1995~2003年间,对山西省辛安泉域的藻类植物进行了4次采集,共采得藻类植物标本71号,已鉴定出的大型藻类植物36种,隶属6门, 11科, 18属。其中,以绿藻门的种类最多,有4科8属19种;其次是蓝藻门,有2科5属11种;再次为黄藻门,有2科2属3种;排在最后的是红藻门,硅藻门和轮藻门,分别仅有1科1属1种。群落主要包括4类,即刚毛藻群落(Cladophora community),无隔藻群落(Vaucheria community),水绵-双星藻群落(Spirogyra-Zygnema community)和轮藻群落(Chara community)。     

河南昆虫、蜘蛛、蜱螨地理分布的多元相似性聚类分析

河南省的昆虫、蜘蛛、蜱螨种类共8637种,隶属32目551科3967属。使用多元相似性聚类分析法(MSCA)对全省11个生态区域间的关系进行分析,总相似性系数0.184,表明分布很不均匀,在0.3的相似性水平上,全省分为4个地理分布区:平原盆地区、西北山地丘陵区、伏牛山区和桐柏大别山区。分析了分类阶元、区系成分、不同类群、种类规模、分布地规模对相似性聚类关系的影响,结果显示,属级水平和种级一样,能够揭示省级地理区域内的相似性聚类关系,科级水平将适合更大的地理区域;生物类群是对相似性聚类结构影响最大的参量,保证多类群的参与,是揭示整体规律的关键;在多类群参与的前提下,种类和分布地不是敏感的因素,合适的种类抽样同样能得到满意的结果,分布地的少量增减,也只会引起相似性系数的轻微变动。     

北京湿地维管植物区系研究

记录了分布于北京地区的典型湿地维管植物266种7变种1变型,共274个分类群,隶属于58科144属。从种一级的水平对这274个分类群进行分析,可分为14个分布区类型,其中温带性质的种187种,为整个区系成分的主体,另有世界广布种45种,热带性质的种30种,中国特有种12种。就北京湿地维管植物区系特征而言,其种类组成与华北其他地区湿地存在着相似性,温带成分占优势地位,并存在一些古老孑遗种类及特有种。此外,还对区系成分中的受危种和外来种进行了讨论。     

中国云南部分小兽体表吸虱昆虫群落相似性及群落分类研究(英文)

应用系统聚类分析方法对云南省境内24种主要小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表吸虱昆虫群落相似性及群落分类进行了研究。研究中将每一种小兽体表的所有吸虱昆虫定义为一个相应的吸虱群落单位。结果表明,小兽体表吸虱群落结构简单,物种多样性很低。多数小兽有固定的吸虱种类寄生,其吸虱的宿主特异性高。在动物分类上隶属同一个属的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中大多被归为一类。在动物分类上近缘的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似,优势虱种相同或相似,此情形尤其表现在鼠属、白腹鼠属、姬鼠属和绒鼠属。吸虱群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类地位上的近缘性高低呈现高度一致。从生态学角度来看,吸虱昆虫与其所寄生的小兽宿主动物之间存在密切的协同进化关系。     

娘子关泉域藻类植物的初步研究

1984～2000年间,对娘子关泉域的藻类植物进行了15次采集,共采得藻类植物标本200余号。经鉴定,有107种,隶属7门,32科,49属。其中,以绿藻门的种类最多,有13科,19属,45种。其次是裸藻门,有2科,7属,26种。排在最后的是轮藻门,有1科,1属,3种。群落主要包括8类,即刚毛藻-红毛菜群落(Cladophora Bangia community),刚毛藻群落(Cladophora community),拖拉藻-轮藻群落(Chara Thorea community),弯枝藻-拖拉藻群落(Composopogon-Thorea community),水绵-双星藻群落(Spirogyra Zygnema community),无隔藻群落(Vaucheria community),串珠藻群落(Batrachospermum community)和泡状饶氏藻群落(Jaoa community)。其中,有的群落类型已趋于消失或消失,许多种类已成为濒危物种,其原因主要是人为因素造成藻类植物生存环境的改变或破坏。本文也提出了相应的保护对策。     

汾河源头周丛藻类植物群落结构特征

基于对汾河源头流域周丛藻类植物群落进行的生态调查,共鉴定出周丛藻类植物24属47种,分别隶属于蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、红藻(Rhodophyta)、黄藻(Xanthophyta)、硅藻(Bacillariophyta)和绿藻(Chlorophyta)5个门。汾河源头流域的周丛藻类群落主要有5类,即颤藻群落(Oscillatoria community)、刚毛藻群落(Cladophora community)、无隔藻群落(Vaucheria community)、水绵-双星藻群落(Spirogyra-Zygnema community)和串珠藻群落(Batrachospermum community)。文章还对该地区的周丛藻类群落的种类组成、结构特征等进行了研究,分析了该流域中不同海拔梯度的变化对周丛藻类群落种类数的影响。结果表明海拔对周丛藻类植物的生长影响不明显,周丛藻类植物种数与水流速度之间存在负相关性。通过对周丛藻类植物种类组成、群落结构特征的研究,为汾河源头流域的环境保护和生物资源保护提供基础资料。     

中国花楸属单叶类群叶脉序特征研究

中国花楸属单叶类群(24种)包含落萼组与冠萼组,亦有学者将其分为两个属(白花楸属和水榆属)或合并成为一个属(白花楸属).由于其花序和果实的高度相似性,长期以来分类地位具有争议,而叶脉序特征在花楸属单叶类群中的分类作用尚不明确.因此,该研究以国产花楸属落萼组的13个物种和冠萼组的7个物种作为研究对象,以清净法制作标本对叶...     

Distribution and conservation of mobile elements in the genus Drosophila

Essentially nothing is known of the origin, mode of transmission, and evolution of mobile elements within the genus Drosophila. To better understand the evolutionary history of these mobile elements, we examined the distribution and conservation of homologues to the P, I, gypsy, copia, and F elements in 34 Drosophila species from three subgenera. Probes specific for each element were prepared from D. melanogaster and hybridized to genomic DNA. Filters were washed under conditions of increasing stringency to estimate the similarity between D. melanogaster sequences and their homologues in other species. The I element homologues show the most limited distribution of all elements tested, being restricted to the melanogaster species group. The P elements are found in many members of the subgenus Sophophora but, with the notable exception of D. nasuta, are not found in the other two subgenera. Copia-, gypsy-, and F-element homologues are widespread in the genus, but their similarity to the D. melanogaster probe differs markedly between species. The distribution of copia and P elements and the conservation of the gypsy and P elements is inconsistent with a model that postulates a single ancient origin for each type of element followed by mating-dependent transmission. The data can be explained by horizontal transmission of mobile elements between reproductively isolated species.      

滇桂两省中越边境地区藓类物种多样性及区系研究

对2012~2015年间采集自滇、桂两省中越边境地区的2 600余份藓类植物标本进行物种鉴定和文献研究,分析了中越边境地区藓类植物的物种组成和区系特点,并将中越边境地区与邻近地区和国家的藓类植物进行物种丰富度、属种相似性和区系谱的比较及聚类分析。结果表明:(1)滇、桂两省中越边境地区共有藓类植物51科、155属、452种(含种下单位),其中卷边麻锦藓[Taxithelium kerianum(Broth.)Broth.]为中国新记录种。(2)中越边境地区的藓类植物共有优势科9科,优势属12属。(3)中越边境地区的藓类植物区系以热带亚洲成分所占比例最高,达31.19%,其次为东亚成分(25.46%)和北温带广布成分(13.76%)。(4)与中越边境地区的藓类植物属及种的相似性最高的分别是越南和中国贵州。(5)中越边境地区的藓类植物区系与贵州、广东、福建及台湾的亲缘关系较近。     

P elements in the saltans group of Drosophila: a new evaluation of their distribution and number of genomic insertion sites

Few are studies on P elements that have addressed the saltans group. These studies had shown that species from the cordata and elliptica subgroups were devoid of any discernible P homologous sequences, while species from the parasaltans, sturtevanti, and saltans subgroups all contain P element sequences. Our analyses showed the presence of one to 15 P element insertion sites in species of the saltans group, including Drosophila neocordata and Drosophila emarginata (cordata and elliptica subgroups, respectively). From these species, only those from the parasaltans, sturtevanti, and saltans subgroups harbor canonical P elements and, only those of the last two subgroups seem to harbor putative full-sized elements. Due to the low similarity of the sequences found in D. neocordata and D. emarginata to those earlier described, we suggest that these sequences might be rudimental P element derivatives that were present in the ancestral of the subgenus Sophophora.     

中国新疆柳叶藓科、青藓科和灰藓科植物区系研究

通过对新疆柳叶藓科(Amblystegiaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)和灰藓科(Hypnaceae)植物标本的野外采集和室内鉴定,报道了中国新疆地区柳叶藓科15属33种,青藓科12属51种,灰藓科11属30种,共计38属114种。其中,中国青藓科新记录种2种,新疆新记录4属37种。优势属10个,且以青藓属(Brachythecium BrushSchimp.)为代表的北温带成分为主;单种属19个,体现了新疆藓类植物区系的古老性和多样性。新疆3科藓类植物区系成分可划分为9种类型,其中北温带成分居主导地位,占中国新疆3科藓类植物总种数的52.08%,东亚成分次之,占25.01%,热带成分甚微。对中国新疆与中国内蒙古、中国西藏以及俄罗斯、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、巴基斯坦和印度7个邻近地区的区系比较发现,印度物种丰富度最高,俄罗斯和中国新疆次之;中国新疆与中国内蒙古、俄罗斯在物种组成上相似度最高。地理成分区系谱及聚类分析结果表明,中国新疆与中国内蒙古地区的植物区系关系最为接近,而且与俄罗斯密切相关。     

Environment, dispersal and patterns of species similarity

Aim The aim of this paper is to evaluate the combined effects of geographical distance and environmental distance on patterns of species similarity (similarity in species composition between sites), and to identify factors affecting the rate of decay in species similarity with each type of distance. Location Israel. Methods Data on species composition of land snails and land birds were recorded in 27 sites of 1 × 1 km scattered across a rainfall gradient in Israel. Matrices of similarity in species composition between all pairs of sites were computed and analysed with respect to corresponding matrices of geographical distance and rainfall distance (defined as the difference in mean annual rainfall between sites, and used as a measure of environmental distance). Mantel tests were applied to determine the correlation between species similarity and each type of distance. Factors affecting the decay in species similarity were investigated by comparing different subsets of the data using randomization tests. Results Both rainfall distance and geographical distance had negative effects on species similarity. The effect of rainfall distance was statistically significant even after controlling for differences in geographical distance, and vice versa. The per‐unit effect of rainfall distance on species similarity decreased with increasing geographical distance, indicating that the two types of distances interacted in determining the similarity in species composition. Snails showed a higher rate of decay in species similarity with geographical distance than birds, and large snails showed a higher rate of decay than small snails, which are better passive dispersers. The per‐unit effects of both rainfall distance and geographical distance on species similarity were higher in the desert region than in the Mediterranean region. Analyses focusing on a grain size of 10 × 10 m showed a lower similarity in species composition and a lower rate of decay in species similarity with rainfall distance than analyses carried out at a grain size of 1 × 1 km. Main conclusions Patterns of similarity in species composition are influenced by the combined effects of environmental variation, the position of the area along environmental gradients, the dispersal properties of the component species, and the scale (both spatial extent and grain size) at which the patterns are examined.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pearl</Emphasis>, a Novel Family of Putative Transposable Elements in Bivalve Mollusks

Abstract While genome sequencing projects have discovered numerous types of transposable elements in diverse eukaryotes, there are many taxa of ecological and evolutionary significance that have received little attention, such as the molluscan class Bivalvia. Examination of a 0.7-MB genomic sequence database from the cupped oyster Crassostrea virginica revealed the presence of a common interspersed element, CvA. CvA possesses subterminal inverted repeats, a tandemly repeated core element, a tetranucleotide microsatellite region, and the ability to form stable secondary structures. Three other less abundant repetitive elements with a similar structure but little sequence similarity were also found in C. virginica. Ana-1, a repetitive element with similar features, was discovered in the blood ark Anadara trapezia by probing a genomic library with a dimeric repeat element contained in intron 2 of a minor globin gene in that species. All of these elements are flanked by the dinucleotide AA, a putative target-site duplication. They exhibit structural similarity to the sea urchin Tsp family and Drosophila SGM insertion sequences; in addition, they possess regions of sequence similarity to satellite DNA from several bivalve species. We suggest that the Crassostrea repetitive elements and Ana-1 are members of a new MITE-like family of nonautonomous transposable elements, named pearl. Pearl is the first putative nonautonomous DNA transposon to be identified in the phylum Mollusca.     

广东惠东莲花山白盆珠兰科植物多样性分析

基于野外实地调查和文献记录,分析广东惠东莲花山白盆珠自然保护区的野生兰科植物物种多样性、属种地理分布特点及其种群结构。结果表明,白盆珠保护区野生兰科植物有40种,隶属于27属,包括地生兰26种、附生兰13种和腐生兰1种;以人为干扰较少的山林和溪谷沟边较为丰富。白盆珠保护区兰科植物属和种的地理成分均以热带亚洲分布成分为主,与邻近地区七目嶂保护区最为相似,两地的属种相似性系数分别达71.11%和61.11%。此外,调查中发现1个广东省兰科植物新记录种全唇盂兰Lecanorchis nigricans,及深圳拟兰Apostasia shenzhenica 1个新分布点。     

甘肃省荒漠种子植物区系

对甘肃省荒漠区种子植物进行了调查和区系分析。结果表明:该区有种子植物543种,隶属于228属,55科;为典型的温带荒漠植被,起源古老,与阿拉善地区植物区系关系密切;植物种类贫乏,区系优势现象十分明显;优势科10个,分别为藜科、豆科、禾本科、菊科、十字花科、蓼科、石竹科、毛莨科、蒺藜科和柽柳科;表征科6个,分别为麻黄科、柽柳科、胡颓子科、蒺藜科、藜科和蓼科;该区地理成分多样,有9个分布类型,其中,温带分布型占绝对优势,占总属数的33.76%;地中海、西亚至中亚分布及变型在区系组成中也占有重要地位,占总属的28.95%;中国特有成分较低,仅占全国特有属的1.56%。     

喜马拉雅山脉种子植物多样性特征及分布格局

喜马拉雅山脉是全球著名的生物多样性热点地区之一。该研究对以往收集的喜马拉雅山脉南、北坡植物物种名录及其分布数据进行整合,借助在线数据库对分布数据进行补充与修订,最后整理并汇总了喜马拉雅山脉位于中国、印度、尼泊尔、不丹4国境内的种子植物分布情况,并在此基础上对科属特征、物种组成相似性、区系成分以及海拔梯度上物种分布格局进行分析,为该区域的生物多样性研究以及保护提供数据支撑。结果表明：(1)喜马拉雅山脉共分布有种子植物11 875种,隶属223科2 086属,其中包含7 906种草本植物(66.6%),2 583种灌木(21.8%)和1 386种乔木(11.7%)。(2)研究区涵盖物种数量位于前20的科有菊科(Asteraceae)、兰科(Orchidaceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、豆科(Fabaceae)、杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)等科,共包含物种7 456种,约占喜马拉雅山脉植物种的62.8%;涵盖物种数量位于前20的属有杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)、报春花属(Primula)、马先蒿属(Pedicularis)、虎耳草属(Saxifraga)、薹草属(Carex)...