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1.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(3):285-288
Five adult and subadult sons of middle- and low-ranking female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were observed to hold high dominance rank in their natal groups during a 12-month study at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Three
of these males also experienced high mating success during at least one mating season. These findings contrast with all previously
published accounts of rank acquisition by natal male rhesus macaques in provisioned colonies, and they present a challenge
to the hypothesis that natal transfer functions to increase male access to fertile females. 相似文献
2.
A 15-year study of the association between dominance rank and reproductive success of male rhesus macaques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David Glenn Smith 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(4):471-480
The reproductive success (RS) of 32 males in a captive group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) between 1978 and 1992 was determined using paternity exclusion analysis. Dominance rank of each male over age 4 was assessed
at the end of each breeding season based on agonistic dyadic interactions. The dominance rank and RS of these males were strongly
correlated whether or not subadult males were included. The high reproductive success of males that eventually reached alpha
rank is primarily responsible for this outcome. These results support the theory that social dominance has evolved in genusMacaca by sexual selection but some changes in male dominance rank and RS during the 15-year period suggest that priority of access
is not the sole focus for such selection. 相似文献
3.
The relationship between male dominance rank and reproductive success has been a topic of interest since the beginning of
primatology. From a theoretical point of view the existence or absence of this relationship has great implications with respect
to the meaning of dominance rank and more general of the social relationships between individuals within social groups. Until
fairly recently mating behaviour has been used as an indicator of reproductive success, but these two variables need not be
correlated. The relations between mating success, reproductive success, and dominance rank indicate whether selective mating
is involved (different mating partners at different phases of fertility, for example through male contest or female choice).
With the development of genetic techniques to determine reproductive success directly, it has now become possible to investigate
these relations.
In our study on wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) we find a relatively strong correlation between rank and reproductive success which is attributable to selective mating
by the alpha male during fertile periods of the females. In most previous studies no such clear results have been obtained,
and we discuss the differences in outcome in relation to the study conditions, group sizes, and possible differences between
species in terms of reproductive strategies. 相似文献
4.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):417-433
Birth season adult heterosexual nonkin relationships of 50 free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two social groups at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were examined using focal follow (289 hr) and ad lib data. Eighty-eight
percent of subjects had at least one relationship characterized by particularly high frequencies of spatial proximity, grooming,
or both. These were designated “friendships.” Males intervened in aggressive interactions more frequently on behalf of Friends
than non-Friends. Female aggressive support of males was extremely rare. Higher-ranking males experienced more friendships
than lower-ranking males. High-ranking females had higher-ranking Friends than low-ranking females. Older females had higher-ranking
Friends than younger females. Females groomed high-ranking Friends more than they were groomed by them, whereas they groomed
low-ranking Friends less than they were groomed by them. In one social group, high-ranking females were more likely than low-ranking
females to groom their Friends more than they were groomed by them. Males were more responsible than females for spatial proximity
maintenance in 9 of 14 Friend dyads for which sufficient data were available. Neither male nor female dominance rank affected
responsibility for proximity maintenance in Friend dyads.
Eight of 24 females had friendships with males with whom they had completed copulations during their conception peri-ovulatory
period of the preceding mating season. Two of 19 females completed peri-ovulatory copulations with Friends during the following
mating season. Friendship was not correlated with either of two demonstrated female mate choice indicators: (1) proximity
maintenance during estrus; or (2) cooperation with male “hip-grasp” courtship attempts. Males directed “muzzle-up” courtship
signals at lower rates toward Friends than toward non-Friends.
These and other investigators' results indicate that (1) protection from aggression is the primary benefit to female rhesus
macaques of birth season heterosexual relationships; (2) the most effective protectors are in greatest demand as Friends;
and (3) friendship has no effect or an inhibitory effect on mate choice in this species. Benefits to males of friendships
were not apparent from this study but may include coalitional support against lower-ranking males. 相似文献
5.
John Berard 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(1):159-175
Considerable controversy exists on the nature of the relationship between male dominance rank and reproductive activity. The
nature of this relationship has important implications for understanding the manner in which males compete for access to limited
resources. Behavioral data on mating patterns were collected over a four-year period from one social group of rhesus macaques
on Cayo Santiago. Correlations between dominance rank and reproductive activity were not stable over a four-year period, but
changed yearly. Positive, significant correlations were present in the first two years of the study while non-significant
correlations were found in the second two years. The variation found in the correlations between rank and mating activity
could be accounted for by changes in the mating frequencies of different classes of males. The long-term resident males had
declines in ejaculation frequencies over the duration of the study. Males who immigrated into the group had yearly increases
in reproductive behavior over three consecutive years. Maturing natal males also increased their levels of reproductive activity
from year-to-year. Combining these mating patterns over time resulted in shifting the proportions of matings away from the
long-term residents and in favor of the new males. High-ranking males had an advantage in reproductive activity over the first
two years of the study, as measured by both the total number of ejaculations and the mean number of ejaculation per male.
New males, comprised of recent immigrants and maturing natal males, had a greater level of reproductive activity over the
last two years. These results suggest that the effect of rank on reproductive activity is variable and that males utilize
alternative tactics to attain access to limited resources. Simple one-factor models explaining the relationship between rank
and reproductive activity must be replaced with models explaining how alternate strategies affect male competition and reproductive
success in primates. 相似文献
6.
C A McMillan 《American journal of physical anthropology》1989,80(1):83-89
Some previous primate studies have found a positive correlation between male dominance and mating success when data from subadult males were included in the analyses. The information in this paper suggests that an unconscious bias may have been introduced when data on subadult males were included because of the lower dominance rank of these animals. Data from a study of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago showed that subadult males mated significantly less than adults. Because these monkeys are not fully mature, data on them should not be used in any test for correlation between adult male dominance and mating success. The only significant correlation found for adult male mating success was an inverse one with relation to age. Based on behavioral data young, fully adult males have the best chance of fathering offspring regardless of their dominance rank. 相似文献
7.
A comparison of the mating behavior of adolescent and adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study compares adult and adolescent female rhesus macaques with regard to (1) characteristics of their copulatory partners,
(2) their proceptive behaviors, and (3) adult male behaviors toward them during estrus. We conducted focal follows of 24 adolescent
and 65 adult free-ranging estrous female rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago during two mating seasons. Compared to adult females,
adolescents presented sexually to males at higher rates; copulated more frequently with rankless young male, and extra-group
males; and, in one of two mating seasons, were ignored more frequently by males to whom they presented sexually. Adolescents
tended to copulate with ranked, resident males at higher frequencies on days when the operational sex ratio (adult males:estrous
adult females) was high. Males directed “muzzle-up” signals to adolescents at lower rates than to adults in one of two mating
seasons, although this effect vanished when males who might have fathered adolescent females were excluded from analysis.
Adolescents did not differ consistently from adults in strength of the correlation between proximity maintenance (dyadic Hinde's
Index) and copulation rate, or in approach rate to males. Adolescent females, relative to adult females, presented sexually
more to rankless young males, but did not present more to ranked, resident males. Both proximate (e.g. endocrine) and ultimate
(e.g. differential fecundity; female-female mate competition) explanations may account for the reported differences between
adult and adolescent female rhesus macaque sexuality. 相似文献
8.
Male dominance rank and reproductive success in an enclosed group of Japanese macaques: with special reference to post-conception mating 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Miho Inoue Fusako Mitsunaga Masumi Nozaki Hideyuki Ohsawa Akiko Takenaka Yukimaru Sugiyama Keiko Shimizu Osamu Takenaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(4):503-511
The mating behaviour and reproductive success of male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) were studied in relation to the female sexual cycles, which were monitored from the plasma profiles of gonadotropins and
ovarian hormones. Based on observations of the mating behaviour during four successive mating seasons and paternity identification
by DNA fingerprinting in 35 out of 37 offspring born in the subsequent birth seasons, the correlations between (1) male dominance
rank and timing of mating, and (2) male dominance rank and reproductive success were examined. The results may be summarized
as follows. (1) The number of copulations with ejaculation by any male was positively correlated with the male dominance rank,
but not with the identified numbers of offspring fathered by each male. (2) Males could not choose ovulatory females as mating
partners: the number of copulations with ejaculation with females during ovulatory weeks was not related to the male's rank.
Monopolized copulations in consortship were mostly observed between high-ranking males and non-lactating parous females after
conception. (3) Paternity testing showed that the male copulating most frequently with a female was not the identified father
in 11 out of 15 cases. Prediction of the fathers of offspring was difficult even from the number of copulations occurring
at around the estimated time of ovulation. An adaptive explanation of these correlations is discussed. 相似文献
9.
10.
Shawn M. Lehman Linda L. Taylor Stephen Phillip Easley 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(1):115-128
We gathered data over a 3-year period (1988–1990) on two free-ranging, island populations of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)to test hypotheses concerning birth seasonal asynchrony and the relationship between climate and reproductive seasonality.
Rhesus macaques from Kashmir, India, were translocated to Key Lois in 1973 and from Key Lois to Raccoon Key in 1978. Both
sites are low-lying mangrove islands in the Florida Keys. Floral diversity and abundance are greater on Raccoon Key than on
Key Lois. Average maximal and minimal temperatures per month did not vary significantly between Raccoon Key and Key Lois over
the 3-year period. Average minimal temperatures per month on Key Lois, but not Raccoon Key, varied significantly between years.
There were no significant variations in either the amount or the dates of rainfall over the 3-year period for the study area.
A combined total of 1524 births was recorded for Raccoon Key (N = 879) and Key Lois (N =645). The birth season on Raccoon Key began 6 weeks earlier than on Key Lois. Births were associated with warmer, rainier
months on both islands. Conceptions were associated with cooler, drier months at both study sites. No significant correlations
were found between the date of the onset of the summer rains and either median conception or median birth dates on Raccoon
Key or Key Lois. Our results do not substantiate the hypothesis that the onset of rainfall, within the temporal period set
by photoperiod, regulates seasonal reproduction in rhesus macaques. We suggest that reproductive seasonality in the study
populations may be influenced by a variety of factors. 相似文献
11.
Reproductive strategies of rhesus macaques 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Fred B. Bercovitch 《Primates; journal of primatology》1997,38(3):247-263
Reproductive strategies incorporate a multitude of mechanisms that have evolved to promote the reproductive success of individuals.
Evolutionary perspectives tend to emphasize the advantages of male-male competition and female choice as mediators of differential
reproduction. Male rhesus macaques have not been observed to fight for access to sexually receptive females, although they
suffer more wounds during the mating season. An increased likelihood of attacks appears to coincide with male troop entry.
Males who spend more time in consort and mate with more females tend to sire more offspring. Genetic analysis of paternity
has pinpointed age and endurance rivalry, rather than agonistic competition, as key variables associated with variation in
progeny production. Female rhesus macaques often copulate with multiple males during their ovulatory period, and tend to conceive
on the first cycle of the mating season. Female reproductive success is more likely to be a function of offspring survivorship
than the identity of particular male partners. The role of female choice as a direct mediator of male reproductive success
is unresolved, but female mate selection seems to indirectly affect male reproductive success because female preference for
mating with novel males seems to foster male dispersal. Evaluating whether mating preferences for particular male phenotypes
affectsfemale reproductive success is a task for the future. A common denominator to the reproductive strategies of both female and male
rhesus macaques is that feeding patterns affect body condition which influences reproductive output and regulates relative
reproductive success. 相似文献
12.
Age-related and individual differences in longterm reproductive success were analyzed in two social groups of free-ranging
Barbary macaques. Maternity data were obtained from continuous birth records and paternity was determined with oligonucleotide-fingerprinting.
The fathers of 246 of 286 investigated individuals could be identified. They were born during a 14-year period and represented
73 and 34% of all known offspring from the females of the study groups B/F and C, respectively. Only these infants were considered
when comparing male reproductive success with that of females. The necessary adjustment of the female data resulted in small
deviations from the true values in one group, but substantially increased individual differences in female fertility in the
second group. Subadult males, 4.5 – 6.5 yrs old, had a much lower reproductive success than adult males (7.5 – 25 yrs old)
and same-aged females. Reproductive success of adult males was not significantly affected by age, while females invariably
ceased reproduction during the first half of the third decade of life. Males were more likely than females to leave no offspring,
unless they survived 9 – 10 yrs of age. The number of years with breeding opportunities was important for male reproductive
success but less significant than that for females. Reproductive success of several males during the 14-year study period
was similar to or even exceeded that possible for a female in her whole lifetime. Variance of male reproductive success significantly
exceeded that of females in both study groups. 相似文献
13.
The effects of dominance rank and group size on female lifetime reproductive success in wild long-tailed macaques,Macaca fascicularis 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Demographic changes were recorded throughout a 12-year period for three social groups ofMacaca fascicularis in a natural population at Ketambe (Sumatra, Indonesia). We examined the prediction that females' lifetime reproductive success
depended on dominance rank and group size. Average birth rate was 0.53 (184 infants born during 349 female years). For mature
females (aged 8–20 yr) birth rate reflected physical condition, being higher in years with high food availability and lower
in the year following the production of a surviving infant. High-ranking females were significantly more likely than low-ranking
ones to give birth again when they did have a surviving offspring born the year before (0.50 vs 0.26), especially in years
with relatively low food availability (0.37 vs 0.10). Controlled comparisons of groups at different sizes indicate a decline
in birth rate with rroup size only once a group has exceeded a certain size. The dominance effect on birth rate tended to
be strongest in large groups.
Survival of infants was rank-dependent, but the survival of juveniles was not. There was a trend for offspring survival to
be lower in large groups than in mid-sized or small groups. However, rank and group size interacted, in that rank effects
on offspring survival were strongest in large groups. High-ranking females were less likely to die themselves during their
top-reproductive years, and thus on average had longer reproductive careers.
We estimated female lifetime reproductive success based on calculated age-specific birth rates and survival rates. The effects
of rank and group size (contest and scramble) on birth rate, offspring survival, age of first reproduction for daughters,
and length of reproductive career, while not each consistently statistically significant, added up to substantial effects
on estimated lifetime reproductive success. The group size effects explain why large groups tend to split permanently.
Since females are philopatric in this species, and daughters achieve dominance rank positions similar to their mother, a close
correlation is suggested between the lifetime reproductive success of mothers and daughters. For sons, too, maternal dominance
affected their reproductive success: high-born males were more likely to become top-dominant (in another group). These data
support the idea that natural selection has favored the evolution of a nepotistic rank system in this species, even if the
annual benefits of dominance are small. 相似文献
14.
Sixty-four male and 33 female free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from one of six social groups on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish normal values for the hemogram and serum biochemical and electrolytes for the colony. Mean values (± 1 SD) are reported by sex for each of three age groups (2–3, 4–9 and ≥ 10 years). All adult females (≥ 4 years) were pregnant. There were significant differences for a number of variables compared to the range reported in the existing literature, and among the age and sex groups in the sampled population. 相似文献
15.
Normative age- and gender-related changes in body composition, serum lipids, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) were examined in the Cayo Santiago free-ranging rhesus macaques. In both adult males and females, body weights, crown-rump lengths, and circumference of the limbs were lowest in the oldest group (20+ years of age) as compared with other adult age classes. Body fat, as reflected in subcutaneous fatfold thickness and waist/thigh ratios, were higher in adult females than adult males. This gender dimorphism was first detectable among the 6-9 year old age group. Greatest body fat among females was observed in the 10-14 age group, whereas in males the highest values were observed in the 15-19 age group. Differences in body composition were also observed with respect to reproductive status. Although there were no gender differences in overall cholesterol levels, there were age-related differences between males and females, and only in males were cholesterol values positively related to adiposity. There were no age- or gender-related differences in triglyceride values, but levels were significantly higher in pregnant females in comparison with other reproductive states. Levels of testosterone were not significantly related to any morphometric parameter and values did not decrease significantly with age. Levels of IGF-1 exhibited a significant age-related decrease among adult males, and females had higher levels independent of age. The similarities between the present findings and human studies suggest that further studies in the free-ranging rhesus macaques would provide a bridge between studies of laboratory-housed primates and studies of human beings with respect to the etiology of obesity and life-history changes in body composition and endocrine and metabolic parameters. 相似文献
16.
Andreas Paul Jutta Kuester Angelika Timme Joachim Arnemann 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(4):491-502
The association between social rank, mating effort, and reproductive success of male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) has been evaluated by longterm behavioral observations and subsequent paternity determination via oligonucleotide DNA fingerprinting
in a large semifreeranging group. All offspring born between 1985 and 1988 that survived to at least 1 year of age (n=75) were available for paternity testing. The exclusion of all but one of the potential fathers from paternity was possible
in 70 cases (93%). Mating activities were recorded using ad lib. and focal female sampling techniques. The analysis of male
mating effort was restricted to the most likely days of conception. Male rank correlated significantly with male mating success
in all four breeding seasons and with male reproductive success in three of the four seasons. Mating success and reproductive
success also showed a significant correlation, with the exception of one breeding season, in which the proportion of males
per fertilizable female was especially high. Poor mating success was almost always associated with poor reproductive success,
while good mating success was less predictive for a male's actual reproductive success. This was apparently a consequence
of sperm competition, resulting from the promiscuous mating system. Male mating success is not necessarily an unreliable indicator
for reproductive success, provided that sufficient sample sizes are available and that conception periods can be determined.
Sperm competition and other factors may weaken the association, however. 相似文献
17.
William C. Mahaney Anna Stambolic Mary Knezevich R. G. V. Hancock Susan Aufreiter Kandiah Sanmugadas M. J. Kessler M. D. Grynpas 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(3):323-333
Soil mining and eating (geophagy) behavior of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, is described and assessed with respect to the chemical, geochemical, and mineralogical composition
of the ingested materials. The samples forming the uneaten (control) and eaten (matrix and blocky) groups of soils come from
the top and flanks of a marine terrace underlain with volcanic tuff on Cayo Santiago, off the east shore of Puerto Rico. Both
the uneaten and geophagy samples were analyzed to determine particle size distributions, clay and primary mineralogy, and
soil chemical and geochemical compositions. Primary minerals such as orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar in the clay fraction
is higher in the control group than in the ingested samples. Both the control and matrix plus blocky samples have moderate
to abundant amounts of kaolinite and halloysite (both silicon:aluminum = 1:1 type clay minerals) that may be important as
a stimulus to geophagy behavior. The pH, total salts, and phosphorus levels in both the control and geophagy samples show
considerable overlap with little clear indication of causal factors. Analysis of the geochemical data showed no clear cut
elemental differences to suggest elemental supplementation as a possible explanation for mining and eating of tropical soil.
It is possible that rhesus macaques ingest clay to obtain kaolinite/halloysite minerals which may alter the taste of their
provided food, and may act as pharmaceutical agents to alleviate intestinal ailments such as diarrhea. 相似文献
18.
David S. Sprague Shigeru Suzuki Hiroyuki Takahashi Shizue Sato 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(3):351-363
This paper compares male life history parameters of two populations of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata
Blyth, 1875), studied without provisioning: Yakushima (M. f. yakui), a subtropical forest habitat in southwestern Japan, and Kinkazan (M. f. fuscata), a temperate, deciduous forest habitat in northeastern Japan. The males of the two sites experienced similar life histories
with respect to several traits. Age at natal dispersal was at about 5 years. Average troop residence was about three years.
Most males joined troops at the bottom of the rank order, although a few males joined troops at the top rank. Dominance ranks
of males tended to rise with the death or departure of higher ranking males. Visiting males accounted for about 41% of observed
mating at both sites. However, the two sites differed in the sex ratio of troops, partly because a larger proportion of males
apparently lived outside of troops in the Kinkazan site compared to Yakushima. In particular, non-natal young males were absent
from the main study troop at Kinkazan. Large within-species variation may exist in the degree to which males associate with
troops. 相似文献
19.
Barbara R. Stucki Malcolm M. Dow Donald Stone Sade 《American journal of physical anthropology》1991,84(2):181-191
Differential rates of intrinsic growth for the population of Macaca mulatta on Cayo Santiago partitioned by social group and dominance rank of genealogies indicate that the potential for increase is not uniformly distributed throughout the population. In the period from 1973 to 1974, high-ranking genealogies were growing at a faster rate than low-ranking genealogies. Large differences in r among the social groups indicate the possible existence of demographic, genetic, or social differences between groups. A random resampling procedure was employed to assess the statistical significance of differences in the intrinsic rate of growth among the 5 natural social groups and the 3 partitions formed by, respectively, lumping members of high-, middle-, and low-ranking genealogies across several social groups. Comparisons among social groups shows that there are significant differences in the rate of growth between Group J and Group M, and between Group J and Group F for the period from 1973 to 1974. Among dominance ranks of genealogies, significant differences in r were found between the partitions of the high- and middle-ranking genealogies. These findings suggest that differential reproductive success is influenced and maintained by underlying variations in the distribution of behavioral traits in the population. 相似文献
20.
Fitness-related patterns of genetic variation in rhesus macaques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Blomquist GE 《Genetica》2009,135(2):209-219