复合生物杀菌剂F6-11的安全性毒理学研究

目的：为研究复合生物杀菌剂F6．11毒性,采用动物实验法进行毒理学评价。方法：对复合生物杀菌剂F6-11进行小鼠急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、亚急性毒性试验、家兔多次完整皮肤刺激试验、急性眼刺激试验、豚鼠皮肤变态反应试验、鱼类延长毒性14天试验。结果：复合生物杀菌剂F6—11对小鼠急性毒性LD50〉5000mg／kg．bw,属于实际无毒级物质;小鼠微核试验该杀菌剂各剂量组与阴性对照组比较,微核率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;亚急性毒性试验动物血常规、生化指标及各脏器均未发现异常;对家兔多次完整皮肤及眼刺激反应积分均为0,均属无刺激性;对豚鼠皮肤变态反应试验组动物与阴性对照组无可见不同．试验组动物皮肤致敏反应积分为0,无致敏作用;鱼类延长毒性14天试验无异常。结论：毒理学研究表明,复合生物杀菌剂F6．11具有良好的使用安全性。     

噻吩磺隆的毒性及致突变性

选用大鼠、豚鼠及家兔,采用经口及皮肤,粘膜染毒途径,研究其急性毒性。同时有Ames试验,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验及小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验进行致突变性研究,了解噻吩磺隆的毒性及致突变性。大鼠急性经口LD50大于5000mg／kg,经皮LD50大于2000mg／kg。家兔皮肤刺激试验阴性,轻度眼刺激性和弱致敏性。Ames试验,微核试验及小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验结果均为阴性。结论 噻吩磺隆属低毒性农药,在本实验条件下无致突变作用。     

紫茎泽兰醇提物的毒理学研究

为确保以紫茎泽兰提取物为主要原药的植物源农药的安全性,对紫茎泽兰醇提物进行了小鼠经口急性毒性试验、大白兔急性皮肤和眼刺激试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核计数及小鼠精子畸形试验等急性毒性和遗传毒性试验。结果表明,受试物对两种性别的小鼠经口急性毒性试验,LD50大于5000mg／kg,对大白兔皮肤无刺激性;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验及小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴牲,受试物未见遗传毒性。     

Mix-G200益生菌粉安全性毒理学评价

目的通过对Mix-G200益生菌粉的安全性毒理学进行研究,为以后的应用提供科学依据。方法采用雌雄小鼠急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames试验和大鼠30天喂养试验等对Mix-G200益生菌粉进行安全性试验研究。结果急性经口毒性试验表明,Mix-G200益生菌粉对雌雄小鼠的急性经口LD50均大于21500 mg/kg,以急性毒性半数致死量毒性分级,属无毒级物质。小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames试验结果均为阴性。30天喂养试验结果表明,大鼠生长情况良好,血液学检查、生化学检查、主要脏体以及组织学检查结果与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义。结论 Mix-G200益生菌粉未见遗传毒性,使用Mix-G200益生菌粉是安全可靠的。     

灵芝子实体醇提取物的毒理研究

本文主要研究灵芝子实体醇提物的毒理学并评价其安全性,利用小鼠急性毒性试验和遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)对灵芝醇提物的毒性进行考察。试验结果显示,小鼠对灵芝醇提取物的最大耐受量是15 000mg/(kg?bw);灵芝醇提取物在有或无S9的条件下,对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的突变型菌株TA97、TA98、TA100及TA102均无潜在致突变性;灵芝醇提取物在小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验中均呈阴性反应,不同剂量的样品组与阴性对照组之间无显著性差异。该结果表明灵芝醇提取物基本无毒性,属实际无毒物质。本研究为灵芝醇提取物的产品开发和应用提供了科学研究。     

桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉的毒理研究

本文主要研究桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉的毒理学并评价其安全性。利用小鼠急性毒性试验和遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)对桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉的毒性进行考察。试验结果显示,小鼠对桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉最大耐受量大于12g/kg;桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉在有或无S9的条件下,对组氨酸营养缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97a、TA98、TA100及TA102均无潜在致突变性;桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉在小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验中均呈阴性反应,不同剂量的样品组与阴性对照组之间无显著性差异。该结果表明桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉基本无毒性,属实际无毒物质。本研究为桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉的产品开发和应用提供了科学依据。     

嗜酸乳杆菌LA-G80的毒理学研究

目的对嗜酸乳杆菌的毒性进行研究。方法采用大、小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和大鼠30 d喂养等对嗜酸乳杆菌进行安全性试验研究。结果急性经口毒性试验表明,大、小鼠灌胃给予嗜酸乳杆菌,最大耐受剂量雌雄两性别均大于20.0 g/kg体重,Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。大鼠30 d喂养试验结果表明各项指标均未见明显毒性反应。结论在本次实验条件下,嗜酸乳杆菌未见遗传毒性。由此可初步判定,使用嗜酸乳杆菌是安全可靠的。     

益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）的毒理学安全性评价

目的 评估益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）的毒理学安全性,为其应用提供依据。方法 通过大鼠急性经口毒性试验、细菌回复突变试验、小鼠红细胞微核试验、小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验及大鼠28 d经口毒性试验研究益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）的安全性。结果 大鼠急性经口毒性试验结果显示,益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）对大鼠的经口急性毒性LD50均大于15.00 g/（kg·BW）,根据急性毒性分级标准属实际无毒。细菌回复突变试验、小鼠红细胞微核试验及小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验结果均显示阴性。大鼠28 d经口毒性试验结果表明,实验组大鼠体质量、摄食量、食物利用率、眼部状况、血液学指标、血液生化指标、脏器指数、大体及病理学检查结果与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义。结论 益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）具有良好的毒理学安全性。     

抑菌生的致突变性试验

本文应用Ames试验、微核试验,对中国人民解放军224医院及沈阳军区军事医学研究所研制的具有抗感染作用的枯草杆菌BS_(224)生态制剂即抑菌生进行了致突变性检测。结果表明:BS_(224)生态制剂不能使鼠伤寒沙门氏菌株发生回复突变,不引起小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率升高,初步认为BS_(224)生态制剂无突变性,推测无致癌性。     

蜂胶提取物的安全性试验研究

目的 探讨蜂胶的乙醇提取物（EEP）的安全性。方法 用0.5％的EEP对家兔进行皮肤急性毒性试验、皮肤刺激试验以及对豚鼠的过敏试验。结果 EEP低剂量、高剂量皮肤破损组和对照组皮肤破损组各有一只家免,在24 h观察到皮肤破损处微红,48 h消失,其余各实验兔的皮肤、毛发、眼、粘膜、呼吸、中枢神经系统均无任何中毒表现;按照皮肤刺激反应强度,评价标准,完整皮肤组平均分为0,判为无刺激性;破损皮肤组平均分值为033＜0.50,亦判为无刺激性;A组空白对照组和B组EEP组动物均无红斑和水肿反应,判为无致敏性。结论 蜂胶提取物EEP在对实验动物体外寄生虫净化中安全、无毒、无刺激。     

Toxicity,bioavailability and metal speciation

1. Environmental toxicology emphasizes the difference from traditional toxicology in which pure compounds of interest are added to purified diets, or injected into the test animals. When the objective is to study the fate and effects of trace elements in the environment, knowledge of the speciation of the elements and their physico-chemical forms is important.2. Cadmium salts such as the sulfides, carbonates or oxides, are practically insoluble in water. However, these can be converted to water-soluble salts in nature under the influence of oxygen and acids. Chronic exposure to Cd is associated with renal toxicity in humans once a critical body burden is reached.3. The solubility of As(III) oxide in water is fairly low, but high in either acid or alkali. In water, arsenic is usually in the form of the arsenate or arsenite. As(III) is systemically more poisonous than the As(V), and As(V) is reduced to the As(III) form before exerting any toxic effects. Organic arsenicals also exert their toxic effects in vivo in animals by first metabolizing to the trivalent arsenoxide form. Some methyl arsenic compounds, such as di- and trimethylarsines, occur naturally as a consequence of biological activity. The toxic effect of arsenite can be potentiated by dithiols, while As has a protective effect against the toxicity of a variety of forms of Se in several species.4. Selenium occurs in several oxidation states and many selenium analogues of organic sulfur compounds exist in nature. Selenium in selenate form occurs in alkaline soils, where it is soluble and easily available to plants. Selenite binds tightly to iron and aluminum oxides and thus is quite insoluble in soils. Hydrogen selenide is a very toxic gas at room temperature. The methylated forms of Se are much less toxic for the organism than selenite. However, the methylated Se derivatives have strong synergistic toxicity with other minerals such as arsenic.5. Aquatic organisms absorb and retain Hg in the tissues, as methylmercury, although most of the environmental Hg to which they are exposed is inorganic. The methylmercury in fish arises from the bacterial methylation of inorganic Hg. Methylmercury in the human diet is almost completely absorbed into the bloodstream. The nervous system is the principal target tissue affected by methylmercury in adult human beings, while kidney is the critical organ following the ingestion of Hg(II) salts.     

皂荚果实中皂苷O的分离鉴定及毒性研究

采用乙醇提取、正丁醇萃取、常压硅胶柱反复层析的方法,并结合杀鼠活性追踪,从豆科植物皂荚(Gleditsiasinensis Lam.)的果实中分离到一个含有7个糖基的三萜皂苷,通过TLC、mp、IR、MS、1 H-NMR和13 C-NMR等方法鉴定为3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基齐墩果酸28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[(6S,2E)-6-羟基-2,6-二甲基-2,7-辛二烯醇-(1→3)-(6′S,2′E)-6′-羟基-2′,6′-二甲基-2′,7′-辛二烯醇-(1→6)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯[即皂荚皂苷O(GleditsiosidesO)]。对小鼠的急性毒性测定结果表明,试鼠对皂荚皂苷O经口灌胃的耐受量为160～400mg/kg,半数致死剂量LD50=249.52mg/kg,95%可信区间为224.81～276.95mg/kg;皂荚皂苷O对小鼠的急性毒性大于皂荚皂苷A。研究结果表明,皂荚皂苷O为皂荚的主要杀鼠活性成分。     

Adsorption,Bioavailability, and Toxicity of Cadmium to Soil Microorganisms

The influence of adsorption on cadmium toxicity to soil microorganisms in soils was quantified as a function of solution and sorbent characteristics. The influence of adsorption on cadmium toxicity to soil microorganisms was assessed indirectly through the relative change in microbial hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) as a function of total Cd concentration and sorbent characteristics. The sequence of relative percentage of FDA hydrolysis was reference smectite (RS) > untreated Vertisol (UV) > dithionate-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB)-treated Vertisol (DV) > H₂O₂-treated Vertisol (HV) in suspensions containing the same total Cd concentrations. The correlation between the percentage of FDA hydrolysis and activity of Cd²⁺ _(aq) illustrates that RS has a higher capacity of Cd adsorption. The microbial activity of RS was higher and the toxicity was lower than that of other soil samples. The HV had lower capacity of Cd adsorption so that its FDA hydrolysis was low and the Cd toxicity was high.     

Selenium in Plants: Uptake,Functions, and Environmental Toxicity

Selenium (Se) has chemical properties similar to sulfur, but slight differences can lead to altered tertiary structure and dysfunction of proteins and enzymes, if selenocysteine is incorporated into proteins in place of cysteine. In some areas of California with irrigation agriculture elevated Se concentration in drainage and shallow groundwaters caused bioaccumulation of Se in wetlands and Se toxicity to wildlife. Among higher plants Se accumulators are tolerant to high Se concentrations whereas non-accumulators are Se-sensitive. Algae show a requirement of Se for growth and development, but no Se essentiality has been demonstrated for higher plants, possibly with the exception of Se accumulators. Higher plants take up Se preferentially as selenate via the high affinity sulfate permease. Contents of Se in agricultural crops are usually below 1 mg kg^?1 DW, and hence such crops are considered safe for human and animal consumption even when grown on moderately high Se soils. Sulfate salinity inhibits uptake of selenate by many plant species. Assimilation of selenate by non-accumulators leads to synthesis of selenocysteine and selenomethionine; Se-cysteine is readily incorporated into proteins. High Se can interfere with S and N metabolism in non-accumulators. In contrast, Se accumulators sequester Se mainly in non-protein selenoamino acids. Among several selenoenzymes identified in bacteria and mammals, Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase which catalyses the reduction of organic peroxides and H₂O₂ has been demonstrated convincingly in algae; in higher plants, however, the experimental evidence regarding its occurrence is controversial. All organisms including higher plants contain Se-cysteyl-tRNAs that decode UGA. Selenocysteine is proposed to function as 21st proteinaceous amino acid and thus is suggested to have a biological role in higher plants. Biogeochemical cycling of Se involves significant volatilization of methylated selenides such as dimethyl selenide to the atmosphere from higher plants as well as freshwater algae, but Se exchange between oceans and the atmosphere appears to proceed as net flux to the oceans.