Wachstum und Sauerstoffverbrauch der Larven von Hypoderma bovis (De Geer) (Diptera,Hypodermatidae)

Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse der Wachstumsvorgänge der Larven von Hypoderma bovis ergab, daß diese am Ende des Wanderstadiums ca. 42% ihrer endgültigen Länge aber höchstens 10% ihres endgültigen Körpergewichts erreicht haben. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Beulenlarven nimmt, auf das Körpergewicht bezogen, im Laufe der Larvalentwicklung ab. Er beträgt bei einer 50 mg schweren Larve 800 mm³/mg·h, bei einem 1500 mg schweren Tier nur noch 100 mm³/mg·h. Mit dem Häutungsschritt von LII zu LIII ist eine vorübergehende sprunghafte Erhöhung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs verbunden. Das Verhältnis Sauerstoffverbrauch/Körpergewicht stimmt in den beiden untersuchten Larvenstadien nicht überein. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Tiere ist temperaturabhängig. Das Maximum liegt zwischen 32° und 37°C. Mit zunehmendem Alter verschiebt es sich gegen 32°C.

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Growth and oxygenium-consum of the larvae of Hyderma bovis (De Geer) (Diptera, Hypodermatidae)

Summary At the end of their migration larvae of Hypoderma bovis have reached about 42% of their final length, but only 10% of their final body-weight. Oxygenium-consum/mg body-weight decreased during the larval development: a larva of 50 mg weight needs 800 mm³/mg·h, one of 1500 mg weight only 100 mm³/mg·h. Third instar larvae have a much higher oxygenium-consum after moulting than second instar larvae have just before. The relation of oxygenium-consum/body-weight differs in the two larval stages. Respiration depends on the temperature, its maximum is between 32°C and 37°C. Young animals have a higher maximum than old ones.

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Durchgeführt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft im Rahmen einer Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Kloft gewährten Sachbeihilfe.     

Cuticular sensilla on newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark (Diptera : Cuterebridae) and Hypoderma spp. (Diptera : Oestridae)

Cuticular sensilla on newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark (Diptera : Cuterebridae), Hypoderma lineatum (de Vill.) and H. bovis (L.) (Diptera : Oestridae) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Three basic types of sensilla were found on C. fontinella larvae, while only 2 were present on the larvae of Hypoderma spp. Sensilla were more numerous on the C. fontinella larvae than on the Hypoderma spp. larvae (210 vs 66). There were no noticeable differences between the sensory complements of H. lineatum and H. bovis. Comparison of the number and type of sensilla on the parasitic larvae with those on free-living muscomorph Diptera larvae indicate that increasing numbers and greater morphological diversity correlate with increasing requirements for location of a suitable environment in which to feed and develop.     

Immunological responses of rabbits artificially infested with the cattle grubs Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. Lineatum (De Vill.) (Diptera: Oestridae)

Boulard Chantal and Weintraub J. 1973. Immunological responses of rabbits artificially infested with the cattle grubs Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (De Vill.) (Diptera : Oestridae). International Journal for Parasitology3: 379–386. Immunological responses against first-instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (De Vill.) were traced in artificially infested rabbits in which larvae grew normally in the first instar but did not survive to the second instar. Passive haemagglutination demonstrated a rapid rise in antibody titres during the first 2 months to maximum levels that persisted until about 200 days of the infestation. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of the sera demonstrated that larval metabolic products were more important than breakdown products of dead larvae in stimulating the production of antibodies. Larval collagenase, which seemed to induce the most significant immune response, was inhibited by homologous antibodies in the serum of a hyperimmunized rabbit. The implications of these results for infestations in the normal bovine host were discussed, with emphasis on the need to identify antigenic fractions other than collagenase, which by itself had not produced total control of larvae in previous vaccination tests.     

Early detection of cattle grub (Hypoderma lineatum and H.bovis) (Diptera, Oestridae) using ELISA

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect cattle grub-infested animals in the autumn in Alberta has been developed. Antibody to Hypoderma lineatum de Vill. was detectable as early as 6 weeks post-infestation in artificially infested steers. Peak antibody concentrations preceded the peak in maximum 'apparent' grub numbers which occurred between 37 and 43 weeks after infestation. Natural infestations with H. lineatum and H. bovis L., ranging from one to ninety-two grubs per calf, were readily detected by November and the incidence of false positives in uninfested calves was only 5%. Low level (1-4 grubs) infestations of H. bovis only became detectable in February with peak antibody concentrations occurring at the end of April. Prevalence of cattle grub infestations in southern Alberta was shown to be 37% during this study.     

Cuticular structures of the stomodeum in Paulinia acuminata (De Geer) and Marellia remipes Uvarov (Orthoptera : Pauliniidae)

The cuticular lining of the stomodeum in orthopteroid insects usually bears cuticular structures, consisting of ridges, teeth, and spines, which are sometimes fairly complex. In some of these insects, particularly cockroaches and Orthoptera s. str., some of these structures have systematic value, mainly at the higher systematic levels. The cuticular lining of the stomodeum in Paulinia acuminata (De Geer) and Marellia remipes (Uvarov) (Orthoptera : Pauliniidae) (the only 2 genera included within the family) have been studied. Wide differences in the pattern of the stomodeal armature, and also in the shape, size and distribution of the spines in its different parts, are recorded. The proportions and limits of the crop and proventriculus, and the form and spatial distribution of spines and other characters, relative to the ridges, appear to be of taxonomic significance. They indicate that the 2 genera may not be closely related, as has been suggested, based on other evidence. While Marelliaappears to be related to the Acrididae, Pauliniaseems to be isolated from other acridoids, except for certain features in common with Proscopiidae and Eumastacidae.     

Comparative scanning electron microscopy of third-instar Hypoderma spp. (Diptera: Oestridae)

Scanning electron microscope study of third-instar larvae of four species of Hypoderma revealed differences among species in the pattern of spination, spine morphology and morphology of the spiracular plates. These observations identify characters that enable the differentiation of Hypoderma actaeon and H. diana, parasitizing red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) in Europe, and provide additional characters for differentiating H. bovis and H. lineatum parasitizing cattle.     

在藏羚羊上发现的中国第四种皮蝇

对于从可可西里藏羚羊上采集到的藏羚羊皮蝇Hypoderma sp.3龄幼虫进行了形态学观察,发现其在伪头、第10腹节上的刺、气门板形态上与中国现有记录的3种皮蝇（牛皮蝇、纹皮蝇和中华皮蝇）有着明显的区别。对藏羚羊皮蝇的线粒体COI 基因种属特异性序列研究表明,其与牛皮蝇、纹皮蝇和中华皮蝇对应序列的相似性分别为88.1％,87.8％和88.8％。据此认为采自藏羚羊的此种皮蝇可能为中国境内又一皮蝇新种或新记录种,为中国第四种皮蝇。     

Mating behavior and thermoregulation of the reindeer warble fly,Hypoderma tarandi L. (Diptera: Oestridae)

Hypoderma (=Oedemagena) tarandi L. (Diptera: Oestridae) is characterized by a mating strategy in which both sexes meet and mate at two types of distinct topographical landmarks. In the expansive, treeless vidda (= tundra-like) biome, mating places are unique, rocky areas located along rivers and streams or in rocky areas of drying river and stream beds. In wooded valleys below the vidda, flies mated at certain topographical areas along dirt road tracks/paths. Thermoregulatory activities of males occupying perches at mating places included selection of substratum at perch site, orientation of body to sun's rays, crouching, stilting, and flights into upper cooler air. On warm sunny days males perched for just 1–2 min before flying up into cooler air to promote cooling. Laboratory and field studies revealed that flies could not metabolically cool down when held at 25–38°C. Time spent at mating places depended on temperature, duration of sunshine, and wind velocity. Males were very aggressive in pursuing allHypoderma-sized objects that passed by them or that landed near them, but they did not defend specific perch sites. Males either pursued and caught females in flight, or they hopped onto females that landed near them. During 5 years, 74 males and 14 females were seen at mating places. Dissection of six females caught at mating places revealed them to be recently eclosed flies full of fat body and with all eggs intact; two not paired with males were non-inseminated. Three experimentally paired females remainedin copulo for 10, 13, and 19.5 min.     

Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera)

The phylogeny of Oestridae was analysed at the generic level using 118 characters from all developmental stages and including morphology, ontogeny, physiology and behaviour. Four major clades were given subfamilial rank with the phylogenetic relationship (Cuterebrinae (Gasterophilinae (Hypodermatinae + Oestrinae))). The subdermal parasites of the African elephant, Neocuterebra squamosa Grünberg and Ruttenia loxodontis Rodhain, had their most probable affiliation subordinate to the clade of stomach parasites, although their exact position needs further investigation. Genus Ochotonia Grunin, which is known from a single third‐instar larva only, was the probable sister group of all other Hypodermatinae. Twenty‐five oestrid genera were recognised as valid and those containing more than one species were defined through lists of autapomorphies. Cuterebra Clark was proposed as a senior synonym of Alouattamyia Townsend, Andinocuterebra Guimarães, Pseudogametes Bischof and Rogenhofera Brauer. The clade of hypodermatine ungulate parasites (Hypoderma Latreille +Pallasiomyia Rubtzov +Pavlovskiata Grunin +Przhevalskiana Grunin +Strobiloestrus Brauer) remained largely unresolved, and genus Przhevalskiana emerged without defining characters.     

A third species of Hypoderma (Diptera: Oestridae) affecting cattle and yaks in China: molecular and morphological evidence

Cattle and yak hypodermosis in China is caused by Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum, with a prevalence reaching up to 98-100% of the animals and maximum intensities exceeding 400 warbles for each animal. A third species, H. sinense, is also considered by Chinese researchers to affect livestock. The molecular characterization of the most variable region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and of the ribosomal 28S gene has been performed for the third-stage larvae collected from cattle and yaks in China and identified (on the basis of the spinulation on the ventral side of the 10th segment) as H. bovis, H. lineatum, and H. sinense. Amplicons were digested with the HinfI and BfaI restriction enzymes, which provided diagnostic profiles to simultaneously differentiate the 3 Hypoderma species. Third-stage larvae of H. sinense were also examined by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed proper morphological characteristics different from those of H. bovis and H. lineatum. The molecular and morphological evidence herein reported support the existence of a third species of Hypoderma affecting cattle and yaks in China, and the results provide new tools for unequivocal identification of this species and present key components for the evaluation of its endogenous cycle and pathogenicity in animals and humans.