泡状饶氏藻营养细胞的超微结构研究

本文报道我国特有的一种绿藻门植物－泡状饶氏藻营养细胞的超微结构特征,植物体由3层细胞组成,外层细胞最小,细胞质比较丰富,含有较多的各种细胞器,液泡体积较小,中层细胞具有很大的中央液泡,细胞质成为贴壁的薄层,各种细胞器结构仍清晰可见,内层细胞极度液泡化,细胞质呈现退化状态,周生的片状叶绿体上有许多大小不等的穿孔,使叶绿体呈网孔状外貌,叶绿体主要由许多成对的类囊体组成,叶绿体上往往有几个蛋白核,蛋白核经常被1或2条类囊体穿过,呈现分隔状,本文也报道了泡状饶氏藻的线粒体,质体,内质网,高尔基体和核内微管的结构特征,根据泡状饶氏藻的类囊体形态与Ulva mutabilis非常相似以及蛋白核的超微结构特征,它与石莼科植物可能有较密切的亲缘关系,属于绿藻门中进化的类群。     

饶氏藻显微结构及泡状饶氏藻超微结构研究

饶氏藻是我国绿藻门中的特有类群,藻体盘状．表面不平整。文中对中国各地的饶氏藻及泡状饶氏藻进行了广泛采集调查和显微结构观察,并比较了不同地区标本各层细胞的直径。还观察到许多地区的藻体表层细胞的特殊结构——突起,补充了该类群的显微结构特征。同时对河南修武云台山的泡状饶氏藻进行了电镜观察,与北京房山产的泡状饶氏藻比较,二者的超微结构特征十分相似。值得注意的是,这个种的线粒体超微结构很特殊,具有纵向排列的“嵴”。     

衣藻的细微结构

衣藻属于绿藻门、团藻目。它是绿藻中细胞结构特征的一个典型代表。大、中学植物教材中都以衣藻作为绿藻门的重要代表植物。本文根据目前电镜资料,描述如下。衣藻的细胞器衣藻虽然是较原始的单细胞真核藻类,但是它已具备了真核植物的各种细胞器。在光学显微镜下可以清楚地看到,在细胞壁内有包埋在细胞质中的大型杯状叶绿体和叶绿体腔内的细胞质及细胞核。在电镜下观察,细胞器与高等植物的相同。核膜具有双层膜结构、有核膜孔。细胞质中的内质网与核膜     

中国淡水绿藻纲新记录属麦可属(Mychonastes)

从我国滇池分离、培养获得2株超微真核藻, 对其进行形态学、细胞超微结构和18S rRNA基因序列分析。结果表明: 藻株在细胞形态、结构和繁殖方式具麦可属(Mychonastes Simpson Van Valkenburg)特征, 细胞壁2层, 外层细胞壁表面具不规则肋网和典型的暗-明-暗结构; 具备一套简单的细胞器, 包括细胞核、不具蛋白核的叶绿体和线粒体各1个, 叶绿体周生、杯状, 占据细胞大部分体积; 以似亲孢子方式繁殖。结合18S rRNA序列分析, 将其归为麦可属, 属于绿藻纲、绿藻门, 是该属在我国淡水湖泊的首次描述。       

钝顶螺旋藻突变株FBL细胞超微结构

利用透射电镜技术观察钝顶螺旋藻出发株和突变株FBL的细胞超微结构。观察结果表明L出发株和突变株均为多细胞丝状体,细胞间横隔膜清晰,细胞壁均由四层结构组成,细胞质膜内陷形成类囊体,类囊体由双层膜堆积而成,膜上附着藻胆体,类囊体与细胞壁呈垂直方向排列,细胞质内包含有充气液泡等细胞器。与出发株相比,突变株细胞壁表面较光滑,四层结构电子密度较深;类囊体膜增多、变发达;羧化体数量增多;横隔膜收缢明显。     

冬季沙冬青叶肉细胞液泡中泡状内含物的研究

用透射电镜观察了沙冬青叶肉细胞液泡中泡状内含物的形成。在早期,这种泡状内含物位于细胞质中,它由大小不等、形态各异的小泡组成,后经液泡膜内吞进入液泡。液泡中的泡状内含物主要位于两个正常叶绿体之间,附近的细胞质较多,内有丰富的内质网、高尔基体、质膜管状突起和由它们产生的小泡。也有一些液泡泡状内含物出现在解体叶绿体附近。前者主要来自内质网、高尔基体和质膜,后者则主要起源于解体的叶绿体。这种泡状内含物的形成可能与增强植物的抗冻性有关。     

Na2CO3胁迫对星星草叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

利用透射电镜技术对Na2CO3胁迫下星星草叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明：未胁迫的叶肉细胞排列疏松,各种细胞器结构完整,叶绿体含少量淀粉粒和脂质球。轻度盐胁迫（2g/L,4g／LNa2CO3）对叶肉细胞超微结构影响较小。中度盐胁迫（6g／L,8g／L Na2CO3）引起叶肉细胞超微结构的变化,叶绿体类囊体肿胀,基粒紊乱,不含淀粉粒,脂质球数量增加,叶绿体由原来的梭形或椭球形变成圆球状;部分线粒体嵴消失,出现晶体结构;中央大液泡破裂;核逐渐降解。高度盐胁迫（10g／L,12g／LNa2CO3）下,叶绿体片层结构消失,脂质球数量增加,体积变大,被大量的膜片层所包围,叶绿体内、外膜消失,叶肉细胞中看不到叶绿体的存在;膜片层包围线粒体;叶肉细胞中可见大量的泡状结构和膜片层,叶肉细胞死亡。上述结果表明,细胞器特别是叶绿体膜结构的破坏与盐胁迫叶肉细胞最终死亡密切相关。     

几种藻类蛋白核的超微结构研究

应用电镜及免疫电镜技术对莱茵藻、小球藻、条浒苔和紫菜等藻类的叶绿体蛋白核的超微结构及主要组成成分进行了观察和研究。结果显示：不同藻类的蛋白核结构不同,显示了藻类蛋白核的多样性。蛋白核为球形或椭圆形,由蛋白质组成。莱茵藻、小球藻和条浒苔的蛋白核外围被淀粉鞘所包围,而紫菜的蛋白核外围无淀粉鞘而直接被叶绿体的类囊体所包围。淀粉鞘由淀粉组成,淀粉鞘的厚薄与藻体藻龄及增养状态有关系。在蛋白核中央,一般都具有由类囊体形成的孔道,使蛋白核与外界联系,小球藻和条浒苔蛋白核具有1条纵向孔道,而莱茵藻和紫菜为多条孔道。金相免疫技术检测结果显示Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶均在蛋白核及淀粉鞘区域中定位,表明蛋白核具有光合作用功能．     

甜菊组织培养物中叶绿体的超微结构与脱分代

含有叶绿体的甜菊（Ｓｔｅｖｉａｒｅｂａｕｄｉａｎａ）愈伤组织细胞转移至新鲜培养基后,导致光合片层的逐渐减少或消失,最后叶绿体脱分化形成原质体样的结构。超微结构观察表明,光合片层的减少或消失与降解及叶绿体分裂特别是不均等缢缩分裂而致基质组分和类囊体膜稀释有关。这一过程并不完全同步,一些质体含有少量正常的片展而另一些质体含有退化的片层甚至片展结构完全消失。细胞的一个明显特点是细胞器大多聚集在细胞核附近,细胞质增加并向细胞中央伸出细胞质丝。同时可观察到原质体。培养７ｄ后,许多细胞呈分生状态,细胞质富含细胞器,充满了细胞的大部分空间。此时细胞中的质体大多呈原质体状态。在细胞生长的稳定期,质体内膜组织成基质基粒片层,同时质体核糖体增加。文中讨论了高度液泡化细胞脱分化与细胞中叶绿体脱分化的关系。     

小麦体细胞胚发生的超微结构研究

对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）幼胚培养中体细胞胚发生过程的超微结构变化进行了研究,结果如下：（１）原体细胞中大液泡消失,存在大量小液泡,细胞质的电子密度加强,核大,核仁明显,出现多核仁;（２）细胞器数量和种类,如质体、核糖体和线粒体增加;（３）细胞壁加厚,胞间连丝逐渐消失,细胞器数量丰富,胚性细胞中积累淀粉;（４）细胞壁加厚的胚性细胞中存在核仁液泡、自体吞噬泡和分泌泡;（５）多细胞原胚、球形胚和梨形胚被一层外壁包围,但胚体内细胞间广泛存在胞间连丝;（６）成熟胚生长点部位的细胞内质体中出现膜系结构,已向叶绿体转变,类囊体已形成     

Ultrastructural Studies of Vegetative Cells on Jaoa bullata (Jao) Fan

The present study reports the ultrastructural features of the vegetative cells in Jaoa bullata (Jao), Fan., an endemic species of Chlorophyta in China. Its thallus is composed of 3 layers of cells. Outer cells are the smallest in size, containing abundant cytoplasm, rich in various organelles; their vacuoles are smaller. The cells of mid-layer possess a large central vacuole. Their cytoplasm becomes a thin layer appressed against the cell wall; Various kinds of the organelles are still clearly visible. Inner ceils are extremely vacuolated. Their cytoplasm looks like degenerated. The cells are uninucleate, each containing a parietal, laminate chloroplast with numerous pores, which cause chloroplast a net-like appearance. The photosynthetic lamellae in a chloroplast include a number of thylakoids mainly in pairs. Chloroplast contains several pyrenoids, which are penetrated by 1 or 2 thylakoids. The present study deals with the structural characteristics of the mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes in the cells of Jaoa bullata. Two groups of intranuclear microtubules are present in a cell. Based on the similarity to Ulva mutabilis in the thylakoid arrangement and the ultrastructural features of the pyrenoids, authors suggest that daoa bullata (Jao) Fan may be closely related to Ulvaceae, among the advanced taxa in the evolution of Chlorophyta.     

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ALGAL PYRENOID. I. ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY DURING ZOOSPOROGENESIS OF TETRACYSTIS EXCENTRICA1

The fine structure of the pyrenoid in the mature vegetative cell of Tetracystis excentrica Brown and Bold is described. During zoosporogenesis, the pyrenoid undergoes regression, and the ultrastructure of this process is described in detail. The ground substance undergoes dissolution, and reticulate fibrillar structures appear as well as intruding chloroplast thylakoids. Pyrenoid-associated starch plates diminish, and quantities of starch not associated with the pyrenoid are produced. New pyrenoids appear late in the division cycle after all other major organelles associated with the motile cell have been formed. Zoospore pyrenoids develop in thylakoid-free spaces of the chloroplast which are similar to the DNA-containing regions. The new pyrenoid ground substance, which is loosely fibrillar, arises in close proximity to starch grains which may be formed in the stroma. Then the zoospore pyrenoid produces 2 hemispherical starch plates identical to those in the mature vegetative cell. Zoospore pyrenoids lack the 2 convoluted thylakoids between the starch plates and the ground substance characteristic of those in the mature vegetative cell. Instead, the thylakoids are identical to those of the chloroplast at first, and then develop into a convoluted state in the vegetative cell. Cytochemical tests for DNA, RNA, and protein were made for the cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, and pyrenoid. Conclusive evidence is presented for the presence of RNA in the cytoplasm and nucleolus, DNA in the nucleus, and protein in the pyrenoid. The tests did not conclusively demonstrate the presence or absence of DNA and RNA in the pyrenoid; however, they suggested that small amounts of both DNA and RNA may be present.     

A GREEN DINOFLAGELLATE WITH CHLOROPHYLLS a and b: MORPHOLOGY,FINE STRUCTURE OF THE CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL COMPOSITION1

A green-colored marine unicell has been grown in unialgal culture and its morphology, chloroplast fine structure, and chlorophyll composition investigated. The organism is typical of dinoflagellates in its shape, flagellation, nucleus, mitochondria, and trichocysts. It is similar to Gymnodinium but possesses fine body scales. Chloroplasts and two kinds of vesicles bounded by double membranes, but no organelles obviously identifiable as nuclei or mitochondria, are associated in ribosome-dense cytoplasm separated by a double membrane from the dinophycean cytoplasm. The chloroplasts are unlike any previously reported for dinoflagellates. Each is enclosed by an envelope consisting of a double membrane. Chloroplast lamellae consist of three appressed thylakoids. Interlamellar pyrenoids are present. Pigment analysis reveals chlorophylls a and b but not chlorophyll c. It seems likely that the organism is an undescribed dinoflagellate containing an endosymbiont with chlorophylls a and b and that the reduction of the endosymbiont nucleus and mitochondria has permitted a more initmate symbiosis.     

CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE IN THE CHLOROMONADOPHYCEAN ALGA VACUOLARIA VIRESCENS1

The chloroplasts of Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky are present in large numbers between the cell membrane and the layer of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus; they are disc-shaped structures ca. 3–4 μM long by 2–3 μM wide. Chloroplast bands consist of 3 opposed thylakoids with adjacent bands frequently interconnected. External to the girdle band is a chloroplast envelope separated from the cytoplasm by endoplasmic reticulum; there is no immediately apparent continuity between this endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope. Small electron-dense spheres in the chloroplast stroma are thought to be lipid food reserve. Eyespots and pyrenoids are absent.     

Fine Structure of Peridinium westii Lemm., a Freshwater Dinoflagellate

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of Peridinium westii Lemm., an armoured dinoflagellate collected from Lake Tiberias, is reported. Thick cell walls contain plates, pores and tubules, and are surrounded by an external membrane. The cytoplasm is limited by 3 membranes. Nuclei contain numerous chromosomes with a fibrillar organization. The chloroplast envelope consists of 3 membranes; parallel lamellae, each generally comprising 3 thylakoids, are present. Pyrenoids are present in various forms within the chloroplast structure. Trichocysts are found in cells both as elongate dense cores within a membrane-enclosed sac and as striated rods. An eyespot is found in a plastid containing several thylakoids.     

CACHONINA ILLDEFINA SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE): CHLOROPLAST TUBULES AND DEGENERATION OF THE PYRENOID1

A new species of the dinoflagellate genus Cachonina, C. illdefina sp. nov., was isolated from a red tide off El Capitan State Park, Santa Barbara County, California, in October 1973. The organism is light yellowgreen in color with deeply incised girdle and sulcal grooves. Electron microscopy of the organism, revealed a typical dinokaryotic nucleus. The chloroplasts of the organism are connected, and often contain microtubule-like elements, 25 nm diam. The pyrenoids are characterized as excluding chloroplast thylakoids and ribosomes, although containing an amorphous matrix and numerous tubular invaginations from the cytoplasm. The pyrenoids become detached from the chloroplasts and degenerate into small vesicles. C. illdefina is not bioluminescent.     

Electron Microscopic Observations on the Symbiosis of Paramecium bursaria and its Intracellular Algae*

SYNOPSIS. Observations were made on the fine structure of Paramecium bursaria and its intracellular Chlorella symbionts. Emphasis was placed on the structure of the algae and structural aspects of the relationship between the organisms. The algae are surrounded by a prominent cell wall and contain a cup-shaped chloroplast which lies just beneath the plasma membrane. Within the cavity formed by the chloroplast are a large nucleus, a mitochondrion, one or more dictyosomes, and numerous ribosomes. The chloroplast itself is made up of a series of lamellar stacks each containing 2–6 or more thylakoids with a granular stroma and starch grains intercalated between the stacks. The thylakoid stacks of mature algae are frequently more compact than those of recently divided algae. A large pyrenoid is located within the base of the chloroplast. It is made up of a granular or fibrillar matrix surrounded by a shell of starch. The matrix is bisected by a stack of 2 thylakoids. Prior to the division of the chloroplast the pyrenoid regresses; pyrenoids subsequently form in the daughter chloroplasts thru condensation of the matrix material and the reappearance of a starch shell. This shell appears to be formed by the hollowing-out of starch grains already present in the chloroplast stroma. Accordingly, in this case, starch moves from the stroma to the pyrenoid. The algae are located thruout the peripheral cytoplasm of the Paramecium. Each alga is located in an individual vacuole except immediately following division of the algae when the daughter cells are temporarily located in the vacuole which harbored the parental cell. Shortly thereafter the vacuole membrane invaginates, thereby isolating the daughter algae into individual vacuoles. Degenerating symbiotic algae are seen; because these are frequently found in vacuoles with bacteria, they are presumed to be undergoing digestion. Due to the conditions of culture these algae could have been either of intracellular or extracellular origin.     

La Structure Fine de Chlorogonium elongatum. I. Etude Systematique au Microscope Electronique.

The flagellate Chlorogonium elongatum has been studied in the electron microscope by thin-sectioning techniques. The nucleus, limited by a porous membrane, contains a large nucleolus and some dense masses, probably of chromatin. When the medium is rich or the culture young, the chloroplast has few lamellae, and very few pyrenoids. Inversely, when the medium is poor or jthe culture old, the lamellae are abundant, appearing as piled discs or as a tortuous lamellar system. The pyrenoids are then numerous and are surrounded by starch grains. They are composed of an opaque, finely granular substance, and are never traversed by chloroplast lamellae. The stigma, within the chloroplast, is a circular or oval plate composed of a single tier of dense granulations. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria which are concentrated near the pellicle of the cell, an endoplasmic reticulum, an abundance of ribo-nucleoprotein particles or ribosomes, and a Golgi apparatus. These organelles resemble those observed in other protozoa. The two fiagella are encased in cylinders situated at the anterior end of the cell. At the base of the fiagella are the basal corpuscles or kinetosomes, which repose within a cupule. A dense granule which probably corresponds to the centrosome appears near this structure.     

LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO TYPES OF PYRENOIDS IN GONIUM (GONIACEAE,CHLOROPHYTA)1

The single, basal pyrenoids of Gonium quadratum Pringsheim ex Nozaki and G. pectorale Müller (Goniaceae, Chlorophyta) differed in appearance when vegetative colonies were cultured photoheterotrophically in medium containing sodium acetate. Chloroplasts of G. quadratum had distinct pyrenoids when grown in medium without major carbon compounds. However, the pyrenoids degenerated and were markedly reduced in size when such cells were inoculated into a medium containing 400 mg·L^?1 of sodium acetate. No pyrenoids were visible under the light microscope; however, with electron microscopy small pyrenoids and electron-dense bodies were visible within the degenerating chloroplasts, which had only single layers of thylakoid lamellae at the periphery. The chloroplasts subsequently developed distinct pyrenoids and several layers of thylakoid lamellae as the culture aged. In contrast, vegetative cells of G. pectorale always showed distinct pyrenoids when cells were inoculated into medium containing sodium acetate, sodium pyruvic acid, sodium lactate, and/or yeast extract. Therefore, we propose two terms, “unstable pyrenoids” and “stable pyrenoids,” for pyrenoids of G. quadratum and G. pectorale, respectively. Chloroplasts of the colonial green flagellates should thus be examined under various culture conditions in order to determine whether their pyrenoids are unstable or stable when pyrenoids are used as taxonomic indicators. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that the ratios of gold particle density of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) between pyrenoid matrix and chloroplast stroma in G. quadratum grown in medium with or without sodium acetate were lower than those of G. pectorale. Heavy labeling by anti-RuBisCO was observed in both the electron-dense bodies and pyrenoid matrix of G. quadratum. This is the first electron microscopic demonstration of degeneration and development of both pyrenoids and thylakoid lamellae in the chloroplast as a function of culture condition in green algae.     

LIPID MODIFICATIONS RELATED TO ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT OF CRYPTOMONAS RUFESCENS SKUJA (CRYPTOPHYCEAE)1

The lipids of Cryptomonas rufescens (Skuja) cells have been analyzed. Quantitative changes of polar and neutral lipids were observed during cell encystment, induced by cultures in a nitrogen-deficient medium. During encystment, thylakoids disappeared while unsaturated galactolipids, characteristics of chloroplast membranes, decreased and neutral lipids accumulated in the cytoplasm. When excystment was induced, the reversal of the phenomenon was observed while thylakoids containing galactolipids were formed.