Molecular characterization of a dual endothelin-1/Angiotensin II receptor.

BACKGROUND: The molecular recognition theory (MRT) provides a conceptual framework that could explain the evolution of intermolecular and intramolecular interaction of peptides and proteins. As such, it predicts that binding sites of peptide hormones, and its receptor binding sites were originally encoded by and evolved from complementary strands of genomic DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: On the basis of principles underlying the MRT, we screened a rat brain complementary DNA library using an AngII followed by an endothelin-1 (ET-1) antisense oligonucleotide probe, expecting to isolate potential cognate receptors. RESULTS: An identical cDNA clone was isolated independently from both the AngII and ET-1 oligonucleotide screenings. Structural analysis revealed a receptor polypeptide containing a single predicted transmembrane region with distinct ET-1 and AngII putative binding domains. Functional analysis demonstrated ET-1- and AngII-specific binding as well as ET-1- and AngII-induced coupling to a Ca2+ mobilizing transduction system. Amino acid substitutions within the predicted ET-1 binding domain obliterate ET-1 binding while preserving AngII binding, thus defining the structural determinants of ET-1 binding within the dual ET-1/AngII receptor, as well as corroborating the dual nature of the receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Elucidation of the dual ET-1/AngII receptor provides further molecular genetic evidence in support of the molecular recognition theory and identifies for the first time a molecular link between the ET-1 and AngII hormonal systems that could underlie observed similar physiological responses elicited by ET-1 and AngII in different organ systems. The prominent expression of the ET-1/AngII receptor mRNA in brain and heart tissues suggests an important role in cardiovascular function in normal and pathophysiological states.     

The mast cell-committed progenitor. II. W/Wv mice do not make mast cell-committed progenitors and S1/S1d fibroblasts do not support development of normal mast cell-committed progenitors

We have previously reported that the population of mesenteric lymph node cells from normal BALB/c mice infected 14 days with the rodent nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb-MLN) contains a nongranulated mast cell-committed progenitor (MCCP) which does not require IL-3 for proliferation and differentiation if either a fibroblast monolayer or soluble factors produced by monolayers of 3T3 fibroblasts or embryonic skin are present in the culture. When Nb-MLN were cloned in a methylcellulose culture system using fibroblast conditioned medium as the only source of growth factors, numerous colonies of pure mast cells developed. We wished to determine whether the mast cell deficiency of W/Wv or S1/S1d mice could be explained by the failure of these mice to make either the MCCP or the factor to support proliferation and differentiation of the MCCP. We found that Nb-MLN from W/Wv mice were only able to produce mast cell colonies in response to a source of IL-3 such as conditioned medium from pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cells (CM), and cultures given fibroblast conditioned medium as the only source of growth factors did not produce mast cell colonies. In contrast, Nb-MLN from mast cell deficient S1/S1d mice developed many mast cell colonies in methylcellulose cultures supplemented with either fibroblast conditioned medium or conditioned medium from PWM-stimulated spleen cells. These data suggest that S1/S1d mice but not W/Wv mice produce the mast cell progenitor that responds to fibroblast conditioned medium. To determine if mast cell deficient mice make the fibroblast derived factors that support development of the MCCP, monolayers were prepared from skin connective tissues of S1/S1d and W/Wv mice and Nb-MLN from normal BALB/c mice were cloned in the presence of conditioned medium from these monolayers. Fibroblast conditioned medium from monolayers prepared from W/Wv but not S1/S1d mice supported development of numerous mast cell colonies. Taken together, these data demonstrate that W/Wv mice are incapable of producing normal MCCP whereas S1/S1d fibroblasts fail to produce the appropriate factor to support the MCCP. In accordance with these data, a candidate for the gene product of each of these mutant alleles is discussed.     

The dual nature of the reaction between porcine elastase and human plasma alpha1 proteinase inhibitor.

Only a portion of human plasma α₁ proteinase inhibitor (α₁PI) forms a 1:1 complex with porcine elastase; the other portion is inactivated via proteolysis. High temperature (37°) and high salt (2 M) enhance complex formation. The complex is unstable, but no significant liberation of active elastase could be demonstrated. Probably the same two major products of ～50,000 and ～4,000 daltons are formed from α₁PI via proteolysis and via disintegration of the complex. Iodination of α₁PI or oxidation with chloramine-T prevents complex formation with elastase but not with trypsin. Iodinated elastase, however, forms a complex with α₁PI.     

The kinetics of granulopoiesis in long-term mouse bone marrow culture. Part II

A mathematical model of mouse granulopoiesis in long-term bone marrow culture was constructed, based on established in vivo cell kinetic parameters. We applied the model to the cell kinetic experiment presented in Part I. Comparing model-predicted cell kinetics with the experimental data led to iterative testing of several hypotheses. In the final model, the cell kinetics of intact tissue culture flasks were reconstructed, using the experimental data from 10 days of tube culture. Among other things, our analysis suggests that the parameters of normal in vivo granulopoiesis apply to bone marrow culture.     

Haemopoietic stem cell proliferation in the bone marrow of S1/S1d mice

In marrow from Sl/Sld mice (but not +/+ mice) day 7 and day 8 CFU-S proliferate whilst day 10 and day 12 CFU-S exhibit negligible proliferation. Media conditioned by both +/+ and Sl/Sld marrow contains an inhibitor of CFU-S proliferation but day 8 CFU-S in +/+ and Sl/Sld marrow show marked dose-response differences to this factor. To inhibit the proliferation of Sl/Sld CFU-S required approximately ten times the concentration of inhibitor that inhibited the proliferation of +/+ CFU-S. Thus abnormally responsive day 8-CFU-S were shown to proliferate in an inhibitory environment. Abnormalities in Sl/Sld CFU-S function were also demonstrated in heterotopic transplantation experiments using +/+ and Sl/Sld donors and hosts to obtain ectopic bone marrow with various stromal (donor) and haemopoietic (host) combinations. Day 8 Sl/Sld CFU-S were seen to proliferate, irrespective of whether the stromal environment was derived from Sl/Sld or +/+ marrow. Sl/Sld mice are generally regarded as animals in which there is a genetically determined defect in haemopoiesis due to an abnormality in the haemopoietic environment. It is difficult, however, to attribute the abnormal CFU-S behaviour in these experiments to environmental factors and the results are consistent with mutation at the Sl locus affecting the responses of CFU-S to regulatory signals, i.e. the genetic defect is not confined to the stromal environment.     

Repopulation of the mouse thymus after sublethal fission neutron irradiation. II. Sequential changes in the thymic microenvironment

The stromal cells of the thymus of sham-irradiated and sublethal fission neutron-irradiated CBA/H mice were analyzed with immunohistology, using monoclonal antibodies directed to I-A and H-2K antigens as well as specific determinants for cortical and medullary stromal elements. In the control thymuses, I-A expression in the thymus shows a reticular staining pattern in the cortex and a confluent staining pattern in the medulla. In contrast, H-2K expression is mainly confluently located in the medulla. Whole body irradiation with 2.5 Gy fission neutrons reduces within 24 hr the cortex to a rim of vacuolized "nurse cell-like" epithelial cells, largely depleted of lymphoid cells. The localization of I-A antigens changes in the cortex and I-A determinants are no longer associated with or localized on epithelial reticular cells. Medullary stromal cells, however, are more or less unaffected. A high rate of phagocytosis is observed during the first 3 days after irradiation. About 5 days after irradiation, the thymus becomes highly vascularized and lymphoid cells repopulate the cortex. The repopulation of the thymic cortex coincides with the appearance of a bright H-2K expression in the cortex which is associated with both stromal cells as well as lymphoid blasts. During the regeneration of the thymus, the thymic stromal architecture is restored before the expression of cell surface-associated reticular MHC staining patterns. The observed sequential changes in the thymic microenvironment are related to the lymphoid repopulation of the thymus.     

The ontogeny and physiology confirms the dual nature of sleep states

In the Jouvet's laboratory, as early as 1960 the study of the ontogenesis of paradoxical sleep (PS) named "sleep 'with jerks" began in the kitten and led to the first publication in 1961. Then, several species were studied, lamb, rat, human neonates, etc. These works showed that at birth sleep with jerks was preponderant in altricial (immature) species (cat, rat) and the first to appear during the second half of gestation in precocious species (guinea pig). For Jouvet, sleep with jerks is a immature form of PS. Why PS is so important at birth? The maturation of the central nervous system, based on the myelinization, starts in the spinal cord then forwards to the brainstem and forebrain. So, PS mechanisms located in the brainstem are the first to mature and the only one to function. Then the slow wave sleep (SWS) and waking structures become mature. Phylogenetic studies showed that in mammals and birds PS was present even in marsupials and monotremes. Until now only the one exception is the dolphin with a voluntary breathing. To sleep and breath, dolphin has developed an unilateral sleep without classical PS. In other animals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, PS was not observed with the parameters used in mammals. The study at birth (not yet done) of reptiles would allow perhaps the observation of a temporary PS. Based on these findings, a schematic model of the sleep regulation can be elaborated. Haeckel's aphorism "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" seems true for PS which appears in birds and mammals i.e. at the end of evolution as it appears at the end of gestation when PS cerebral structures are present and mature.     

The nucleotide sequence of a mouse renin-encoding gene, Ren-1d, and its upstream region

The renin-encoding genes have been cloned from high (Ren-1d, Ren-2d)- and low (Ren-1c)-renin-producing strains of mice (DBA/2J and C57BL/10). Each of the genes is approx. 9.6 kb in length and consists of nine exons and eight introns. The entire nucleotide sequence of the Ren-1d gene has been determined and the 5'-flanking regions of the three genes, Ren-1c, Ren-1d and Ren-2d, have been compared. The significance of several potential regulatory signals found in the DNA is discussed.     

Development of the mouse hematopoietic system. II. Estimation of spleen and liver "stem" cell number

Colony-forming cells (CFU), which have the general properties of hemopoietic “stem” cells, appear to be augmented in the mouse fetal liver from 12–18 days gestation and then decrease in the newborn. This finding suggests that few, if any, hemopoietic “stem” cells remain in the adult liver, an organ which appears to be unable to function erythropoietically, even at times of severe crises. In the spleen, and active adult as well as embryonic hematopoietic organ, the total number of CFU increases from 18 days gestation until at least 7 days after birth. Spleen and liver CFU augmentation seems to occur in cojunction with an analogous expansion of non-hematopoietic cells. The data suggests, in fact, that while there is an increase in the total number of liver CFU, there is also a dilution of liver CFU in the total cell population at successively later gestational ages.     

Hemolytic anemia in the mouse. Report of a new mutation and clarification of its genetics

A new mutation causing spherocytic, hemolytic anemia has been discovered in the house mouse. It is inherited as a single autosomal recessive gene, allelic with both sph and ha, which, in turn, were shown to be allelic with each other. A revised nomenclature for the three apparent alleles is proposed: sph (formerly sph), sphha (formerly ha), and sph2Bc (the new mutation). Like the other murine hemolytic anemias, sph2Bc involves a defect in the red blood cell membrane protein, spectrin.     

The haploinsufficient hematopoietic microenvironment is critical to the pathological fracture repair in murine models of neurofibromatosis type 1

Germline mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene cause neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a complex genetic disorder with a high predisposition of numerous skeletal dysplasias including short stature, osteoporosis, kyphoscoliosis, and fracture non-union (pseudoarthrosis). We have developed murine models that phenocopy many of the skeletal dysplasias observed in NF1 patients, including reduced bone mass and fracture non-union. We also show that the development of these skeletal manifestations requires an Nf1 haploinsufficient background in addition to nullizygous loss of Nf1 in mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) and/or their progenies. This is replicated in two animal models of NF1, PeriCre(+);Nf1(flox/-) and Col2.3Cre(+);Nf1(flox/-) mice. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrate a critical role of the Nf1+/- marrow microenvironment in the impaired fracture healing in both models and adoptive transfer of WT bone marrow cells improves fracture healing in these mice. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a non-cell autonomous mechanism in non-malignant NF1 manifestations. Collectively, these data provide evidence of a combinatory effect between nullizygous loss of Nf1 in osteoblast progenitors and haploinsufficiency in hematopoietic cells in the development of non-malignant NF1 manifestations.     

The major components of the mouse and human genomes. 2. Reassociation kinetics

The reassociation kinetics of DNA fragments obtained from the major components of the mouse and human genomes (recently isolated in our laboratory) have been investigated. It has been found that the relative amounts of interspersed repeated and unique sequences strikingly differ in the different major components of each genome and in the corresponding major components of the two genomes. Furthermore, within each major component, the interspersed repeated and unique sequences do not differ in dG + dC contents. These findings lead to the general conclusion that the sequence organization of mammalian genomes is not uniform in different chromosomal regions and that it exhibits remarkable variations in different mammals.