石质文物地衣生物腐蚀及防治的研究进展

本文主要从生物因素方面考虑,分析了导致石质文物病害的主要原因和机理,并综述了国内外石质文物保护的现状、防治和修复方法。地衣是引起石质文物腐蚀的关键生物类群,与国外相比,目前国内专门针对地衣进行石质文物防治的研究鲜见报道。作者建议,石质文物的地衣生物腐蚀及防治研究应从以下方面入手：（1）石质文物地衣必须首先进行系统的种类调查;（2）对地衣腐蚀石质文物的机理进行深入研究;（3）探寻地衣病害安全有效的去除方法;（4）逐步探索地衣病害修复后的监测和预防方法。     

中国植物区系中的特有性及其起源和分化

对中国植物区系中的239个特有属,分属67个科,进行了分析研究,列出了这些特有属在种子植物各个科的分布,现代地理分布范围。结果表明含特有属在10个以上的有5个科即Gesneriaceae,Compositae,Labiatae,Cruiciferae,Umbelliferae;其中以Gesneriaceae居榜首(27属),Compositae位居第二(20属),Labiatae有12属,居第三。含2属的科有15个,含1属的科有30个;其中Ginkgaceae,Davidiaceae,Eucommiaceae,Acanthochlamydaceae组成了中国植物区系最具古老性、特有性和代表性的4个单型科。在此基础上,从特有属在被子植物八纲系统各个纲的分布特点,以及在各个科组成和系统关系及已有地质、化石历史和系统学,形态,分子证据论述了这些特有属的起源、系统关系及在植物地理上的关系。在裸子植物中,特有属最为丰富,几乎皆是地质历史上北极-第三纪成分的残遗,起源时间较早,可追溯到白垩纪或更早。被子植物中,中国特有属存在于八纲被子植物的所有纲中,几乎在现代被子植物各个演化阶段均有古老残遗的特有类群存在,同时也不乏新特有类群尤其是在演化的高级阶段的类群。从起源上看,被子植物的古特有属主要发生于晚白垩纪和早第三纪,地质历史上大都占有广阔的分布区;新特有属多发生在新第三纪以后。其源头主要是北极第三纪、古热带第三纪(冈瓦纳第三纪)和古地中海第三纪的奇妙结合,不少类群是就地起源的;特有性是在第三纪中晚期以后北半球气候变迁,迁移途径(如北大西洋陆桥和白令陆桥)中断后形成的,这一时期是我国特有属形成发展的起始标志。     

在中国寻找第一把石刀

寻找最早的文化遗物是人类起源研究课题的重要组成部分,一直被各国考古学家所重视。在中国这方面的研究开展较早,已取得了一些成果,但也存在一些问题。如能扩大调查,多学科深入研究,有希望对此项研究做出重大的贡献。     

广东封开县罗沙岩洞穴遗址第一期发掘简报

封开罗沙岩第一期发掘,出土了一些打制石器,它们有明确的地层,并有绝对年代测定数据,有助于解决广东是否有旧石器文化的争论。     

文化线路视野下的米仓道（巴中段）遗产认知框架分析

在中国文物保护体系下,古道等遗产线路类的文物保护工作尚未能完全对接国际文化线路的保护理念,文化线路的国内文物保护体系和国际保护视野面临无法衔接的困境。以国际文化线路“物质线路”和“衍生要素”的分析视野,将具有申遗背景同时需要对接文物保护工作的米仓道（巴中段）作为对象,通过梳理其时空范畴和价值认知,分别辨析作为国内文物保护体系的交通遗产构成框架,以及对接申遗工作的文化线路衍生遗产要素。基于此,遗产线路衔接国内文物保护体系和“文化线路”申遗保护要求的工作框架得以厘清,可为国内面临类似研究需求的文化线路类遗产提供借鉴。     

The Western Ordos Plateau as a Biodiversity Center of Relic Shrubs in Arid Areas of China

The western Ordos plateau in the central-north of China is abundant in relic shrub species. Totally 54 shrub species belonging to 31 genera in 16 families are found in 10 desert shrub communities,including 10 local endemic species, five relic shrub species, and seven threatened species defined by the China Red Data Book. The percentage of the threatened shrub species to the total is as high as 12.9%, much greater than the national average (3.5%). Although a National Natural Reserve has been established since 1998 in the western Ordos plateau, the exploitation of mining resources continues to expand at a significant biological cost. Given the circumstances, future conservation efforts should focus on (1) removing coking and cement facilities from the reserve; (2) defining the boundaries of the Western Ordos National Natural Reserve encompassing all habitats where these shrub species occur; (3) implementing comprehensive plans coupling conservation with economic development; (4) enforcing ecological restoration after mining; and (5)␣establishing comprehensive population monitoring systems and promoting ex situ conservation. In addition, two local endemic relic species (Tetraena mongolica and Helianthemum ordosicum), which were defined as rare species in the second conservation priority by the China Red Data Book, should be considered as endangered species in the first conservation priority rank due to the extremely restricted distribution ranges, extremely scarce populations and more prominently, the currently increasing human disturbances caused by mining and urbanization in the core conservation area of the western Ordos plateau.     

石质文物的生物风化及其防治研究进展

石质文物的生物风化问题普遍存在,随着全球气候与环境变化加剧,其面临的生物风化挑战日趋严峻,防风化任务愈趋紧迫.本文综述了地衣类微生物介导的石材风化机理及其与气候环境因子间的关系,讨论了地衣的生物保护作用和地衣防治中生物杀灭剂的效力评价,并展望了该领域未来的研究方向.对地衣-岩石界面的大量研究表明,生物风化可主要归因于以菌丝穿透和草酸钙形成为代表的生物物理风化和生物化学风化;露天石质文物的生物风化与包括石材基质、周边环境及气候因素等在内的整个生态系统多种非生物条件息息相关;地衣对石材兼具生物风化作用和生物保护效应.在石质文物风化修复方面,应逐步改善文物赋存的环境条件,建立用于生物风化和杀灭效率评估的行业规范和国家标准等“通用语言”,推进石质文物的科学保护.     

Genetic engineering of crops as potential source of genetic hazard in the human diet.

The benefits of genetic engineering of crop plants to improve the reliability and quality of the world food supply have been contrasted with public concerns raised about the food safety of the resulting products. Debates have concentrated on the possible unforeseen risks associated with the accumulation of new metabolites in crop plants that may contribute to toxins, allergens and genetic hazards in the human diet. This review examines the various molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which new hazards may appear in foods as a direct consequence of genetic engineering in crop plants. Such hazards may arise from the expression products of the inserted genes, secondary or pleiotropic effects of transgene expression, and random insertional mutagenic effects resulting from transgene integration into plant genomes. However, when traditional plant breeding is evaluated in the same context, these mechanisms are no different from those that have been widely accepted from the past use of new cultivars in agriculture. The risks associated with the introduction of new genes via genetic engineering must be considered alongside the common breeding practice of introgressing large fragments of chromatin from related wild species into crop cultivars. The large proportion of such introgressed DNA involves genes of unknown function linked to the trait of interest such as pest or disease resistance. In this context, the potential risks of introducing new food hazards from the applications of genetic engineering are no different from the risks that might be anticipated from genetic manipulation of crops via traditional breeding. In many respects, the precise manner in which genetic engineering can control the nature and expression of the transferred DNA offers greater confidence for producing the desired outcome compared with traditional breeding.     

天梯山石窟壁画保存环境中空气细菌的季节性变化

【背景】微生物侵蚀是古代壁画常见生物病害,影响壁画的长久保存和安全陈展。空气微生物作为壁画病害菌的主要来源,近年在文物赋存环境监测和预防性保护中引起广泛重视。【目的】对天梯山石窟壁画的2处保存地,即天梯山原址和武威西夏博物馆壁画保存环境中的空气细菌浓度、群落结构及其季节变化规律进行分析。【方法】利用生物气溶胶采样器,在2016年春、夏、秋、冬4季分别采集各位点空气样品;基于传统培养方法获得空气中细菌浓度及纯培养菌株;通过提取细菌基因组DNA、扩增其16S rRNA基因、测序和系统发生关系分析等技术研究不同位点细菌群落时空动态变化规律;结合环境监测数据,分析影响文化遗产地空气细菌群落变化的主要因素。【结果】空气可培养细菌的总浓度在16.7-1 451.8 CFU/m3范围内变动。原址第18窟和第13窟,各季节细菌浓度无显著性差异,且呈明显季节性变动规律,总体特征为夏秋季低,冬春季高。西夏博物馆外空气细菌浓度在各季节均高于库房内,冬季最高。本研究共鉴定出19个细菌属,隶属于4个门;其中不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、考克氏菌属(Kocuria)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、肉食杆菌属(Carnobacterium)、 Pseudoclavibacter和薄层菌属(Hymenobacter)为优势属。【结论】天梯山石窟空气细菌群落结构具有明显的时空分布特征;相对湿度、温度及季节性降水均会影响其变化;鉴定得到部分种属具备引起壁画生物腐蚀的潜势;本研究可为当地开展遗址和馆藏环境中文物预防性保护提供本底资料。     

土壤生物工程在河道坡岸生态修复中应用与效果

土壤生物工程是一项采用存活植物构筑边坡结构,稳定河道（流）坡岸和生态修复的工程技术.本文简要讨论了土壤生物工程的原理和活枝扦插、柴笼、灌丛垫以及复合工程等基本种植技术;介绍了我国第一个采用土壤生物工程修复河道坡岸的示范工程,对比了工程实施后河道坡岸10个月来的坡岸土壤剪切力、生境条件和生物多样性变化.研究和示范工程表明,采用土壤生物工程方法可以稳定坡岸、改善坡岸的栖息地质量、修复河道的生态环境.土壤生物工程方法可以在我国各类岸（边）坡的生态修复中广泛运用.     

Paleogenomics or the search for remnant duplicated copies of the yeast DUP240 gene family in intergenic areas

Duplication, resulting in gene redundancy, is well known to be a driving force of evolutionary change. Gene families are therefore useful targets for approaching genome evolution. To address the gene death process, we examined the fate of the 10-member-large S288C DUP240 family in 15 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Using an original three-step method of analysis reported here, both slightly and highly degenerate DUP240 copies, called pseudo-open reading frames (ORFs) and relics, respectively, were detected in strain S288C. It was concluded that two previously annotated ORFs correspond, in fact, to pseudo-ORFs and three additional relics were identified in intergenic areas. Comparative intraspecies analysis of these degenerate DUP240 loci revealed that the two pseudo-ORFs are present in a nondegenerate state in some other strains. This suggests that within a given gene family different loci are the target of the gene erasure process, which is therefore strain dependent. Besides, the variable positions observed indicate that the relic sequence may diverge faster than the flanking regions. All in all, this study shows that short conserved protein motifs provide a useful tool for detecting and accurately mapping degenerate gene remnants. The present results also highlight the strong contribution of comparative genomics for gene relic detection because the possibility of finding short conserved protein motifs in intergenic regions (IRs) largely depends on the choice of the most closely related paralog or ortholog. By mapping new genetic components in previously annotated IRs, our study constitutes a further refinement step in the crucial stage of genome annotation and provides a strategy for retracing ancient chromosomal reshaping events and, hence, for deciphering genome history.     

Integrating hardware, software and mindware for sustainable ecosystem development: Principles and methods of ecological engineering in China

Grounded in human ecological philosophy, ecological engineering in China seeks to find an alternative way to realize sustainable development at ecosystem level through total metabolism of resources, systematic coupling of technologies and cultivation of people's behavior. Here the key is integration of ‘hardware’, ‘software’ and ‘mindware’. Eight design principles of ecological engineering based on eco-cybernetics are discussed, which fall into three categories: competition, symbiosis and self-reliance. The fundamental tasks of ecological engineering are to develop a sustainable ecosystem through the integrative planning of its structure, function and processes by encouraging totally functioning technology, systematically responsible institutions and ecologically vivid culture. A campaign of ecological engineering development in China is introduced, including 29 national comprehensive experimental communities for sustainable development, 51 pilot studies of eco-county development, and 100 ecological demonstration districts. Some fruitful theoretical and applied results have been gained and the case of Dafeng eco-county development is introduced.     

A new species of Sparganium from the Eocene of Fushun,Liaoning Province

Sparganium fushunense Geng is described as new from the Jijuntun Formation (Middle to Late Eocene) of Fushun region in Liaoning Province, China. The preserved fertile branches bear fruiting heads. A morphological comparison of the fruit heads is made between the specimens studied here with those of the living species and other fossil species. The results show that the new species is distinguishable mainly by the shape of the tepals and the size of the fruits. Sparganium fushunense Geng, sp. nov. Head-bearing axis at least 14.5 cm long, about 1.0 mm wide, with longitudinal striae more or less parallel on its surface. Axes with 4～6 lateral fruit heads, interval between heads 0.5～2.0 cm. Fruiting head sessile, globose, about 5 mm in diameter, made up of tightly packed tepals and fruits radiating from a small receptacle. Tepals narrowly obovate, apically rounded, about 1.8 mm long, 0.2～0.7 mm wide. Fruits elliptic, sessile, with smooth surface, 1.16～1.25 mm long, at apex with a beak 1.5～2.0 mm long. Seed elliptic, long axis 0.48～0.75 mm long, short axis 0.23～0.45 mm long. Seed coat cells irregularly polygonal , 4.1～19 vn in diameter, with smaller ones in both the apical and basalparts,the larger ones in the middle part and a papillate process at the apex.     

Human Y chromosome, sex determination, and spermatogenesis- a feminist view

In this review I want to argue that, far from being a macho entity with an all-powerful role in male development, the human Y chromosome is a "wimp." It is merely a relic of the X chromosome, and most or all of the genes it bears-including the genes that determine sex and control spermatogenesis-are relics of genes on the X chromosome that have other functions altogether.     

中国自然保护地体系分类研究

建设自然保护地体系是为子孙后代保留生物多样性资源与自然遗产最有效的途径。自1956年我国建立第一个自然保护区以来,已建设形成覆盖森林、草地、湿地、海洋、荒漠各类生态系统,珍稀濒危动植物物种和种质资源,自然遗迹和自然景观,以及水源保护等各类自然保护地。但由于缺乏自然保护地体系的顶层设计,各类保护地面临功能区分不清晰、空间重叠、管理成效不高等问题。建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的部署,为理顺我国保护地体系,明确各类保护地的功能定位提供了难得的机会。在分析我国现有自然保护地类型,并参考国际自然保护地体系分类经验的基础上,探讨了我国保护地体系分类,建议将我国自然保护地分为5大类,第I类为自然保护区,第Ⅱ类为国家公园,第Ⅲ类为自然公园,第Ⅳ类为物种与种质资源保护区,第Ⅴ类为生态功能保护区,并分析了各类自然保护地的功能定位和管理目标,以期为自然保护地体系规划建设提供参考。完善我国自然保护地体系分类,根据各类保护地的特点,创新保护地建设政策与机制,加大政府对自然保护地建设力度的同时,发挥全社会力量建设自然保护地,我国自然保护地建设将大有可为。     

基于能值分析和生态用地分类的中国生态系统生产总值核算研究

生态系统生产总值是生态系统为人类提供的产品与服务价值的总和,研究与建立一个独立的核算一个国家或地区的生态系统生产总值的方法与体系,对科学评价与合理利用自然资源、助推生态文明建设等具有重要意义。将生态系统生产总值分为供给价值、文化价值、承载价值与调节价值等四大类,基于能值分析方法和生态用地分类体系,计算得出全国及各地区生态系统生产总值,并将其与国内生产总值进行比较,为自然资源资产负债核算和综合生态系统管理等研究提供理论和方法借鉴。研究结果表明:(1)生态用地分类体系包括湿地、森林、草地和其他生态土地4个一级类型、19个二级类型。其中,湿地、森林、草地可统称为基础性生态用地。2008年,中国生态用地总量为763.95万km2,约占陆域国土面积的80%,其中基础性生态用地约为530.8万km2。(2)2008年,中国国土生态系统生产总值约为19万亿美元,是当年国内生产总值4.71万亿美元的4倍,人均生态系统总值约为1.45万美元/人。从生态系统生产总值来看,广东、山东、河南位居前三,西藏最低;从人均生态系统生产总值来看,西藏和内蒙古居前,甘肃最低。     

The taxonomy and distribution ofEuchresta japonica (Leguminosae)

The taxonomic position ofEuchresta trifoliolata is discussed, and it is concluded that it is identical withE. japonica. Consequently,E. japonica can be considered to be discontinuously distributed between SW. Japan and S. China and represents a unique pattern of distribution, which has not been known for the flora of Japan and China.E. japonica is also considered to represent a relic distribution pattern.     

Negatively-Biased Credulity and the Cultural Evolution of Beliefs

The functions of cultural beliefs are often opaque to those who hold them. Accordingly, to benefit from cultural evolution’s ability to solve complex adaptive problems, learners must be credulous. However, credulity entails costs, including susceptibility to exploitation, and effort wasted due to false beliefs. One determinant of the optimal level of credulity is the ratio between the costs of two types of errors: erroneous incredulity (failing to believe information that is true) and erroneous credulity (believing information that is false). This ratio can be expected to be asymmetric when information concerns hazards, as the costs of erroneous incredulity will, on average, exceed the costs of erroneous credulity; no equivalent asymmetry characterizes information concerning benefits. Natural selection can therefore be expected to have crafted learners’ minds so as to be more credulous toward information concerning hazards. This negatively-biased credulity extends general negativity bias, the adaptive tendency for negative events to be more salient than positive events. Together, these biases constitute attractors that should shape cultural evolution via the aggregated effects of learners’ differential retention and transmission of information. In two studies in the U.S., we demonstrate the existence of negatively-biased credulity, and show that it is most pronounced in those who believe the world to be dangerous, individuals who may constitute important nodes in cultural transmission networks. We then document the predicted imbalance in cultural content using a sample of urban legends collected from the Internet and a sample of supernatural beliefs obtained from ethnographies of a representative collection of the world’s cultures, showing that beliefs about hazards predominate in both.     

基于微卫星标记对中国Q型烟粉虱早期入侵种群与B型烟粉虱种群的遗传结构分析（英文）

2003年首次在云南昆明发现Q型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)传入中国。随后几年时间内, 它在许多省份逐年取代了B型烟粉虱种群。2008年后,Q型烟粉虱基本上成为了中国多数省份农区的优势生物型。为了进一步揭示Q型烟粉虱在中国快速扩散以及取代B型烟粉虱的遗传学基础, 本研究利用11个微卫星位点分析并比较了2003年中国云南昆明Q型烟粉虱入侵种群及其他地点的11个B型入侵种群, 西班牙2个Q型土著种群, 以色列1个Q型入侵种群, 以色列1个B型土著种群, 以及西班牙、 美国与澳大利亚的5个B型入侵种群的遗传结构。结果表明, 中国Q型烟粉虱早期种群（云南昆明种群）可能来自于西部地中海地区。中国B型烟粉虱种群遗传多样性高于西班牙、 澳大利亚、 美国B型种群, 中国B型可能存在多次传入或某个混合种群的再次传入。相对于原产地种群, 中国Q型烟粉虱早期入侵种群与B型烟粉虱种群遗传多样性并没有明显降低, 表明Q型与B型烟粉虱种群可能经历了较小的瓶颈效应或奠基者效应。中国Q型烟粉虱早期入侵种群遗传多样性高于B型烟粉虱种群, Q型烟粉虱这种较高的遗传多样性可能为其较强的生态适应性提供了遗传基础, 有利于Q型烟粉虱在新的环境下快速扩散并取代B型烟粉虱。     

Reconstruction after the 2004 tsunami: ecological and cultural considerations from case studies

Design professionals have not often been consulted regarding devastation after natural disasters. Most solutions and techniques of natural disaster-related recovery emphasize infrastructure engineering and food provision. Whereas recovery efforts and basic survival demand that food delivery and movement be facilitated in such areas, issues designers concern themselves with are seldom considered. Designers focus is on integration of ecological and cultural concerns in planning for disaster recovery. Indeed, after events such as the Southeast Asian tsunami of 2004, societies must start again with few material objects but with an extensive cultural consciousness. This paper addresses the role that designers play in such a situation. It is suggested how designers and other professionals can facilitate a series of best practices in disaster recovery. Overviews of large-scale disasters from three countries show how cultural and ecological considerations are the two elements most needed in disaster planning, both pre and post-event. Suggestions are made about how these elements may be best incorporated into future eco-culturally-based recovery efforts. Evaluation of design precedents used to renovate the natural and built environment is a positive and necessary framework for recovery.