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The Medicago FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog, MtFTa1, is a key regulator of flowering time 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Laurie RE Diwadkar P Jaudal M Zhang L Hecht V Wen J Tadege M Mysore KS Putterill J Weller JL Macknight RC 《Plant physiology》2011,156(4):2207-2224
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes encode proteins that function as the mobile floral signal, florigen. In this study, we characterized five FT-like genes from the model legume, Medicago (Medicago truncatula). The different FT genes showed distinct patterns of expression and responses to environmental cues. Three of the FT genes (MtFTa1, MtFTb1, and MtFTc) were able to complement the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ft-1 mutant, suggesting that they are capable of functioning as florigen. MtFTa1 is the only one of the FT genes that is up-regulated by both long days (LDs) and vernalization, conditions that promote Medicago flowering, and transgenic Medicago plants overexpressing the MtFTa1 gene flowered very rapidly. The key role MtFTa1 plays in regulating flowering was demonstrated by the identification of fta1 mutants that flowered significantly later in all conditions examined. fta1 mutants do not respond to vernalization but are still responsive to LDs, indicating that the induction of flowering by prolonged cold acts solely through MtFTa1, whereas photoperiodic induction of flowering involves other genes, possibly MtFTb1, which is only expressed in leaves under LD conditions and therefore might contribute to the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. The role of the MtFTc gene is unclear, as the ftc mutants did not have any obvious flowering-time or other phenotypes. Overall, this work reveals the diversity of the regulation and function of the Medicago FT family. 相似文献
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Circadian Clock Proteins LHY and CCA1 Regulate SVP Protein Accumulation to Control Flowering in Arabidopsis
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Sumire Fujiwara Atsushi Oda Riichiro Yoshida Kanae Niinuma Kana Miyata Yusuke Tomozoe Takeomi Tajima Mayu Nakagawa Kounosuke Hayashi George Coupland Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi 《The Plant cell》2008,20(11):2960-2971
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MtVRN2 is a Polycomb VRN2‐like gene which represses the transition to flowering in the model legume Medicago truncatula
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Mauren Jaudal Lulu Zhang Chong Che Daniel G. Hurley Geoffrey Thomson Jiangqi Wen Kirankumar S. Mysore Joanna Putterill 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2016,86(2):145-160
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Li D Liu C Shen L Wu Y Chen H Robertson M Helliwell CA Ito T Meyerowitz E Yu H 《Developmental cell》2008,15(1):110-120
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Ralf Müller-Xing Oliver Clarenz Lena Pokorny Justin Goodrich Daniel Schubert 《The Plant cell》2014,26(6):2457-2471
The switch from vegetative to reproductive growth is extremely stable even if plants are only transiently exposed to environmental stimuli that trigger flowering. In the photoperiodic pathway, a mobile signal, florigen, encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis thaliana, induces flowering. Because FT activity in leaves is not maintained after transient photoperiodic induction, the molecular basis for stable floral commitment is unclear. Here, we show that Polycomb-group (Pc-G) proteins, which mediate epigenetic gene regulation, maintain the identity of inflorescence and floral meristems after floral induction. Thus, plants with reduced Pc-G activity show a remarkable increase of cauline leaves under noninductive conditions and floral reversion when shifted from inductive to noninductive conditions. These phenotypes are almost completely suppressed by loss of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, which both delay flowering and promote vegetative shoot identity. Upregulation of FLC in Pc-G mutants leads to a strong decrease of FT expression in inflorescences. We find that this activity of FT is needed to prevent floral reversion. Collectively, our results reveal that floral meristem identity is at least partially maintained by a daylength-independent role of FT whose expression is indirectly sustained by Pc-G activity. 相似文献
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FE,a phloem‐specific Myb‐related protein,promotes flowering through transcriptional activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T and FLOWERING LOCUS T INTERACTING PROTEIN 1
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Mitsutomo Abe Hidetaka Kaya Ayako Watanabe‐Taneda Mio Shibuta Ayako Yamaguchi Tomoaki Sakamoto Tetsuya Kurata Israel Ausín Takashi Araki Carlos Alonso‐Blanco 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2015,83(6):1059-1068
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Potent induction of Arabidopsis thaliana flowering by elevated growth temperature 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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The transition to flowering is an important event in the plant life cycle and is modulated by several environmental factors including photoperiod, light quality, vernalization, and growth temperature, as well as biotic and abiotic stresses. In contrast to light and vernalization, little is known about the pathways that mediate the responses to other environmental variables. A mild increase in growth temperature, from 23 °C to 27 °C, is equally efficient in inducing flowering of Arabidopsis plants grown in 8-h short days as is transfer to 16-h long days. There is extensive natural variation in this response, and we identify strains with contrasting thermal reaction norms. Exploiting this natural variation, we show that FLOWERING LOCUS C potently suppresses thermal induction, and that the closely related floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS M is a major-effect quantitative trait locus modulating thermosensitivity. Thermal induction does not require the photoperiod effector CONSTANS, acts upstream of the floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T, and depends on the hormone gibberellin. Analysis of mutants defective in salicylic acid biosynthesis suggests that thermal induction is independent of previously identified stress-signaling pathways. Microarray analyses confirm that the genomic responses to floral induction by photoperiod and temperature differ. Furthermore, we report that gene products that participate in RNA splicing are specifically affected by thermal induction. Above a critical threshold, even small changes in temperature can act as cues for the induction of flowering. This response has a genetic basis that is distinct from the known genetic pathways of floral transition, and appears to correlate with changes in RNA processing. 相似文献
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The wide variety of plant architectures is largely based on diverse and flexible modes of axillary shoot development. In Arabidopsis, floral transition (flowering) stimulates axillary bud development. The mechanism that links flowering and axillary bud development is, however, largely unknown. We recently showed that FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein, which acts as florigen, promotes the phase transition of axillary meristems, whereas BRANCHED1 (BRC1) antagonizes the florigen action in axillary buds. Here, we present evidences for another possible role of florigen in axillary bud development. Ectopic overexpression of FT or another florigen gene TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) with LEAFY (LFY) induces ectopic buds at cotyledonary axils, confirming the previous proposal that these genes are involved in formation of axillary buds. Taken together with our previous report that florigen promotes axillary shoot elongation, we propose that florigen regulates axillary bud development at multiple stages to coordinate it with flowering in Arabidopsis. 相似文献
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Torti S Fornara F Vincent C Andrés F Nordström K Göbel U Knoll D Schoof H Coupland G 《The Plant cell》2012,24(2):444-462
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Natalia Mu?oz-Fambuena Carlos Mesejo M. Carmen González-Mas Domingo J. Iglesias Eduardo Primo-Millo Manuel Agustí 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2012,31(4):529-536
In Citrus, gibberellic acid (GA3) applied at the floral bud inductive period significantly reduces flowering intensity. This effect is being used to improve the fruit set of parthenocarpic cultivars that tend to flower profusely. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the process remain unclear. To contribute to the knowledge of this phenomenon, adult trees of ‘Salustiana’ sweet orange were sprayed at the floral bud inductive period with 40?mg?L?1 of GA3 and the expression pattern of flowering genes was examined up to the onset of bud sprouting. Trees sprayed with paclobutrazol (PBZ, 2,000?mg L?1), a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, were used to confirm the effects, and untreated trees served as control. Bud sprouting, flowering intensity, and developed shoots were evaluated in the spring. GA3 significantly reduced the number of flowers per 100 nodes by 72% compared to the control, whereas PBZ increased the number by 123%. Data of the expression pattern of flowering genes in leaves of GA3-treated trees revealed that this plant growth regulator inhibited flowering by repressing relative expression of the homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T, CiFT, whereas PBZ increased flowering by boosting its expression. The activity of the homologs TERMINAL FLOWER 1, FLOWERING LOCUS C, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1, and APETALA1 was not affected by the treatments. The number of flowers per inflorescence, in both leafy and leafless inflorescences, was not altered by GA3 but increased with PBZ; the latter paralleled LEAFY relative expression. These results suggest that GA3 inhibits flowering in Citrus by repressing CiFT expression in leaves. 相似文献
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Zhiqiang Yan Dawei Liang Heng Liu Guochang Zheng 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2010,57(2):166-174
The timing of floral transition has significant consequences for reproductive success in plants. The molecular genetic dissection of flowering time control in Arabidopsis identified an integrated network of pathways that quantitatively control this developmental switch. A central player in this process is the FLOWERING LOCUS C gene (FLC), which blocks flowering by inhibiting the genes required to switch the meristem from vegetative to floral development. Three systems (the FRIGIDA gene, vernalization, and the autonomous pathway) all influence the state of FLC. Last years many new genes have been identified that regulate FLC expression, and most of them are involved in the modification of FLC chromatin. This review focuses on recent insights in FLC regulation. 相似文献
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In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization promotes flowering by repressing the floral inhibitor FLOWERING LOCUS C (AtFLC). This repression is mediated through epigenetic modifications at the AtFLC locus, leading to gene silencing. Whether the well-known quantitative effect of vernalization is due to the degree of AtFLC repression and/or its stability after return to normal temperature conditions has not been clarified. Here, we examine this question in white mustard, Sinapis alba, taking advantage of our recent cloning of the AtFLC ortholog SaFLC.Key words: Brassicaceae, flowering, FLOWERING LOCUS C, Sinapis alba, vernalization 相似文献