Rhizoctonia solani and orchid seed

Summary

One hundred and sixty-two agarics are recorded for Hirta and two from Dùn, two islands situated off the West coast of Scotland in the St. Kilda complex. The agarics are described in relation to the ecological noda proposed by McVean for the higher plant communities of the islands. Omphalina ericetorum and Nolanea staurospora were by far the commonest species: eighttaxa which are not in the New British Check List are recorded from Hirta. An appendix dealing with the taxonomy and nomenclature of the more critical species in the list is given.     

Galerina Earle: A polyphyletic genus in the consortium of dark-spored agarics

The basidiomycete genus Galerina Earle accommodates more than 300 small brown-spored agarics worldwide, predominantly described from the Northern hemisphere. The delimitation of species and infrageneric units hitherto has been based on morphological and, to some extent, ecological characters. In this study we have analyzed nuclear ribosomal LSU and ITS sequences to reveal infrageneric phylogeny and the phylogenetic placement of Galerina among the dark-spored agarics. Sequences from 36 northern hemisphere Galerina species and 19 other dark-spored taxa were analyzed, some of them obtained from EMBL/GenBank. Our results, received from Bayesian and distance methods, strongly suggest that Galerina is a polyphyletic genus. The LSU analysis shows that Galerina is composed of three or four separate monophyletic main groups. In addition, a few species cluster together with other dark-spored agarics. The same groups are recognized in the ITS tree and they correspond roughly to previously recognized subgenera or sections in Galerina. With high support our LSU analysis suggests that Gymnopilus is a monophyletic genus and that Gymnopilus and one of the Galerina lineages ("mycenopsis") are sister groups. The analyses further indicate that the Galerina lineages, as well as the genus Gymnopilus, could be referred to a strongly emendated family Strophariaceae, which corresponds largely to the family as circumscribed by Kühner (1980). Our results affirm that morphological characters often are highly homoplastic in the agarics. At the present stage formal taxonomic consequences or nomenclatural changes are not proposed.     

Bioluminescent Mycena species from São Paulo, Brazil

Six species of bioluminescent agarics are described and illustrated from a single site in primary Atlantic Forest habitat in the Parque Estadual Turistico do Alto Ribeira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. These include two new taxa of Mycena, viz. M. asterina and M. lucentipes. Luminescence in Mycena fera, M. singeri and M. discobasis is reported for the first time. In addition an undeterminable luminescent Mycena species is described and additional specimens of Gerronema viridilucens are documented. An accounting of known bioluminescent species of Mycena and a discussion of why they luminesce are presented.     

8种引起木材腐朽的伞菌的培养特性

描述了8种 引起木材腐朽的伞菌的培养特性,它们隶属于口蘑科和球盖菇科,在林地中多生长在腐木上(为木材腐朽的次要原因或处于木材腐朽演替的后期阶段),这8种菌是真姬菇Hypsizygus marmoreus、洁丽香菇Lentinus lepideus、粘小奥德蘑 Oudemansiella mucida、止血扇菇Panellus stypticus、铃形干脐菇Xeromphalina campanella、簇生黄韧伞Naematoloma fasciculare、滑菇 Pholiota nameko和尖鳞伞Pholiota squarrosoides。     

Larger fungi around Kindrogan,Perthshire

Summary

540 agarics and 156 other basidiomycetes, (excluding rusts and smuts), are recorded for an area within a 40 km radius of the Kindrogan Field Centre, Perthshire. Several are new records and do not appear in checklists for the British Isles; notes are provided on new, interesting and rare species.     

Arthromyces and Blastosporella, two new genera of conidia-producing lyophylloid agarics (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from the neotropics

Two new genera encompassing three new species of lyophylloid agarics that produce conidia on the basidiomata are described. Arthromyces is a genus comprised of two very different arthrospore-producing mushroom species found in the Greater Antilles and Central America. Blastosporella is a monotypic genus with spherical balls of blastospores covering the pileus surface with age and is known from Hispaniola and Colombia. A key to the species of Arthromyces is included.     

内蒙古东部伞菌和牛肝菌名录

报道采自内蒙古自治区赤峰市、通辽市、兴安盟及呼伦贝尔市的伞菌和牛肝菌4目26科84属307种(包括种下等级),其中包括150种食用菌,10种药用菌,38种有毒种类和109种经济价值尚不明确的真菌,变红疣柄牛肝菌[Leccinum intusrubens(Corner)H il.]为本地区分布的中国新记录种。     

乌苏里江流域的伞菌及其它大型担子菌

报告了中国东北和俄罗斯远东地区乌苏里江流域伞菌及其它大型担子菌种类。基于作者2003年和2004年在中国黑龙江抚远、饶河、虎林和密山及俄罗斯滨海边疆区和哈巴罗夫斯克边疆区所采得的1200余号标本。记载了132属328种,其中有27种为中国新记录(用星号标注)。此名录包括种的名称及其文献出处、采集地和引证的标本号,不列举同物异名。标本保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)及俄罗斯科学院生物与土壤研究所植物标本馆菌物部(VLA-M)。     

Reconstructing the evolution of agarics from nuclear gene sequences and basidiospore ultrastructure

Traditional classifications of agaric fungi involve gross morphology of their fruit bodies and meiospore print-colour. However, the phylogeny of these fungi and the evolution of their morphological and ecological traits are poorly understood. Phylogenetic analyses have already demonstrated that characters used in traditional classifications of basidiomycetes may be heavily affected by homoplasy, and that non-gilled taxa evolved within the agarics several times. By integrating molecular phylogenetic analyses including domains D1–D3 and D7–D8 of nucLSU rDNA and domains A–C of the RPB1 gene with morphological and chemical data from representative species of 88 genera, we were able to resolve higher groups of agarics. We found that the species with thick-walled and pigmented basidiospores constitute a derived group, and hypothesize that this specific combination of characters represents an evolutionary advantage by increasing the tolerance of the basidiospores to dehydration and solar radiation and so opened up new ecological niches, e.g. the colonization of dung substrates by enabling basidiospores to survive gut passages through herbivores. Our results confirm the validity of basidiospore morphology as a phylogenetic marker in the agarics.     

采自长白山的几个中国新记录伞菌

报道了采自吉林省长白山自然保护区的3个中国新记录伞菌,即紫褶小孢菌[Baeospora myriadophylla(Peck)Singer]、木生囊环菇[Cystolepiota lignicola(P.Karst.)Nezdojm.]和暗褶菌[Melanophyllum haematospermum(Bull.)Kreisel],并描述了1个中国大陆新记种黄褐色孢菌[Callistosporiumluteo-olivaceum(Berk.M.A.Curtis)Singer]。Cystolepiota和Melanophyllum为中国新记录属。提供所有种的子实体照片和显微结构线条图。凭证标本存放于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)。     

Larger fungi from Kashmir—IV

The present paper describes six species of agarics occurring in Kashmir Valley—Lentinus lepideus, Lentinus strigosus, Pleurotus platypus, Clitocybe infudibulformis, Conchomyces bursaeformis andLeucopaxillus albissumus. Three species—L. lepideus, C. infundibuliformis andC. bursaeformis, are reported for the first time from India.     

Stability, ephemerality and dispersal ability: microarthropod assemblages on fungal sporophores

A comprehensive analysis of the microarthropod fauna from fungal sporophores revealed a series of recurrent patterns demonstrating the non-random structure of these assemblages. Despite the existence of a strong species-area relationship from sporophores of certain fungi, particularly among perennial species, several small sporophores always maintained a more diverse microarthropod fauna than fewer large sporophores of equivalent total area. A consistendy high degree of overlap in microarthropod species occurrence between larger and smaller sporophores was indicated by the presence of highly significant nested subset structure. The fauna from Hetervbasidion annosum sporophores was the most nested, followed by Hypholoma fasciculate and a collection of pooled agarics, respectively. When the fauna was split into functional groups, microphytophages were always significandy nested in their distributions but, when significant, macrophytophages and panphytophages had stronger nested hierarchies. Non-random organization was least evident among predatory species. Micro-arthropods had significandy ordered distributions on sporophores of various fungi. Many species occurred on perennial H. annosum sporophores of all sizes while others had more restricted distributions. Most species fi/om very ephemeral agarics, including those which were widely distributed on H. annosum, were restricted to a small number oflarger sporophores. The pattern from H. fasciculare was intermediate; most species had narrow distributions and were present only on larger sporophores, except a small number of more widely distributed species.     

Spore wall traits of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic agarics may mirror their distinct lifestyles

Although fungal spores are tiny compared to plant seeds, their morphological variability is enormous, which points toward selective forces. We investigated the frequency of ornamentation, thick walls, pigmentation and germ pores of spores of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic agarics. We hypothesised that these traits are shaped by the needs of these distinct lifestyles. All traits showed a strong phylogenetic signal; we therefore applied a phylogenetically informed statistical analysis. There was a significantly higher occurrence of spore ornamentation in ectomycorrhizal agarics and a higher occurrence of thick-walled spores in saprotrophic agarics. The interplay between thick-walled and pigmented spores and the occurrence of germ pores was only significant for saprotrophs. We argue that ornamentation is probably important to ectomycorrhizal fungi for dispersal by soil invertebrates, whereas pigmented thick walls and germ pores would be more advantageous for predominantly r-selected saprotrophic agarics exposed to hazardous environments and in need of quick germination success.     

Fleshy fungi in grass fields. Dependence on fertilization, grass species, and age of field

An experimental field with grass had 48 squares which were treated with combinations of NPK fertilizers. The fungus flora was studied 1978–1980 by numerous yearly observations. A total of 40 species were noted: 36 agarics and 4 gasteromycetes. 24 species were confined to squares where nitrate was applied. 5 of these species were recorded as fairy ring formers. The fairy rings developed exclusively in the +N squares. Some common species grew in both +N and –N squares, while a few species were confined to –N squares. None of the latter group was found in abundance. The squares were divided in parcels sown with 4 species of lawn grasses. Several fungi showed preference for one or two grass species. The field consists of two parts, sown in 1977 and 1972 respectively. The immigration pattern into the new field is described.     

辽宁省8个伞菌新记录种

报道了采自辽宁省浑河源自然保护区和海棠山国家级自然保护区的8个辽宁省新记录伞菌,分别是红鳞环柄菇(Lepiota squamulosa T.Bau&Yu Li)、红鳞白环菇[Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus(Peck)Singer]、天鹅色环柄菇[Leucocoprinus cygneus(J.E.Lange)Bon]、银丝包脚菇[Volvariella bombycina(Schaeff.)Singer]、二孢蜡蘑[Laccaria tortilis(Bolton)Cooke]、黑毛桩菇[Tapinella atrotomentosa(Batsch)utara]、酒红褐鳞伞(Pholiota vinaceobrunnea A.H.Sm.&Hesler)、赭红方孢粉褶蕈[Entoloma quadratum(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)E.Horak]。文中描述了这些种的宏观和微观特征。     

Responses of lignicolous-agaric fruit-bodies to light and gravity: A study to overview the fruit-body development in hymenomycetes

Our previous study revealed that, when exposed to light from below, fruit-bodies of humus-borne agarics grow straight downward both in the ‘Coprinus Type’ and ’Non-Coprinus Type’ species and that, in the latter, gills tilt by gravitropism, caps swell and wave, and stipes twist. The present study revealed that fruit-bodies of some lignicolous agarics also grew straight downward. Among themFlammulina velutipes andHypsizygus marmoreus fruit-bodies showed almost the same behaviour as the ‘Non-Coprinus Type’, butPleurotus ostreatus (assumedPolyporus Type) fruit-bodies did not show the gill tilting and cap waving. Rather, it redifferentiated to produce new gills or new fruit-bodies, possibly by gravimorphogenesis, or formed spiral stipes. Based on these results, graviresponses in hymenomycetes are overviewed.