Problems in estimating growth rates of marine phytoplankton from short-term14C assays

Growth rate estimates () of phytoplankton populations that were sampled from nitrogen-limited continuous cultures and then incubated for short durations in batch culture with added¹⁴C-HCO₃ ^– were significantly different than steady-state growth rates () for 3 of 5 marine phytoplankton species. Two diatoms,Thalassiosira weissflogii andChaetoceros simplex, displayed virtually identical growth rates (=) over a wide range of, whereas for a third diatom,Phaeodactylum tricornutum, was overestimated by an average of 40% compared to. In contrast, was underestimated by the¹⁴C technique for the two remaining species: up to 40% at a steady-state of 1.0 day^–1 for the chlorophyteDunaliella tertiolecta and up to 100% at of 1.4 day^–1 for the haptophytePavlova lutheri. For the latter two species the divergence between and appeared to increase with increasing steady-state. A simple model of labeled and total carbon flow between the aqueous phase and cellular biomass was constructed to demonstrate that respiration was negligible when=, but was significant when>. In the cases in which<, a rapid physiological alteration presumably took place once the steady state was disturbed and cells were placed in the incubation chambers, which perhaps was related to the nutritional state of the cultures at the time of sampling. Questions thus are raised regarding our ability to measure accurately primary productivity from shipboard experiments with confined samples of phytoplankton from nutrient-impoverished waters that probably are less hardy than the laboratory cultures used in these studies.     

Developmental aspects of long-term callus culture ofVicia faba L.

Summary Vicia faba callus line (VFS 1), isolated from expiants of immature embryo, grew satisfactorily onMurashige andSkoog complete medium with 1.38 M 2,4-D, or with 0.92 M 2,4-D to which 1.0 M kinetin was added. It also grew well on the B 5 modified medium containing 2.3 M 2,4-D and 25.0 M kinetin. On the last of these media the cultures grew more uniformly and without necrosis. They also showed diminishing variation in polyploidy in favour of diploids and corresponding aneuploids (hypodiploids).After being cultured for nearly three years on MS containing 1.38 M 2,4-D, 8–33% of cultures of VFS 1 were able to regenerate roots when transferred to either MS half strength with 5.37 M NAA, or to a medium without 2,4-D, or else to media with the addition of kinetin only (in various concentrations).     

Clonal propagation of Callistemon by tissue culture techniques

Callus development in Callistemon viminalis was readily achieved when axillary buds derived from nodal tissue were placed in a medium containing macro- and micro-nutrients, sucrose (0.06 M), inositol (300 M), nicotinic acid (20 M), pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 M), thiamine hydrochloride (2 M), riboflavin (10 M), cytokinins (5 M) and auxins (0.1 M). The presence of benzylaminopurine (5 M) and p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.1 M) promoted the most vigorous callus development and sprout formation. Rooting of nodal material was rare but occurred readily following the transference of sprouts developed on callus to a basal medium containing sucrose and salts. Root initiation was stimulated, however, by the presence of auxins. Chlorophenoxyacetic acid while stimulating root initiation repressed root growth. Indole butyric acid stimulated both root initiation and shoot growth at concentrations of 0.005 to 0.1 M. The treatment of choice for rooting and shoot growth was the addition of indole butyric acid at a concentration of 0.01 M.     

In vitro organogenesis of elephant apple (Feronia limonia)

Elephant apple (Feronia limonia L.). was micropropagated on MS medium containing 4.4 M benzyladenine and 4.6 M kinetin using cotyledon explants taken from in vitro-grown seedlings. Adventitious buds formed on the cotyledon developed into shoots that were rooted in half-strength MS medium containing 0.57 M indoleacetic acid and 0.49 M indolebutyric acid. Plants were successfully established in soil.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - IAA 3-indoleacetic acid - IBA 3-indolebutyric acid - MS Murashige & Skoog     

Diurnal changes in proline content of desert plants

Summary The diurnal changes in proline and water contents of Zygophyllum quatarense and Francoeuria crispa were investigated under desert conditions. In both plants, the proline content was low before sunrise amounting to 10.42 moles/g fresh weight in Zygophyllum and 6.3 moles/g fresh weight in Francoeuria. By the progress of the day and the intensification of the evaporative power of the atmosphere, the proline content increased considerably in the two plants. The proline content reached maximal values at 5 p.m., reaching 23.36 moles/g in Zygophyllum and 11.16 moles/g in Francoeuria. The proline content of the artificially watered plants was kept at a low level throughout the day. The conditions and role of proline accumulation were discussed.     

Sarcocystis inghami n. sp. (Sporozoa: Sarcocystidae) from the skeletal muscles of the Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana in Michigan

This report describes the newly identified Sarcocystis inghami n. sp. from the skeletal muscles of opossums (Mammalia: Didelphidae) that were collected from south central Michigan (42° 43-42° 79N, 84° 18-84°mathtype="display">6'W), USA. The new species is distinguished from all species described from North and South American opossums by the distinctive morphology of the villar protrusions on the cyst wall. Sarcocysts of S. inghami are microscopic, up to 700 m long and 110 m wide. The sarcocyst wall is up to 7 m thick, with long, stalked protrusions which average 5.5 × 1.2 m. These are constricted at the base, expanded laterally, rounded off distally and occasionally bifid. The villar protrusions have numerous microtubules without electron–dense bodies that extend from the tips into the granular layer. Bradyzoites are 10.7 × 4.3 (8––12 × 4––5) m. This is the second species of Sarcocystis sarcocyst described from the Virginia opossum in North America.     

Effects of insecticides on cultures of insect cells

Serial dilutions of 20 insecticides were examined for their effects on the growth of insect cells cultivated in vitro. No differences in susceptibility were found for cells derived from the moth Antheraea eucalypti and the mosquito Aedes aegypti.Rotenone was the most effective inhibitor investigated, decreasing the rate of cell division at 0.001 g/ml. Malathion and diazinon first showed effects at 12 g and 112/ml respectively. Toxicants first effective at 10 g/ml included pp-DDT, dieldrin, pyrethrins and sodium arsenate; at 100 g/ml they included lindane and carbaryl; at 1000 g/ml only nicotine sulphate.The majority of insecticides tested (principal exception rotenone) were very much more toxic to last instar A. aegypti larvae than to the insect cells, suggesting that the functions of highly organized tissues are more readily interfered with than those of individual cell types comprising them.

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Zusammenfassung Verdünnungsserien von 20 Insektiziden wurden auf ihren Effekt auf das Wachstum von in vitro kultivierten Insektenzellen untersucht. Die untersuchten Zellen stammten aus Kulturen von Ovariolen von Antheraea eucalypti-Puppen und von Gewebe von Aedes aegypti-Larven. Rotenon erwies sich als das wirksamste Insektizid: es verlangsamte die Zellteilung in einer Konzentration von 0.001 g/ml. Malathion wurde erst in einer Konzentration von 12 g/ml wirksam, Diazinon bei 112 g/ml. Mehrere Insektizide zeigten erste Wirksamkeit bei 10 g/ml; diese waren: pp-DDT, pp-DDD, pp-DDE, Methoxychlor, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Pyrethrine, Allethrin und Natriumarsenat. Insektizide mit einer ersten Wirksamkeit bei 100 g/ml waren Lindan, Isolan, Dimetilan, Carbaryl, DNOC und Piperonylbutoxid. Nikotinsulfat war erst bei 1 mg/ml oder bei höheren Konzentrationen wirksam. Zwischen den Antheraea- und Aedes-Zellen wurde kein Unterschied in der Empfindlichkeit gegen die verschiedenen Insektizide gefunden. Bei niedrigen Konzentrationen zeigten Malathion und Natriumarsenat erst nach dem 4. Tag bedeutendere Effekte. Ein schwacher synergistischer Effekt wurde beim Mischen von Pyrethrinen mit Piperonylbutoxid in niedrigen Konzentrationen beobachtet, nicht aber bei hohen Konzentrationen.Bei der Mehrzahl (17 von 19) der Insektizide waren die Zellen in 10 bis 10.000 mal höheren Insektizid-Konzentrationen zu überleben fähig als A. aegypti-Larven im letzten Stadium. Rotenon war das einzige Insektizid, dessen Toxizität auf Zellen stärker war (10.000 Mal) als auf intakte Larven.

     

Changes with age in the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll α in a diatom

Summary Absorption spectra of a young and an old culture of the diatom Pheodactylum tricornutum were measured in thin layers between two opal glass sheets. The spectra at 24° and at -196°C were replotted to give equal areas from 730–625 m to allow direct comparison. At 24°C the spectrum for the difference between the two cultures had a negative component of 18 m half width centered at 675 m and a positive region of W_0.5=26 m near 700 m.The spectra at -196°C may be somewhat distorted by clumping of the cells during freezing but nevertheless the 16 day culture clearly showed a smaller proportion of Ca 670 to Ca 680. This older culture has a shoulder due to a 707 m component. The difference curve at -196°C shows the decrease of an unsymmetrical band peaking at 669 m and an increase at 695 m in addition to the 707 m component. Due to the possibility of distortion, the presence of an actual component at 695 is doubtful in these particular cultures.The room temperature spectrum in the chloropyhll a region for the 5 day culture can be closely fitted by a single probability curve at 675 m having a half-width of 31 m. The sum of two components, with widths more reasonable for chlorophylls, also matched the data well enough. These two probability curves, of 22 m half width, centered on 669 and 683.2 m and had a height ratio, h₆₆₉/h₆₈₃ of 1.18. In the 16 day culture the ratio for these bands changed to 1.11 and there was extra absorption around 700 m.Dedicated to Professor C. B. van Niel on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Five new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Madagascan chameleons (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae)

Coprological examination of 19 Madagascan chameleons of the genera Furcifer and Brookesia revealed the presence of five new coccidian species. Isospora brygooi n. sp. from Furcifer pardalis has spherical to subspherical oöcysts with a slightly pitted wall, 20.7 (17–24.5) × 19.3 (16–23) m and broadly ellipsoidal sporocysts, 12.2 (11.5–13) × 8.1 (8–8.5) m, with Stieda and substieda bodies. Oöcysts of Eimeria glawi n. sp. from Furcifer pardalis are cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 27.7 (26–29.5) × 18.4 (17–19) m, with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 7.3 (6.5–8) × 5.2 (5–5.5) m. E. vencesi n. sp. described from F. pardalis has spherical to subspherical oöcysts, 14.3 (13–15.5) × 13.0 (12–13) m, with small granules, one to three globular polar granules and ellipsoidal sporocysts, 7.3 (6.5–8) × 5.2 (5–5.5) m. E. worthi n. sp., described from Furcifer oustaleti has spherical oöcysts, 17.9 (17.5–19.0) × 15.0 (14.5–16.0) m without a polar granule and ellipsoidal to cylindroidal sporocysts, 8.2 (7.0–9.5) × 5.8 (5.0–6.5) m. Oöcysts of E. brookesiae n. sp. from Brookesia decaryi are cylindrical, 25.6 (23–27) × 15.0 (13–16) m with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 10.1 (9–11) × 6.9 (6–7) m. Endogenous development of E. vencesi is confined to the intestine, while that of E. glawi occurs in the gall-bladder.     

Induction of glucoamylase production by non-starchy carbohydrates inAspergillus terreus

Glucoamylase production inAspergillus terreus was induced, in order, by glucose, cellobiose, sorbitol, sucrose, -methyl mannoside and -methyl glucoside. Optimal induction was at 38°C, pH 4.0 and with 8 mg glucose/ml. Cycloheximide at 10 g/ml completely inhibited induction indicatingde novo protein synthesis was involved in induction of glucoamylase.

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Résumé La production de gluco-amylase est induite chezAspergillus terreus, en ordre décroissant, par le glucose, le celloboise, le sorbitol, le sucrose, l'-methylmannoside et l'-methylglucoside. L'induction est optimum à 38°C, pH 4.0 et en présence de 8 mg de glucose parml. La cycloheximide à 10 g par ml inhibe complètement l'induction, ce qui implique use synthèse de protéinede novo dans l'induction de la gluco-amylase.

     

Plant regeneration from somatic embryos ofTaxus brevifolia

Summary Taxusbrevifolia is the source of paclitaxel (Taxol®), an anticancer drug. A method for regeneration ofTaxus brevifolia from immature zygotic embryos via somatic embryogenesis is described. Embryogenic callus tissues were obtained by culturing immature zygotic embryos on Lloyd and McCown medium (MCM) supplemented with 160 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 5 M benzylaminopurine (BA) + 5 M naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for 4 weeks. Putative embryoids were obtained following transfer of cultures to MCM medium supplemented with 4 M BA + 5 M kinetin + 1 M NAA for 6 to 8 weeks. Conversion of embryos was obtained on MCM medium supplemented with 40 M abscisic acid (ABA) + 1% activated charcoal. Development of bipolar structures with recognizable shoot and root apices was observed in somatic embryos. Five percent of somatic embryos were regenerated into plantlets on half-strength growth regulator-free MCM medium.     

Ultrastructural analysis ofSpinacia oleracea sperm cells isolated from mature pollen grains

Summary In isolated condition, the sperm cells ofSpinacia oleracea are no longer arranged in pairs as in the pollen grain. The vegetative membrane, which surrounds a sperm cell pair in a mature pollen grain, is lost during the isolation procedure. The sperm cells become spherical in shape.The isolated sperm cell is surrounded by an intact plasma membrane. The heterochromatic or euchromatic sperm cell nucleus is located in the cell center. Mitochondria are round to oval and have distinct cristae. Often they are clustered in groups of 5 to 10 mitochondria. Dictyosomes are present in the cytoplasm and consist of 4 to 5 cisterns. Endoplasmatic reticulum is mostly situated at the sperm cell periphery, as single cisterns very near the plasma membrane.From diameters of sectioned sperm cells in electron micrographs, it is possible to calculate the average diameter of the whole sperm cell. This average diameter is 3.66 m with a variation of 3.0 m to 4.2 m, resulting in an average volume of 25.6 m³. The nuclear volume is 12.8 m³ (50.0% of the whole cell) and the mitochondrial volume is 0.7 m³ (2.5% of the whole cell). The frequency distribution of the isolated sperm cells diameters shows only one peak with a normal distribution, indicating that there is no dimorphism in volume.     

The contribution of size-fractionated plankton to biomass and primary production of phytoplankton in saline–alkaline ponds

Primary productivity, biomass and chlorophyll-a of size fractionated phytoplankton (<0.22 m, <3 m, <8 m, <10 m, <40 m, <64 m, <112 m and <200 m) were estimated in 6 ponds and 5 experimental enclosures. The results showed that the planktonic algae less than 10 m are important in the biomass and production of phytoplankton in saline–alkaline ponds. The production of size fractionated phytoplankton corresponding to <112 m, <10 m and <3 m in saline–alkaline ponds were 10.5 ± 6.6 , 8.6 ± 5.4 and 0.33 ± 0.1 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. Mean community respiration rate was 1.80 ± 0.73, 1.69 ± 0.90 and 1.38 ± 1.12 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. The average production of phytoplankton corresponding to micro- (10–112 m), nano- (3–10 m) and pico- (<3 m) were 1.61, 8.30 and 0.33 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. The ratio of those to the total phytoplankton production was 15%, 79% and 3%, respectively. The mean respiration rate of the different size groups was 0.11, 0.31 and 1.38 mgC l^–1 d^–1; the ratio of those to total respiration of phytoplankton was 6%, 17% and 77%, respectively. The production of size-fractionated phytoplankton corresponding to <200 m, <10 m and <3 m in enclosures was 2.19 ± 1.63, 2.08 ± 1.75 and 0.22 ± 0.08 mgC l^–1 d^-1, respectively. Mean community respiration rates were 1.25 ± 1.55, 1.17 ± 1.42 and 0.47 ± 0.32 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. The average production of phytoplankton corresponding to micro- (10–200 m), nano- (3–10 m) and pico- (<3 m) plankton was 0.11, 1.86 and 0.22 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. The ratio of those to the total production of phytoplankton was 5%, 85% and 10%, respectively. The mean respiration rate of different size groups were 0.08, 0.72 and 0.46 mgC l^–1 d^–1, the ratio of those to total respiration of phytoplankton was 6%, 57% and 37%, respectively. The concentrations of chlorophyll-a of the phytoplankton in the corresponding size of micro- (10–112 m), nano- (3–10 m) and pico- (<3 m) plankton in the experimental ponds were 19.3, 98.2 and 11. 9 g l^–1, respectively. The ratio of those to the total chlorophyll-a was 15%, 76% and 9%, respectively. The concentrations of chlorophyll-a of phytoplankton micro- (10–200 m), nano- (3–10 m) and pico- (<3 m) plankton in enclosures were 1.7, 34.3 and 3.0 g l^–1, respectively. The ratio of those to the total chlorophyll-a was 4%, 88% and 8%, respectively.     

Identification of a cDNA encoding a plant Lewis-type alpha1,4-fucosyltransferase

Recently, it has been found that plants, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), express the Lewis-a epitope, Gal1,3(Fuc1,4)GlcNAc, on some N-glycans. By searching the EST database, it was possible to identify a tomato cDNA encoding a protein, designated FucTC, of 413 amino acids with homology to plant and mammalian 1,3/4-fucosyltransferases. The cDNA was expressed in Pichia pastoris and the recombinant enzyme was found to transfer fucose from GDP-Fuc (K_m 16 M) to lacto-N-tetraose (Gal1,3GlcNAc1,3Gal1,4Glc; K_m 80 M) as well as to 1,3- and 1,4-galactosylated N-glycans. It is concluded that FucTC is responsible for the biosynthesis of Lewis-a on N-glycans in tomato.     

Grazing by a dominant rotifer Conochilus unicornis Rousselet in a mountain lake: in situ measurements with synthetic microspheres

Grazing rates of zooplankton were analysed in the summer of 1999 in Yellow Belly Lake, an oligotrophic system in the Sawtooth Mountains of Idaho (U.S.A.). The colonial rotifer Conochilus unicornis was a dominant species in the epilimnion, with densities reaching 20 colonies l^–1 (ca. 400 ind. l^–1). Clearance rates were measured with an in situ Haney Grazing chamber and synthetic microspheres 5, 9 and 23m in diameter. At epilimnetic temperatures of around 14 °C, mean clearance rates for 5m particles ranged from 30 to 65 l ind.^–1 h ^–1. Clearance rates were 2–9 times higher on the 5m spheres than on the 9 m spheres, and C. unicornis almost never fed on the 23 m spheres. Grazing rates did not change over the diel cycle. Clearance rates declined more than 10-fold as temperatures declined from 14 °C in the epilimnion to 7 °C in the metalimnion. In the epilimnion, grazing by C. unicornis was more important than grazing by crustaceans in the community, at least on particles 9m. The results show the importance of grazing by rotifers in lakes, and the significance of spatial variations that influence grazing rates.     

Two new species of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from passeriform birds of South America

Summary Two new species of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are described from the faeces of passeriform birds of South America. I. cyanocoracis n. sp. is described from Cyanocorax chrysops (Passeriformes: Corvidae) and I. paroariae n. sp. from Paroaria coronata (Passeriformes: Emberizidae). I. cyanocoracis oocysts are spherical or subspherical, 28.7×26.8 m (25.0–30.5×24.5–29.0), with bi-layered wall about 2.0 m thick. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; large polar granule present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 19.3×11.4 m (17.0–21.0×10.5–12.2), with smooth, single-layered wall about 0.8 m thick. Stieda and substiedal bodies and sporocyst residuum are present. Sporozoites 12.2×4.2 m (10.5–15.0×3.5–4.5), possess spherical anterior and posterior refractile bodies. I. paroariae oocysts are spherical or subspherical, 22.3×21.4 m (19.5–25.5×18.5–24.0), and have bi-layered wall about 1.8 m thick. Micropyle, polar granule, and oocyst residuum are absent. Sporocysts ovoid, 15.2×10.0 m (14.0–16.5×8.0–11.5), possess smooth, single-layered wall about 0.7 m thick. Stieda and substiedal bodies and sporocyst residuum are present. Sporozoites elongate, 11.3×3.4 m (10.0–13.5×3.2–4.0), have single, large, posterior refractile body. ac]19840712     

Trois nouveaux Nadejdolepis Spasskii & Sasskaya, 1954 (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) parasites de Charadrii (Aves) de Tasmanie

Three species of Nadejdolepis from Tasmania, Australia, are described and illustrated. N. burgessi n. sp., a parasite of Charadrius ruficapillus, is 4-6 mm long, with rostellar nitiduloid hooks 63-66 m long, a short evaginated cirrus 13-16 m long with a short collar of thin spines 1 m long, a narrow and tubular sclerotinoid vagina 40-50 long and 3-4 m in diameter with a little ampulla 3-5 m in diameter at the proximal end, and a membranous atrial segment with smooth, short (1 m) and compact spines which are sometimes difficult to observe. N. smithi n. sp., a parasite of 40-50 long and 3-4 m in diameter with a little ampulla 3-5 m in diameter at the proximal end, and a membranous atrial segment with smooth, short (1 m) and compact spines which are     

Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in Styrian pumpkin: cytological and biochemical investigations

Somatic embryo formation was induced from cotyledon explants of Styrian pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo var. styriaca Greb.) by using a solid MS medium supplemented with 16.11M NAA and 4.44M BA or 26.85M NAA and 13.32M BA. The callus proliferation was more efficient on medium supplemented with 26.85M NAA and 13.32M BA. In contrast, the embryogenic response was higher on medium with lower concentrations of growth regulators (16.11M NAA and 4.44M BA). The time needed for embryo induction did not depend on medium composition. Embryos in globular stage were transferred to three different maturation media, containing 2.89M GA₃ in combination with 0.54M NAA, 11.42M IAA and growth regulator-free medium. The germination rate was the highest when embryos were cultured on medium with 11.42M IAA. Plantlets grown on this medium achieved maturity suitable for transplantation into soil within 9 to 10weeks. The regenerated plants were successfully transferred into field and developed fertile flowers and set fruits. Biochemical analysis showed significant lower total glutathione levels among in vitro grown plantlets compared to seedlings grown in soil. When the plantlets were transferred into soil, they reached a normal size within a month and the glutathione concentration was comparable to seed-derived plants at the same developmental stage. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate possible differences in the ultrastructure of cells from callus cultures, and leaf cells of regenerated and seed-derived plants. Differences in the ultrastructure were found within chloroplasts which contained only single thylakoids, large starch grains and small plastoglobuli in callus cells in comparison to leaf cells, which possessed a well developed thylakoid system, small starch grains and large plastoglobuli.     

Five new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from lizards

Five new species of Eimeria are described from lizards. Eimeria baltrocki n. sp. was found in the berber skink, Eumeces schneideri, from Egypt. The oöcysts are cylindroidal, averaging 38 × 18.3 m, with a single thick oöcyst wall. Most oöcysts possess a single polar granule; a micropyle and oöcyst residuum are absent. The sporocysts are ellipsoidal and average 11.5 × 8.1 m, each with a large, globular sporocyst residuum; the Stieda body is absent. Eimeria anolidis n. sp. is described form the common anole, Anolis carolinensis, from Florida, USA. The oöcysts are cylindroidal and average 31 × 15.8 m with a thick, single-layered oöcyst wall. Two polar granules are usually present; a micropyle and oöcyst residuum absent. The sporocysts are ellipsoidal and average 9.4 × 7.5 m with a globular sporocyst residuum; the Stieda body is absent. Eimeria guyanensis n. sp is recorded in the ameiva, Ameiva ameiva, from Guyana, South America. The oöcysts are spherical to subspherical, average 19.0 × 17.8 m and possess a thick, single-layered oöcyst wall. Numerous polar granules are present (n > 5); a micropyle and oöcyst residuum are absent. The sporocysts are spherical to subspherical, average 7.5 × 7.8 m and possess a compact globular sporocyst residuum; the Stieda body is absent. Eimeria phelsumae n. sp. was recovered from the giant day gecko, Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis, from Madagascar, which harboured a simultaneous infection of E. brygooi. The oöcysts measured 32 × 15 m and are cylindroidal without polar granules, a micropyle or oöcyst residuum, or a Steida body. The sporocysts are ellipsoidal and average 9.8 × 7 m, with a loosely clumped, granular sporocyst residuum; the Steida body is absent. Eimeria leiocephali n. sp. was discovered in the faeces of the ornate ground iguana, Leiocephalus barahonensis, from Haiti. The oöcysts are spherical to subspherical, 21 × 19 m, and contain a number of polar granules (n > 5); a micropyle and oöcyst residuum are absent. The sporocysts are spherical, 8 m in diameter and lack a sporocyst residuum. Eimeria turcicus and E. lineri were found in faeces of Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus from the host's country of origin, Turkey.     

Freeze-fracture studies on the cockroach hemocyte membrane complex: Symmetric and asymmetric membrane particle distributions

Summary Freeze-fracture studies were conducted on the membranes of normal cockroach hemocytes. The plasmalemma is asymmetric with the A fracture face containing 80–100 Å membrane intercalated particles at a concentration of 2500/². The B fracture face contains 120–150 Å particles with a relatively low density (800/²). The nuclear envelope displays an asymmetry with the A fracture face containing 1500 particles/² and the B face containing 300/ ². No significant particle size differences were observed in nuclear envelope fracture faces. Two types of symmetric membranes were also found in these cells. Both A and B fracture faces of the membrane surrounding the numerous cytoplasmic inclusion bodies contain particle sizes and concentrations similar to the B face of the plasmalemma. A second type of symmetry was observed in cells apparently engaged in exocytosis. Vesicles (0.1 D) from this process were completely particle free on both fracture faces. Such particle free vesicles could be found in the cytoplasm, attached to the plasmalemma, or completely separated from the cell.Supported by a Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association Foundation Fellowship.The author wishes to thank Ms. Annalena K. Charla for assistance in plate preparation, Dr. Julius Schultz and the Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute for use of the freeze-etch device, and Dr. David Smith for the electron microscope facilities.