氮、磷对热带浅水湖泊惠州西湖蓝藻的控制

湖泊富营养化常导致蓝藻生物量的增加,水质恶化.于2011年2月至12月对热带浅水湖泊惠州西湖六个湖区的蓝藻群落结构进行研究,以了解其时空变化特征及主要影响因素.结果表明,以沉水植物为优势的元妙观湖区与南南湖蓝藻无明显的优势种;平湖蓝藻优势种为银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca)和湖丝藻(Limnothrix sp.),南丰湖、北丰湖和北南湖的主要优势种均为银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca).平湖、南丰湖、北丰湖和北南湖蓝藻丰度及生物量存在显著的季节变化.相关分析显示惠州西湖夏季蓝藻生物量受氮、磷盐控制.冬季温度的影响,蓝藻生物量与氮、磷的相关性不显著.     

杭州西湖浮游藻类变化规律与水质的关系

于2006～2007年对杭州西湖浮游藻类的种类及个体丰度进行初步研究,并依据<水和废水监测分析方法>对其水质现状进行了生物学评价.综合生物和理化指标数据,对杭州西湖的水质作一总体评估,并对西湖水中的物种多样性保护及水质的可持续利用提出了建议.共鉴定浮游藻类179种,其中蓝藻25种,隐藻1种,金藻3种,甲藻3种,黄藻5种,裸藻23种,硅藻41种和绿藻78种.分析了杭州西湖浮游藻类的组成和分布的特点,揭示出西湖浮游藻类的种类组成与西湖水质变化之间的关系.结果表明:藻类的组成和分布与水质变化规律基本吻合,西湖水质较整治前有明显的改善,一些清水藻类的物种逐步增多.     

富营养湖泊滇池水华蓝藻的机械清除

富营养湖泊暴发蓝藻水华时可集聚浓度达n× 10 8— 9cell/L ,利用重力振动、旋振和离心等方法收集富藻水 ,逐次浓缩、脱水后得藻泥 ;根据需要可对藻泥进行干燥 ,得到干藻粉。 2 0 0 1年 4月至 2 0 0 2年 11月在云南滇池以上述方式清除蓝藻水华 35 1d ,共处理富藻水 4 2 6 4 8m3 ,折合清除水华蓝藻干重为 4 6 0 .83t。按所清除的蓝藻干粉的总氮、总磷、总钾、粗有机质及重金属的平均含量计算 ,相当于从试验区水体中去除了氮 (N) 37.33t、磷 (P) 2 .71t、钾 (K)2 .4 9t及粗有机质 2 0 0 .32t;重金属铅 (Pb) 2 .2 89kg、砷 (As) 2 .2 3kg、汞 (Hg) 2 .3kg、镉 (Cd) 0 .5 1kg。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时 ,采用机械除藻 ,对控制蓝藻水华污染 ,有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用     

洞庭湖区平水期浮游生物群落结构特征及富营养化现状

为了解洞庭湖区浮游生物群落结构特征及其富营养化现状,于2017年8月对洞庭湖区"三口"、"四水"等来水入湖断面、湖区及出口断面等24个采样点的水质状况和浮游生物群落结构现状进行调查。结果表明:浮游植物共检出6门53属75种,平均藻细胞密度为458.3×104个·L-1,生物量变化范围为0.06~3.64 mg·L-1,平均值为0.92 mg·L-1;洞庭湖以蓝藻、硅藻占优,属于蓝藻-硅藻型湖泊;"三口水系"优势种有颗粒直链藻(Aulacoseira granulata)、科曼小环藻(Cyclotella comensis),"四水水系"优势种有颗粒直链藻、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa),湖区中优势种有颗粒直链藻、铜绿微囊藻、微小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)、小席藻(Phormidium tenue);浮游动物共检出4门20属,浮游动物密度变化范围5.0~3.4×103个·L-1,"三口水系"优势属为砂壳虫(Difflugia),"四水水系"优势属为砂壳虫、铃壳虫(Tintinnidium),湖区中优势属为砂壳虫、多肢轮虫(Polyarthra)。用综合营养状态指数、浮游生物Shannon多样性指数和Margalef种类丰富度指数分别评价水体的富营养化程度,均表明洞庭湖水体呈富营养化状态。与太湖、巢湖等淡水湖泊相比,洞庭湖藻细胞密度较小,富营养化程度较浅,但从洞庭湖富营养化的历史变化趋势可以看出,洞庭湖水质状况不容乐观,对洞庭湖生态的治理和修复迫在眉睫。     

蓝藻型富营养湖泊藻量的昼夜变化节律

杭州西湖为蓝藻型富营养湖泊,根据1980年9月及11月二次昼夜分层采样调查,该湖浮游藻在一昼夜中有二次上下垂直移位,使近表层藻量形成规则或不规则的双峰型昼夜变化曲线,双峰分别出现在日照开始与日落后2h左右,认为昼夜光暗交替与其昼夜变化有一定相关关系,同时,双峰的形成与蓝藻门优势藻种对光照强度的适应性能相关。文中对其优势藻种的浮沉与日照关系作了讨论。     

引水后杭州西湖主要水质参数的因子分析

利用2000年西湖常规监测数据,通过聚类分析选取三个具有代表性的采样点,用因子分析方法探讨了西湖水质各个参数之间的相互影响,结果表明,西湖水质主要受水温和营养盐的影响,各水域由于所处的地理位置和受到钱塘江引水影响程度的不同又有各自的主要水质影响因子,说明引水工程对改善西湖水质具有一定的作用。     

太原汾河蓄水区浮游植物细胞密度及其与营养元素的关系

水体营养元素是影响水体生态系统的重要因素,决定着水体中不同的浮游生物群落结构,也是评价水质和水体营养状态的重要指标。对太原汾河蓄水区9个样点浮游植物和各项水环境及营养元素进行了调查与分析,调查期间发现(1)该流域蓝藻和绿藻为主要优势类群,即构成了以蓝-绿藻门为主要的浮游群落。平水期与丰水期优势种均以蓝藻门的微小色球藻(Chroococcus minutus)、微小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)、小颤藻(Oscillatoria tenuis)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为主,其丰度分别占平水期和丰水期藻细胞总数的42.95%和59.24%。叶绿素a含量随地理位置变化明显,中下游显著高于上游。(2)太原汾河蓄水区水质均达到富营养状态。由于太原汾河蓄水区沿途的生活垃圾、污水的不合理排放,导致汾河中总氮、总磷等指标偏高,最终导致整个水体处于轻度富营养状态或中度富营养状态。(3)叶绿素a含量与水温、总氮、总磷呈显著正相关,与有机物含量呈极显著正相关,总磷的影响最为明显,说明磷可能是该地区浮游植物生长的限制因子。     

东昌湖浮游生物群落多样性季节变动与水质关系

报道了浮游生物物群落多样性指数与水质关系及初步分析了东昌湖的水质情况。2004年4月至2005年3月,采用PFU法及化学检测法对国内第二大人工湖——山东东昌湖的三个湖区9个采样点的浮游生物及水化学指标进行了初步调耷。共观察到浮游藻类76种,其中污染指示种为17种;原生动物92种,其中污染指示种为21种。浮游生物物种组成的多样性指数及化学水质分析显示,各湖区水质优劣程度依次为南湖区〉东南湖区〉西北湖区,调查结果表明东昌湖属于富营养化水体。     

以浮游植物评价巢湖水质污染及富营养化

对巢湖浮游植物在22个样点,四季采样,进行了种类组成、种群数量、优势种、污染指示种,多样性指数及硅藻指数等群落生态学的初步研究。选用其中种群数量、优势种、污染指示种、硅藻指数对巢湖水质污染及营养水平进行了总评与分区评价。就巢湖总体而论,藻量年均值达111×10~6个/升(细胞数,或个体数为14.7×10~6个/升),硅藻指数96.7,群落组成种类中,污染指示种占64.2％,除冬季外,各样点多以微囊藻、鱼腥藻为主的蓝藻占优势,其分布频度年平均达98.8％,多度年平均达79.7％,而在夏、秋季,两者则分别为100和99.7％,表明巢湖已受到中等程度的污染,属蓝藻型富营养湖泊;与过去巢湖浮游植物的调查资料对比,表明最近几年来,人为富营养化进程在加速。     

杭州西湖藻类动态模型研究

该模型按照年度来描述西湖四类藻类(蓝藻门、绿藻门、隐藻门、硅藻门)的动态变化.结果表明,模型作出的状态变量的描述是理想的,并且对于系统强制函数改变能给予合理响应.模型还对引水量,引水或溪流的含磷量及疏竣湖泥量的改变给水体带来的变化进行了预测.       

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.