己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发及枯萎菌的化感效应

采用模拟的方式,利用生物测定和室内培养的方法,研究了不同浓度的己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发、幼苗生长及辣椒枯萎菌的化感效应.结果表明:己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长具有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的化感效应;己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒和茄子种子的化感效应存在较大差异,在低浓度时对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的促进作用强于茄子种子,而高浓度时对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制强度弱于茄子种子;各浓度己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长有极显著的抑制作用,且作用强度随着浓度增加而增强,当浓度为1 mnol·L~(-1)时抑制作用最强,抑制率为10.75%;在田间抗病性调查期间内各浓度处理均提高了辣椒幼苗的抗病性,其中以1 mmol·L~(-1)处理抗病性最好,病情指数比对照降低了49.88%.

Abstract：

By the methods of laboratory incubation and bioassay, a simulation test was conducted to study the allelopathic effects of different concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper seed germi-nation and its seedling growth and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. For the pepper seed germination and seedling growth, diisobutyl adipate exhibited allelopathic promotion at low con-centration, but allelopathic inhibition at high concentration. There existed greater differences in the allelopathic effects of diisobutyl adipate on the seed germination and seedling growth of pepper and eggplant. The promotion effects of low concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper were stron-ger than those on eggplant, while the inhibition effects of high concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper were weaker than those on eggplant. All test concentration diisobutyl adipate had signifi-cant inhibition effects on the mycelium growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, and the effects increased with increasing diisobutyl adipate concentration, being the strongest (an inhibi-tory rate of 10. 75%) at 1 mnol·L~(-1). Field text indicated that diisobutyl adipate at all test con-centrations enhanced the disease resistance of pepper seedlings. The best effect was observed at 1 mmol·L~(-1) of diisobutyl adipate, with the disease index decreased by 49.88%, compared to the control.     

茄子根系分泌物中香草醛和肉桂酸对黄萎菌的化感效应

采用室内培养和生物测定的试验方法,研究了不同浓度的香草醛和肉桂酸对黄萎菌（Verticillium dahliae）及茄子种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感效应.结果表明,香草醛和肉桂酸对茄子黄萎菌的化感效应存在差异,表现为所有浓度的肉桂酸都抑制了黄萎菌孢子萌发,当浓度为0.5mmol/L时抑制作用最大;香草醛在浓度为0.1mmol/L时抑制孢子萌发,其余浓度则表现出促进作用.对香草醛和肉桂酸的生物测定结果显示,当浓度为0.1mmol/L时,肉桂酸促进茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长,其余浓度则表现为抑制作用,并且随着浓度的加大抑制作用增强;香草醛在各浓度水平下都促进了茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长,当浓度为0.5mmol/L时促进作用最大.     

植物化感物质对种子萌发的影响

所有的化感物质都对一些植物的种子萌发产生影响.本文介绍了植物化感作用和化感物质的定义,化感物质的释放方式和种类,然后重点综述了化感物质影响种子萌发的作用机理、内外因素和生态学意义.化感物质通过影响细胞膜透性、细胞分裂生长和分化、呼吸作用、蛋白质合成、基因表达、激素合成和平衡,最终影响种子萌发.化感物质对种子萌发的影响与化感物质的种类、浓度、受体植物种类和环境条件等有关.     

不同外源酚酸化感物质组合对棉花种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应

为阐明不同外源酚酸类化感物质组合对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的化感效应, 选择在棉花连作30年土壤中检测到的对-羟基苯甲酸(P-HA)、香草醛(VA)、阿魏酸(FA)3种酚酸类化感物质, 以田间自然状态下含量为处理浓度研究对棉花种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明: 3种酚酸化感物质对棉花种子萌发和幼苗生长有显著影响。对种子萌发有促进作用, 对幼苗生长有抑制作用,对幼苗生理酶活性有着不利影响。两种或两种以上化感物质混合时比一种酚酸化感物质对棉花的作用效果小, 说明对羟基苯甲酸、香草醛和阿魏酸三者之间存在拮抗效应。P-HA对VA和FA存在着抵消作用, 3种化感物质组合之间的拮抗效应与化感物质的浓度和作用效果密切相关。     

酚酸类化感自毒物质对枸杞种子萌发的抑制作用

酚酸类化感自毒物质是导致农作物连作障碍的重要诱因之一。枸杞作为多年生木本植物,连作障碍突出,成因复杂。为揭示酚酸类物质对枸杞的化感自毒作用,研究了22种常见酚酸对枸杞种子萌发的抑制作用,并运用比较分子场分析方法(CoMFA)进行构效关系研究。结果发现,酚酸化合物对枸杞种子萌发作用的半抑制浓度IC₅₀范围为39.94—115.97 mg/L;CoMFA结果表明,运用立体场和静电场能较好解释该类化合物对枸杞种子萌发的化感自毒特征,苯环1/2/3/4位具有大体积、1位具有强负电性取代基的酚酸化合物,对枸杞种子萌发具有较强抑制作用。研究结果可为客观评价酚酸类化合物对枸杞的化感自毒作用提供基础数据支撑。     

核桃叶水浸提液对棉花生长及棉花枯萎病菌的化感效应

研究了不同浓度核桃叶水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长及对棉花枯萎病菌菌丝生长的化感效应。结果表明, 不同浓度核桃叶水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长及棉花枯萎病菌菌丝生长均体现出抑制效应, 且抑制作用整体随着浸提液浓度的增高而逐渐增强。浸提液对棉花种子发芽势、发芽指数的影响要大于对发芽率的影响, 20 mg·mL^–1以上浸提液浓度处理的棉花种子发芽势与发芽指数显著(P<0.05)降低, 而30 mg·mL^–1 的浓度下对种子发芽率的抑制仍不显著。浸提液浓度大于20 mg·mL^–1 时, 棉花幼苗根的生长及根系活力开始受到强烈抑制, 当浸提液浓度大于30 mg·mL^–1时, 幼苗总叶绿素含量显著降低, 导致幼苗的鲜、干重减少。同时, 在高浓度浸提液胁迫下(>30 mg·mL^–1), 还会造成棉花植株体内MDA 含量急剧增高。不同浓度浸提液对棉花枯萎病菌菌丝的生长均有一定的抑制作用, 40 mg·mL^–1 浓度浸提液的抑菌率达到最高, 为47.9%。     

西芹种子子浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用

为探讨西芹种子浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌是否有化感作用及其化感作用强度的大小,采用蒸馏水、乙醇、丙酮作为浸提剂,获得西芹种子的浸提液.用生长速率法研究其对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用.结果表明:西芹种子的水、乙醇、丙酮浸提液都对黄瓜枯萎病菌有化感作用,浓度越大化感作用越强;50 mg·ml-1浓度的3种浸提液处理后144 h时与对照相比抑制黄瓜枯萎病菌蒸馏水浸提液为31.1%,乙醇浸提液为49.6%,丙酮浸提液为57.5%;乙醇、丙酮浸提液的化感作用强度大于蒸馏水浸提液.     

不同作物秸秆对辣椒的化感效应

采用室内生物测定、室外盆栽的实验方法,研究了不同大田作物秸秆浸提液、腐解液及腐解物对辣椒的化感效应。结果表明:秸秆浸提液和腐解液对辣椒种子萌发的化感效应不同,浸提液抑制辣椒种子萌发,且随着浸提液浓度的增加,辣椒发芽指数、胚根长显著或极显著受到抑制,其中以大豆秸秆浸提液的抑制作用最强;秸秆腐解液对辣椒种子的萌发总体上表现为促进效应,腐解物对辣椒的株高、茎粗、鲜质量及根系活力均具有促进作用,且与腐解 物的添加量呈正比;不同秸秆腐解物的化感效应大小依次为玉米秸秆>水稻秸秆>大豆秸秆。     

胡桃醌对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应

以小麦种子为试验材料,采用培养皿药膜法、生化分析法研究了胡桃醌对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,低浓度胡桃醌(4和20μmol.L-1)处理能促进小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,种子α-淀粉酶活性增大,幼苗中可溶性蛋白含量升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无显著变化。(2)当胡桃醌浓度大于100μmol.L-1时,对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长开始呈现抑制作用,种子α-淀粉酶活力降低,幼苗相对含水量、可溶性蛋白含量降低,MDA含量升高,SOD活性先增大后减小。(3)在最大浓度胡桃醌(1 250μmol.L-1)处理下,小麦幼根的细胞形状不规则,排列混乱,层次不分明,维管束模糊不清,幼苗细胞质壁分离,叶绿体萎缩坏死,细胞核变形。研究表明,高浓度胡桃醌通过抑制受体小麦保护酶活性,加重膜脂过氧化程度,导致幼根、幼苗细胞结构的破坏,从而产生化感效应,且化感效应随浓度的增加不断增强。     

两种羟基苯乙酸对大豆萌发的化感效应研究

通过田间和室内试验相结合,利用高效液相色谱检测大豆根际土境和残茬腐解液中的对羟基苯乙酸和间羟基苯乙酸的含量;在培养皿内研究两种酚酸对大豆生长抑制效应;研究了二者对大豆DNA熔点(Tm)的影响,并采用SDS—PAGE方法研究二者对根系蛋白合成的影响．结果表明,在大豆根际土境和残茬腐解液中检测到对羟基苯乙酸;两种羟基苯乙酸处理后,大豆例根效和主根长均显著减少,表现出明显的化感抑制效应,间羟基苯乙酸的抑制效应更明显;两种羟基苯乙酸使大豆DNA的熔点(Tm)下降,一些小分子蛋白的合成受到影响,从而抑制大豆生长,表现出典型的化感效应。     

应用PCR-RFLP和巢式PCR检测黄瓜尖镰孢菌

以3株黄瓜尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumarinum)、23株镰孢菌属(Fusariumspp.)真菌和分离自土壤的20株真菌、6株细菌和7株放线菌为材料,采用化学裂解法提取总DNA,进行PCR-RFLP和巢式PCR检测,试验证明PCR-RFLP程序不能完全区分Fusarium属内不同种,而巢式PCR对黄瓜尖镰孢菌具有特异性.运用优化的PCR-RFLP和巢式PCR检测程序对染病黄瓜组织进行了检测,结果表明,两种方法均可在接种发病早期(未显症时)检测出黄瓜枯萎病菌,PCR-RFLP在感病品种接种后3d即可检测到病原菌,而巢式PCR在接种后5d才能检测到病原菌.     

香蕉枯萎菌基因组DNA提取方法的研究

以香蕉枯萎菌菌株为试验材料,在SDS～CTAB法和高盐沉淀法等基础上加以改进,对两种提纯香蕉枯萎菌基因组DNA的方法进行了比较研究。结果表明：高盐沉淀法是适合于香蕉枯萎菌基因组DNA提取的方法。该方法提取的DNA OD260／OD280的比值为1．841,DNA产量为0．81mgDNA／g菌丝体。基因组DNA经琼脂糖凝胶电泳得到一条带型较宽且清晰的DNA谱带,基本无DNA碎带;将提取的DNA直接用于PCR扩增,得到带多而且清晰、整齐、基本无拖尾的RAPD图谱。     

Purification and characterization of an exopolygalacturonase produced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici

Abstract An exopolygalacturonase produced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici , a fungus that produces root rot, was purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. It had a M _r 68 K, a pH optimum of 5.6 and an optimum temperature of 60°C. This polygalacturonase was inhibited by calcium ions and had a K _m of 0.64 mM using sodium polypectate as substrate. The exo mode of action of this enzyme was revealed by thin-layer chromatography of hydrolysed substrate.     

Identification of resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini in linseed germplasm

Screening of germplasm/varieties was made to find out the sources of resistance against F. oxysporum f. sp. lini. Screening was conducted on 78 available germplasm/varieties during 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 in rabi season of linseed under natural conditions. Out of total 78 entries, 27 cultures were found to be resistant to disease as the disease incidence in these cultivars were between 0 and 10%. Twenty-three cultivars fell in moderately resistant category with 10.1–25% wilt incidence. Nine genotypes were found moderately susceptible sho'wing 25.1–50% disease incidence, 14 genotypes were found susceptible showing 50.1–75% and 6 genotypes were found highly susceptible to disease (above 75%).     

Gerbera jamesonii, Osteospermum sp. and Argyranthemum frutescens: New Hosts of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi

The pathogenicity of five isolates of Fusarium oxysporum obtained from infected gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), Paris daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens) and African daisy (Osteospermum sp.) plants was tested on some varieties of the following Compositae hosts: C. morifolium, G. jamesonii, Argyranthemum frutescens (Paris daisy) and Osteospermum sp. and compared with the host range and pathogenicity of an isolate of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi obtained from the ATCC collection. The results indicated that isolates of F. oxysporum from G. jamesonii as well as those from A. frutescens and Osteospermum sp. belong to the forma specialischrysanthemi. The isolate from gerbera was virulent on all tested varieties of gerbera, C. morifolium, A. frutescens and Osteospermumsp. Similar results were obtained testing the isolates obtained from A. frutescens and Osteospermumsp. The strain from C. morifolium infected cultivar of gerbera, A. frutescens and Osteospermum sp. The pathogenicity of isolate of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi obtained from the ATCC showed a different cultivar range particularly in the case of chrysanthemum and gerbera.     

利用荧光蛋白标记西瓜枯萎病菌的过氧化物酶体及细胞核

西瓜枯萎病是一种世界范围的西瓜毁灭性病害,其病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum,FON)。研究病原菌生长发育和侵染的机制是解决病害的根本途径。利用荧光蛋白对细胞或细胞器进行标记,是病原菌研究中的重要方法。该研究利用绿色荧光蛋白和红色荧光蛋白对FON的细胞核和过氧化物酶体进行了荧光标记。通过农杆菌介导转化(Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation,AtMT),该文将3种不同的荧光定位载体分别导入FON,获得了细胞核红色荧光标记的转化子(潮霉素抗性,含mCherry-H2B融合蛋白),以及过氧化物酶体绿色(潮霉素抗性,含GFP-PTS1融合蛋白)和红色(潮霉素抗性,含DsRED-PTS1融合蛋白)荧光标记的转化子各1种。在标记细胞核的菌株中,菌丝、孢子都可见明亮、圆形的红色荧光点,荧光点与DAPI染色标记的细胞核区域完全重合。在过氧化物酶体标记的菌株中,菌丝、孢子中可见明亮的红色或绿色荧光成小点状分布,符合过氧化物酶体的分布特征,而且在脂类物质诱导的条件下,荧光点的数量明显增加。此外,该文还利用细胞壁荧光染色剂卡氏白对3种荧光蛋白标记菌株进行染色。结果显示,卡氏白染色产生的蓝色荧光与红、绿荧光蛋白的荧光在FON中互不干扰。转化子继代培养和初步分析表明,其表型与野生型无差异,菌株继代后荧光表达稳定、定位明显。该结果为进一步研究FON细胞器动态、生长发育与致病分子机制提供了方法和工具。     

A rapid serological test for detecting Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. narcissi in Narcissus

Polyclonal antiserum was elicited against a strain of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. narcissi (GCRI80/26) and a specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed. Antiserum raised to cell wall fractions gave better recognition than that to cytoplasmic fractions. Recognition was equally good in artificially and naturally infected bulbs. Little cross-reactivity in bulb tissue was shown by three other bulb-rotting fungi. Nine isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. narcissi from a wide geographic area gave similar results in an indirect ELISA of mycelial extracts, although some cross-reactivity was observed with two other Fusarium spp. Four Fusarium spp. and four other fungi showed little cross-reactivity. Ten days after inoculation the pathogen was readily detected in the base plate area of three Narcissus cultivars and points remote from the inoculation site in the most susceptible cultivar. A direct correlation was observed between positive results in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and recovery of the pathogen on selective medium.     

Genetic Variability of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris Population Affecting Chickpea in the Sudan

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is the most important soilborne disease of chickpea in the Sudan and many other countries. A total of 76 Foc isolates from six different chickpea‐growing states in the Sudan have been collected in this study to investigate the genetic diversity of Sudanese Foc isolates. Additional 14 Foc isolates from Syria and Lebanon were included in this study. All isolates were characterized using four random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), three simple sequence repeats (SSR), five sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers and three specific Foc genome primers. Based on the similarity coefficient, the results indicated two major clusters included seven subclusters. The isolates from the Sudan were grouped as identified as races 0, 2 and unknown races. The isolates from Syria and Lebanon were grouped together as they identified as races 1B/C and 6, respectively. This study identified a new race Foc (race 0) in the Sudan. The results of this study will be useful for breeders to design effective resistance breeding program in chickpea in the Sudan.