骆驼蓬提取物对豌豆幼苗生长的影响

用不同浓度的骆驼蓬提取物处理豌豆种子,明显导致幼苗根系活力及叶绿素和叶片可溶性蛋白质含量下降,膜透性增加。分析表明,骆驼蓬提取物处理下幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化作用增强;过氧化物酶(POD)活性提高;而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低。     

铝对玉米生长和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

测定了生长在Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ氮素营养液中的两个玉米品种（ＳＣ７０４和ＶＡ３５的根系和叶片）的ＮＡＤＨ－硝酸还原酶（ＥＣ１．６．６．１）和ＮＡＤ（Ｐ）Ｈ－硝酸还原酶（ＥＣ１．６．６．２）活性。     

外源NO对缺铁豌豆幼苗生长以及光合作用的影响

以水培豌豆(Pisum sativum)品种‘陇碗一号’幼苗为材料,以硝普钠(SNP)为一氧化氮(NO)供体,研究外源NO对缺铁豌豆幼苗的生长及光合作用的影响。结果显示:0.6 mmol.L-1的外源SNP所产生的NO能够促进缺铁豌豆幼苗的生长,并促进叶绿素的合成,增强净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),而使胞间CO2浓度(Ci)下降;同时,叶绿素荧光最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学量子效率(Yield)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均升高,在一定程度上缓解缺铁对豌豆幼苗叶片PSII反应中心的影响。外源NO对正常铁(100μmol.L-1Fe)处理下豌豆幼苗的生长和光合作用具有一定的抑制作用。研究表明,缺铁和正常铁处理的豌豆幼苗对NO的敏感性不同,适宜浓度的NO对缺铁下豌豆幼苗的生长和光合都具有一定的改善作用。     

铝对玉米生长和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

测定了生长在Al2（SO4）100μmol／L氮素营养液中的两个玉米品种（SC704和VA35的根系和叶片）的NADH-硝酸还原酶（EC1．6．6．）和NAD（P）H-硝酸还原酶（EC1．6．6．2）活性。结果表明铝的存在阻碍了玉米根系和叶片的生长、降低了营养液的pH值,降低了叶片的NADH-及NAD（P）H-硝酸还原酶活性（酶活性降低的程度SC704低于VA35）,增加了根系的NADH-和NAD（P）H-硝酸还原酶活性（VA35根系的比活性除外）。铝胁迫下根系的NADH-和NAD（P）H-硝酸还原酶活性的增加SC704大于VA35。耐铝品种SC704的高NR活性以及在铝胁迫下能维持更高的NR活性的特点说明硝酸还原酶与植物组织的Al解毒机制有关。同时,在铝胁迫下的硝酸盐代谢中NAD（P）H-硝酸还原酶具有更重要的作用。     

CdCl2对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为实验材料,采用水培方法研究了Cd2 单盐胁迫对豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示:(1)Cd2 质量浓度≤1 mg/L时,促进种子萌发,Cd2 质量浓度达到5 mg/L时抑制种子的萌发。(2)随Cd2 质量浓度的增加Cd2 对幼苗根生长的抑制作用逐渐增强;Cd2 质量浓度≤5 mg/L时,促进茎的生长,≥10 mg/L时,抑制茎的生长;且Cd2 对幼苗根生长的抑制作用大于茎。(3)低浓度Cd2 能促进幼苗叶绿素合成,当Cd2 质量浓度高于1 mg/L时,则对幼苗叶绿素合成有抑制作用,且随Cd2 质量浓度增加叶绿素含量逐渐下降。(4)Cd2 诱发的胚根细胞核、染色体畸变率随着Cd2 质量浓度增加而增大。(5)过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的活性随着Cd2 质量浓度升高而明显增强,Cd2 质量浓度为1 mg/L时POD活性最强,但当Cd2 质量浓度达10 mg/L时,POD的灰度值明显下降。     

活性铝对小麦根生长及酶活性的影响

利用铝形态分布与环境pH的相关性,通过改变染毒液pH条件,研究了不同浓度活性铝对小麦根生长、蛋白质含量及酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,并探讨了不同形态活性铝植物毒性的差异.本实验染毒液中总铝浓度设置为0(CK)、25(T₁)和75μmol·L^-1(T₂)3组,各组pH分别调至4.0、4.5、5.0和5.5.结果表明,微量Al_a与Al_b对小麦根生长均具有抑制作用.但随染毒液中活性铝组分的改变,小麦根蛋白质含量和酸性磷酸酶活性显现相反变化趋势:T₁和T₂组在pH4.0,活性铝主要成分为Al_a时(Al_a浓度高于活性铝浓度的90%),小麦根细胞蛋白质含量显著下降,酸性磷酸酶活性显著上升;T₁和T₂组在pH5.0,Al_a浓度降低至与Al_b浓度接近,且Al_a和Al_b浓度均低于10μmol·L^-1时,根细胞蛋白质含量显著上升,酸性磷酸酶活性显著下降.     

铝对水稻幼苗生长和生理的影响

以不同浓度的铝处理水稻幼苗 ,研究铝对水稻幼苗的生理生化效应。结果表明 ,5 0 μmol·L 1的铝对水稻幼苗生长有促进作用 ,高于 5 0 μmol·L 1后 ,随着铝浓度的增加 ,植株生长明显受到抑制 ,株高、根长、鲜重和干重均下降 ;叶片叶绿素含量和SOD活性下降 ,POD活性先上升后下降 ,细胞膜透性增大。表明高浓度铝的毒害 ,导致体内保护酶活性受到抑制 ,膜系统受到伤害 ,从而影响水稻幼苗的生长。     

铝胁迫对柳杉组培苗生长及生理特性的影响

用添加了不同浓度的Al Cl3的培养基培养柳杉组培苗,研究铝胁迫对柳杉生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,0.5¹.0 mmol·L^-1 AlCl₃处理能显著提高柳杉组培苗的根长、株高及生物量,叶中的过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）等抗氧化酶活性以及可溶性蛋白含量升高;当铝浓度处理为1.5 mmol·L^-1时,柳杉的生长受到一定程度抑制,但叶片内抗氧化酶活性以及可溶蛋白含量等指标仍高于对照,说明此浓度对柳杉有轻微的胁迫但柳杉能通过自身抗逆境能力缓解伤害;而在铝浓度达到2.0 mmol·L^-1时,柳杉生长受到严重抑制,叶片内丙二醛（MDA）含量显著上升。由此推测,低浓度铝(<1.0 mmol·L^-1)对该柳杉组培苗生长有一定的促进作用,1.5 mmol·L^-1 AlCl₃浓度会影响该柳杉组培苗的正常生长,其耐铝阈值应在1.5².0 mmol·L^-1之间。     

铝对小麦幼苗生长和根的某些生理特性的影响（简报）

在溶液酸度相同的条件下，铝离子浓度为０－１．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，小麦幼苗生长量呈递减趋势，根系吸收的钙，镁，钾等元素减少，而根系的铝，磷元素含量增加，根系的电解持外渗百分率从２０％逐渐增加至４７％。铝浓度超过０．４－０．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ以后，氨基酸分泌量显著增加，但种类减少，糖类分泌量亦成倍增长。     

铝对秋葵、小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以不同抗铝小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）基因型：Carazinho（抗铝型）和Egret（铝敏感型）为参比,研究了铝胁迫对秋葵（Hibiscus moscheutos L．）种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：秋葵和小麦种子的萌发对铝胁迫不敏感;高浓度的AlCl3（50μmol／L）显著抑制主根和侧根伸长,但对侧根数目的影响较小;两种植物的主根伸长对铝胁迫的差异不显著,而秋葵侧根对铝毒的抗性比两个供试的小麦基因型强;50μmol／L的AlCl3显著降低两个小麦基因型的根系生物量,但秋葵的根系生物量与对照比变化不大。表明秋葵幼苗的抗铝性强于两个小麦品种,铝对秋葵、小麦侧根和主根的生长影响不同。     

The effect of butyrate on the cell cycle in root meristems of Pisum sativum

Sodium butyrate at 5 mM in aerated White's medium reduced the mitotic index in root meristems of seedlings of Pisum sativum to < 1% after 12 h. This effect was lessened as the butyrate concentrations were lowered. The fraction of the root meristem nuclei in G2 increased to ~ 70% after 12 h in butyrate. After 12 h exposure to butyrate, seedlings transferred lo medium without butyrate gradually re-established their normal root meristem mitotic pattern, with a burst of mitosis at 10 h after the transfer. Even a brief exposure to butyrate inhibited DNA synthesis, and nuclei released from butyrate exposure were still unable to resume normal DNA synthesis even after 12 h. This information suggests that butyrate halts progression through the cell cycle by arresting meristem nuclei in G2 and inhibiting DNA synthesis.     

Isolation of the cDNAs encoding (+)6a-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase,the terminal step for the synthesis of the phytoalexin pisatin in Pisum satvium

Pisatin is the major phytoalexin produced by pea upon microbial infection. The enzyme that catalyzes the terminal step in the pisatin biosynthetic pathway is (+)6a-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM). We report here the isolation and characterization of two HMM cDNA clones (pHMM1 and pHMM2) made from RNA obtained from Nectria haematococca-infected pea tissue. The two clones were confirmed to encode HMM activity by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli/. The substrate specificity of the methyltransferases in E. coli was similar to the activity detected in CuCl₂-treated pea tissue. Nucleotide sequence analysis of Hmm1 and Hmm2 revealed an open reading frame of 1080 bp and 360 amino acid residues which would encode 40.36 kda and 40.41 kDa polypeptides, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of HMM1 has 95.8% identity to HMM2, 40.6% identity to Zrp4, a putative O-methyltransferase (OMT) in maize root, and 39.1% to pBH72-F1, a putative OMT induced in barley by fungal pathogens or UV light. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the cDNA clones to OMTs from other higher plants identified the binding sites of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). Southern blot analysis showed two closely linked genes with strong homology to Hmm in the pea genome.     

环境监测植物豌豆根尖细胞的研究

本文通过不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙脂（ＥＭＳ）对豌豆根尖细胞微核的诱导,结果表明,豌豆根尖用作检测诱变剂是可行的。     

Molecular analysis of a null mutant for pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed lipoxygenase-2

A mutant line of Pisum fulvum was identified that lacked seed lipoxygenase-2 (LOX-2). The mutant phenotype was introgressed into a standard Pisum sativum cv. Birte to provide near-isogenic lines with or without seed LOX-2. Genetic analyses showed the mutation to behave as a single, recessive Mendelian gene. Northern and dot-blot analyses showed a large reduction in LOX-2 mRNA from developing seeds of the LOX-2-null mutant. A restriction fragment length polymorphism associated with the 5 end of the LOX-2 gene(s) co-segregated with the null phenotype, indicating that the reduction of LOX-2 mRNA was neither a consequence of deletion of the LOX genes nor a consequence of the action of a genetically distant regulatory gene. Analysis of the 5-flanking sequences of LOX-2 genes from Birte and the near-isogenic LOX-2-null mutant revealed a number of insertions, deletions and substitutions within the promoter from the LOX-2-null mutant that could be responsible for the null phenotype. Incubation of crude seed LOX preparations from Birte and the LOX-2-null mutant showed that the latter generated relatively less 13-hydroperoxides and also produced relatively more hydroxy- and ketoacid compounds that have implications for the fresh-frozen pea industry.     

Short-chain fatty-acid-induced effects on the cell cycle in root meristems of Pisum sativum

Propionic acid and valeric acid at 1 m M reduced the mitotic index of root meristem cells of Pisum sativum to <1% after 12 h in aerated White's medium. After 12 h exposure to either acid, seedlings transferred to fresh medium resumed their normal mitotic index 12 h after transfer, with a burst of mitosis at 8 h. Exposure times of 8 h to either acid inhibited DNA synthesis, and nuclei released from either propionic or valeric acid inhibition were still unable to resume normal DNA synthesis after 12 h. Neither acid significantly altered the distribution of meristematic cells in G1 and G2 after 12 h. Propionic acid at 1 m M reduced the uptake of [¹⁴C]-leucin but conversion rates to protein were constant regardless of whether any acid was present. Another longer fatty acid, caprylic acid, at 1 m M did not significantly reduce the mitotic index nor did 1 m M benzoic acid, another organic acid. This information suggests that only the short-chain fatty acids, propionic acid and valeric acid, limit progression through the cell cycle by inhibiting DNA synthesis and arresting cells in G1 and G2 in a manner similar to butyric acid, a known cell arresting agent.     

Studies of Generative Cell Development in Pisum sativum--With Special Reference to Cytological Basis of Plastid Maternal Inheritance

It was proved by ultrastructural observations that few plastids and abundent mitochondria were ever present in the generative cell of Pisurn sativurn L. from its initiation to maturation. Fluorescence observations of DNA showed that many cytoplasmic DNA nucleoids were present in generative cell of mature pollen, but none in the early developing generative cell. During the germination of mature pollen in vitro, the cytoplasmic DNA nucleoids of the generative cell in the pollen tube degenerated gradually following the growth of the pollen tube and disappered completely 24 h after germination. The results provided a cytological basis for confirming the conclusion of plastid maternal inheritance in P. sativurn obtained from genetic study, and resolved the contradiction between results from cytological observation and genetic or RFLP analysis.     

外源硫化氢对豌豆根尖及其边缘细胞的影响

为研究外源硫化氢（H2S）对豌豆（Pisum sativum）胚根生理特性及其边缘细胞的影响,测定了不同浓度外源H2S处理下豌豆根长、根尖组织可溶性蛋白质含量、抗氧化酶（APX、CAT、POD和SOD）活性、根尖边缘细胞存活率及其粘胶层相对面积的变化。结果表明：低浓度（0-40μmol·L-1）H2S可促进豌豆胚根生长,根尖组织可溶性蛋白质含量升高,SOD、APX和POD活性增加,CAT活性降低,根尖边缘细胞存活率上升,粘胶层相对面积变小。高浓度（60-80μmol·L-1）H2S可抑制豌豆胚根生长,可溶性蛋白质含量和边缘细胞存活率明显下降,APX和POD活性降低,CAT活性升高,SOD活性没有明显变化,粘胶层相对面积变大;边缘细胞染色体凝集并边缘化,然后逐渐降解并伴随粉末化,细胞质膜皱缩。因此,推测H2S可能在植物体内发挥着重要的生理作用。     

Roots of Pisum sativum L. exhibit hydrotropism in response to a water potential gradient in vermiculite

In the present study, root hydrotropism in an agravitropic mutant of Pisum sativum L. grown in vermiculite with a steep water potential gradient was examined. When wet and dry vermiculite were placed side by side, water diffused from the wet (-0.04 MPa) to the dry (-1.2 MPa) and a steep water potential gradient became apparent in the dry vermiculite close to the boundary between the two. The extent and location of the gradient remained stable between the fourth and sixth day after filling a box with vermiculite, and the steepest gradient (approx. 0.02 MPa mm-1) was found in the initially dry vermiculite between 60 and 80 mm from the boundary. When seedlings with 25-35 mm long roots were planted in the initially dry vermiculite near where the gradient had been established, each of the main roots elongated toward the wet vermiculite, i.e. toward the high water potential. Control roots elongated without curvature in both the wet and the dry vermiculite, in which no water potential gradient was detectable. These results show that pea roots respond to the water potential gradient around them and elongate towards the higher water potential. Therefore, positive hydrotropism occurs in vermiculite just as it does in air. Hydrotropism in soil may be significant when a steep water potential gradient is apparent, such as when drip irrigation is applied.     

Internode length in Pisum. A new allele at the Lh locus

A new allele at the Lh locus has been identified in Pisum sativum L. and named lhⁱ . This allele results in reduced GA levels in young shoots, and a dwarf phenotype. Gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring (GC-SIM) with dideuterated internal standards has been used to demonstrate a quantitative relationship between the level of endogenous GA₁ and internode length using the three alleles ( Lh, lh and lhⁱ ) at the Lh locus. These results are consistent with previous findings in peas (for alleles at the Le locus) and other species possessing a predominant early 13-hydroxylation pathway for GA biosynthesis and support the role of GA₁ as the major native GA in peas with biological activity in its own right. However, in contrast to alleles at the Le locus, GA₂₀ levels are also reduced in lh and lhⁱ plants. The lhⁱ allele also has possible pleiotropic effects on seed abortion, leading to a reduction in seed yield compared to plants homozygous for the previously characterised Lh or lh alleles.