巴豆粉及其溶剂提取物对玉米象的防治效果

用巴豆粉、提取物进行拌粮,研究对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)的防效。试验结果表明:巴豆粉在8000mg/kg稻谷使用剂量下,玉米象成虫的校正死亡率为46.7%,对子代的种群抑制率为65.7%;巴豆4种溶剂提取物对玉米象成虫及子代均具有很明显的控制作用,其中以无水乙醇提取物的效果最明显;1000mg/kg稻谷处理剂量下,玉米象成虫的校正死亡率为88.7%,对子代的种群抑制率为87.5%。     

同步辐射(软X射线)辐照玉米的细胞学效应研究

利用同步辐射(软X射线)辐照玉米自交系H65和H14D种子,研究其M1代的细胞学效应,并以60Co-γ射线作对照。结果表明,软X射线辐照处理后,不仅能够诱发玉米M1代根尖细胞内核畸变和染色体畸变,而且还能够诱发染色体多种类型的变异,其变异频率随辐照剂量的增加而增大,辐照剂量与细胞总畸变率呈正相关。软X射线对玉米根尖细胞的有丝分裂具有明显地抑制作用,辐照剂量与细胞分裂指数呈负相关。软X射线辐照的细胞学效应与γ射线基本相似,但在诱发的细胞畸变率和染色体变异类型上存在一定的差异。两个供试品系对辐射的敏感性为H14D>H65。     

蛇床子素粉剂对玉米象成虫的杀虫活性及酶活性的影响

研究1.0%蛇床子素(osthole)粉剂对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschusky成虫的杀虫活性及其对玉米象成虫羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶及蛋白质活性的影响。结果表明,1.0%蛇床子素粉剂对玉米象成虫有很好的杀虫活性,处理玉米象成虫3d后,0.8mg/kg以上剂量的蛇床子素粉剂对玉米象成虫的校正死亡率达100%;用0.19mg/kg蛇床子素粉剂处理玉米象成虫2d后,试虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶和蛋白质活性均表现出受抑制,而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性随处理时间的延长整体趋势表现出被诱导。     

菠萝粉蚧和新菠萝灰粉蚧γ-射线辐照处理研究

菠萝粉蚧Dysmicoccus brevipes(Cockerell)和新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes(Beardsley)是菠萝等热带水果上的重要害虫,是我国进出境水果贸易中均需要检疫处理的对象。为了建立适合菠萝等水果上这两种粉蚧的检疫处理技术,本研究采用80、130、180、230和280 Gyγ-射线辐照处理了两种粉蚧的若虫和成虫。结果表明,两种粉蚧对γ射线的剂量反应基本一致,表现为随虫龄增大对辐照的耐受性增强,以雌成虫为最强。采用230Gy辐照若虫,两种粉蚧各若虫均不产生F1代活虫体,并且菠萝粉蚧1龄若虫在该剂量下不能发育至雌成虫。以230 Gy辐照成虫,两种粉蚧均产生F1代雌成虫,但不产生F2代。以240 Gy剂量大规模辐照处理3龄若虫和雌成虫,表明该剂量足以阻止两种粉蚧繁殖,该剂量可作为这两种粉蚧辐照处理的参考指标。     

巴豆提取物对玉米象的生物活性

研究了巴豆(Croton tigliumL.)4种溶剂提取物对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)成虫的驱避作用和触杀作用。结果表明:巴豆的4种溶剂提取物对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Mostchulsky)成虫均有很好的触杀作用,7.86 mg/cm2的浓度处理后,4 d后的校正死亡率均达到100%。巴豆的4种溶剂提取物对玉米象成虫没有明显的驱避作用。     

21种植物提取物对玉米象的生物活性

为了筛选对粮库安全的植物源杀虫剂,研究了21种植物的4种溶剂（无水乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和石油醚）提取物对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky的驱避和触杀作用。结果表明,高良姜Alpinia officinarum石油醚提取物、黄姜Curcuma longa丙酮提取物和山鸡椒Litsea cubeba石油醚提取物对玉米象成虫的驱避作用显著,处理60 h平均驱避等级均达到Ⅴ级,平均驱避率分别为80.02%、80.60%和81.70%。在21种植物中,石菖蒲Acorus gramineus和巴豆Croton tiglium的4种溶剂提取物均对玉米象成虫的触杀作用明显,7.86 mg/cm²的剂量处理4天后的校正死亡率均达到90%以上。     

60Coγ射线和电子束对红棕象甲雄虫的不育效应

[目的] 红棕象甲在我国的危险性和潜在风险性日益突出,应用辐照不育技术控制该虫是绿色防治的重要途径之一。本研究筛选对红棕象甲雄成虫的射线最佳辐照剂量,为该项技术的实际应用提供科学依据。[方法] 通过室内试验,测定并分析2种射线不同辐照剂量⁶⁰Coγ射线和电子束辐照红棕象甲雄成虫对红棕象甲产卵量、卵孵化率、寿命的影响。[结果] 处理虫寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率都随2种射线剂量的增加而逐渐降低,与对照组具有显著差异。电子束剂量为100、150、200和250 Gy以及⁶⁰Coγ射线剂量为100、140、180 Gy时,卵孵化率为0。对2种辐照射线进行对比,当雌∶雄∶辐照雄虫为1∶1∶6 时,100 Gy ⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照对红棕象甲的防治效果较好,雌雄交配后卵的孵化率仅为2.44%。[结论] 实际应用中应选择剂量100 Gy⁶⁰Coγ射线辐照为宜。     

60Co-γ射线辐照对草地贪夜蛾自交种群发育与繁殖的影响

为了解60Co-γ射线辐照对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda成虫发育与繁殖的影响,本文以草地贪夜蛾6日龄蛹为对象,比较不同辐照剂量下草地贪夜蛾自交种群的羽化率、翅畸形率、寿命、产卵量以及子代卵孵化率的差异。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾成虫羽化率随着辐照剂量的升高而呈现降低的趋势,其中250 Gy、350 Gy、400 Gy以及500 Gy剂量辐照下的羽化率分别降低至72.8%、69.4%、69.4%和50.6%,与对照组（91.7%）相比差异显著;翅畸形率在400 Gy时值最高,为25.6%,但与对照组相比并无显著差异;其雌、雄成虫平均寿命均随辐照剂量的升高而缩短,且辐照后处理组雌、雄成虫寿命均显著低于对照组成虫寿命;雄虫日存活率在100 Gy、200 Gy、300 Gy和500 Gy处理条件下高于雌虫日存活率,而350 Gy和400 Gy处理组,以及对照组雌虫日存活率高于雄虫。草地贪夜蛾种群产卵雌虫数、单雌产卵量、及子代孵化情况与对照组相比差异显著,300~500 Gy的辐照剂量下,亲代没有卵粒产出,而100 Gy至250 Gy的辐照剂量下,产卵量显著降低,且在100 Gy时处理组的卵中有少量孵化。本文对草地贪夜蛾辐照不育剂量进行了初步评价,为今后实现该虫不育技术防治提供科学参考。     

电子束辐照对嗜虫书虱存活与繁殖力的影响

采用电子加速器产生电子束辐照处理嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila(Enderlein),分别以0、50、100、200、300、400、500、1000Gy的剂量处理成虫和若虫,观察受辐照后的存活情况和成虫的繁殖情况;以0、25、50、100、200、300、400、500Gy的剂量辐照卵,观察受辐照后卵的孵化情况。结果表明:经50Gy及以上剂量辐照后嗜虫书虱的卵不能孵化,也不能存活;在300Gy及其以上剂量经过不到8周的时间后成虫和若虫都不能存活,且在300、400、500、1000Gy的剂量范围内,嗜虫书虱成虫和若虫受辐照后的剂量越大,存活率降低幅度越大。嗜虫书虱各虫态对电子束辐照的敏感性由高至低依次为卵、若虫、成虫;经300Gy辐照后的成虫和若虫分别在8周和6周内完全死亡,300Gy的剂量可作为电子束有效防治嗜虫书虱的参考剂量。所有50Gy以上剂量下都可明显降低此种害虫的繁殖力,300Gy以上剂量的处理可导致试虫零产卵。     

^60Co-γ射线辐照降解的壳聚糖对玉米萌发及生长的影响

采用不同剂量60Co-γ射线辐照降解壳聚糖,研究了其降解产物对玉米生长的调节作用.研究发现,壳聚糖辐照产物可提高玉米种子发芽率,促进玉米幼苗生长,提高玉米抗逆相关生理生化指标.辐照剂量为200 kGy,壳聚糖辐照产物溶液浓度为3.0 mg/mL时,可显著提高玉米种子萌发率和促进芽长;浓度为4.0 mg/mL时,显著促进主根长度;浓度为2.0 mg/mL～3.0 mg/mL,苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)活性显著高于对照.当辐照剂量为200 kGy～400 kGy,产物溶液浓度为2.0 mg/mL～4.0 mg/mL时,能显著提高胚乳中α-淀粉酶活性和幼苗中叶绿素含量;浓度为2.0 mg/mL～3.0 mg/mL时,显著提高幼苗过氧化物酶 (POD) 的活性.综合多种影响因素得出:利用壳聚糖辐照产物开发玉米促生抗逆剂的适宜60Co-γ射线辐照剂量为200 kGy～300 kGy,浓度为2.0 mg/mL～3.0 mg/mL.     

Toxicity of some terpenoids of essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica from Cameroon against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky

Abstract:  The acute toxicity of essential oils from the whole fruit (EF) or from the fibres of the fruit (FF) of the local aromatic plants Xylopia aethiopica Dunal (Annonaceae) collected in north Cameroon was evaluated on Sitophilus zeamais adults. A concentration of 1 ml of essential oil per 100 g of maize seeds was tested to determine weevil mortality after 24 h of exposure. Under these conditions, the essential oil derived from both EF and FF of X. aethiopica led to 100% mortality. In a second step, proportions of active compounds present in the oil of both EF and FF of X. aethiopica were quantified. The toxicity of the four main compounds was tested against S. zeamais : α -pinene, β -pinene, Δ-3-carene and terpinen-4-ol according to their proportion in the essential oil of the concerned plant part. β -pinene and terpinen-4-ol were responsible for 50% of the mortality at the proportion found in EF and FF essential oils respectively. When mixed, a synergic effect of the compounds was observed that restored the mortality percentage observed for the crude oil. It appears that X. aethiopica essential oil could be a potential source of natural and low-cost insecticide to control storage pests.     

Discrimination between the effects of X-ray irradiation of the mouse oocyte and uterus on the induction of dominant lethals and congenital anomalies. II. Localised irradiation experiments

In order to evaluate whether irradiation of the postimplantation maternal environment contributed to the induction of postimplantation mortality or congenital anomalies, mouse ovaries were surgically exteriorised and selectively irradiated or shielded in a specially constructed apparatus. The results show that exposure of the mouse abdomen and uterus to 3.70 Gy X-rays, 15-21 days prior to conception, has no significant effect on the incidence of either postimplantation mortality or congenital anomalies. Exposure of the ovaries to 3.27 Gy X-rays during the same period, however, increased the frequency of both postimplantation mortality and congenital anomalies.     

Survival and reproduction of Liposcelis paeta (Pearman) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) when irradiated by electron beams

Electron beam irradiation has been evaluated for the survival and reproduction of Liposcelis paeta Pearman (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). All effects increased with increasing doses from 50 to 1000 Gy when the electron energy was 2 MeV. Eggs were unable to develop into adults following a dose of 100 Gy. Complete (100%) mortality was achieved about 5 weeks after adult emergence from nymphs irradiated at 300 Gy, whereas 100% mortality of adults was achieved 9 weeks after irradiation at 300 Gy. The fecundity was greatly reduced to 1.82% of that of control when L. paeta adults were irradiated at 250 Gy. A dose of 300 Gy caused complete reproductive sterility in adults. These results suggest that the most susceptible stage was the egg stage, then nymph and adult stages. A dose of 300 Gy is suggested for quarantine treatment of commodities infested by L. paeta.     

土荆芥提取物对玉米象的触杀与熏蒸活性

测定了土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioidesL.)4种溶剂(100%乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和石油醚)提取物对玉米象Sitophilusz eamais Motschulsky的触杀和,蒸活性。4种溶剂提取物在6.494mg/cm2浓度下对玉米象的触杀效果:48h后100%乙醇提取物和石油醚提取物的校正死亡率均达100%;丙酮提取物次之,为92.31%;乙酸乙酯提取物最低,为64.10%,但72h后达94.17%。4种溶剂提取物对玉米象的,蒸活性:72h后0.50mg/mL浓度处理下校正死亡率为98.73%～100%。     

植物精油对几种害虫的毒杀活性

对 11科 15属 2 7种植物精油的杀虫活性做了测定。八角茴香果实、柠檬果实、细叶桉叶和留兰香叶精油对粘虫、小菜蛾、棉铃虫和玉米象有较强的熏蒸活性 ;精油稀释 10 0倍后 ,甜橙果实、玳玳花和砂地柏精油对粘虫的拒食活性最高 ;在 0 4% (w/w)剂量下 ,肉桂皮和八角茴香果实等 7种精油对玉米象的种群形成抑制率达 10 0 %。     

Susceptibility of various developmental stages of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Col., Curculionidae) to methyl iodide in brown rice

Abstract:  The efficacy of methyl iodide (MI) as a fumigant against all developmental stages of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. was investigated. Tests were conducted with concentrations of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7 and 3.0 mg/l, for a 6-h exposure period. Values of LC₅₀, LC₉₅ and LC₉₉ of MI for immatures and adult stages were determined. The present laboratory tests showed that MI was toxic to various life stages of S. zeamais at relatively short exposure periods. At the LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ levels, the most susceptible stage was the egg stage followed by larvae, pupae and adults (1-day mortality). The egg was found to be most susceptible to MI, requiring 0.81 and 2.16 mg/l for 50 and 99% mortality, respectively, while the adult was most tolerant, requiring 2.30 and 3.02 mg/l for 50 and 99% mortality, respectively, based on 1-day mortality count. Pupae were less susceptible to MI than egg and larvae, requiring 1.47 and 3.19 mg/l for 50 and 99% mortality, respectively. Based on the present toxicity tests, MI has the potential for use as a fumigant to control all developmental stages of the maize weevil, S. zeamais .     

Interaction of treatment of both adult and immature Coleoptera with a chitin synthesis inhibitor affects mortality and development time of their progeny

Chitin synthesis inhibitors, like many other insect growth regulating insecticides, do not kill adult insects but cause mortality of the immature stages. Pre-exposure of adult stored grain Coleoptera, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Curculionidae) and development of their progeny in grain treated with the chitin synthesis inhibitor, chlorfluazuron, influenced the mortality and development rate of the progeny. Hatch rate of eggs from R. dominica adults that had both developed and laid on wheat treated with 0.75 mg kg–1 chlorfluazuron was reduced by almost 50% compared with untreated eggs, with an LC50 of 0.84 mg kg–1 . Eggs laid on treated wheat by R. dominica adults that had been exposed only to treated wheat for 2 weeks before oviposition showed greater reduction in hatch: 75% reduction of normal hatch rate at 0.25 mg kg–1 and almost 100% reduction at 2 mg kg–1 chlorfluazuron, with an LC50 of 0.19 mg kg–1 chlorfluazuron. X-rays were used to monitor the development and mortality of the immature stages of S. oryzae that developed within the wheat grains. Numbers of eggs laid were not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment. The combination of pre-exposure of adults and chlorfluazuron concentration had an additive effect on mortality of immature S. oryzae. Pre-exposure of adults caused most mortality in the first three weeks of development (eggs and larvae), whereas development in treated wheat caused mortality from weeks 3 to 8 (pupae and adults); higher concentrations of chlorfluazuron caused higher mortality. Development in wheat treated with 1 mg kg–1 chlorfluazuron caused 12% corrected overall mortality of progeny while pre-exposure to the same concentration and development in untreated wheat caused 29% corrected mortality. Pre-exposure combined with development in wheat treated with 1 mg kg–1 caused 30% corrected mortality. Thus, pre-exposure of adults appears to have a greater effect on mortality of S. oryzae progeny than development of immature stages in treated grain. Development on treated grain had no effect on development rate. Pre-exposure of adults did not appear to affect the rate of immature development, as assessed by X-rays, but did slow the emergence of adults, lengthening development time by about 2 days. This significant, additive effect of pre-exposure of adults on the mortality of their progeny will enhance the toxicity of chitin synthesis inhibitors such as chlorfluazuron, since most adults receive treatment when the immature stages are treated in crops either before they are harvested or in storage. Assessing the proportion of eggs that hatch from pre-exposed adults would be a simpler bioassay for CSIs.     

Combined action of X-rays and nonylphenol on mouse sperm

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 2-weeks’ X-ray and/or nonylphenol (NP) exposure on male mice’s sperm count and quality. Pzh:SFIS mice were exposed to X-rays (0.05 Gy, 0.10 Gy, 0.20 Gy) or to nonylphenol (25 mg/kg bw, 50 mg/kg bw, 100 mg/kg bw) or to both agents (0.05 Gy + 25 mg/kg bw NP, 0.10 Gy + 50 mg/kg bw NP). At 24 h and 5 weeks after the end of exposure the sperm count, morphology and frequency of DNA damage in the male germ cells were estimated. Each agent alone diminished sperm count and morphology. The dose of 0.05 Gy of X-rays decreased the frequency of DNA damage. Combined exposure to lower doses of both agents significantly improved sperm morphology and decreased the level of DNA damage compared to one agent alone. Combined exposure to higher doses reduced the frequency of DNA damage compared to the effect of the appropriate dose of NP. Results of combined exposure to low doses of both agents suggest that 0.05 Gy of X-rays stimulate the DNA damagecontrol system and in consequence repair of DNA caused by X-rays and NP. It may be correlated with increased antioxidant capacity.