褐边绿刺蛾的取食行为和取食量

观察褐边绿刺蛾Parasa consocia Walker2个世代幼虫取食杨树叶片的习性。结果表明,第1代幼虫7龄,幼虫期平均取食量167.7cm2/头,取食持续时间26d;第2代幼虫8龄,幼虫期平均取食量170.5cm2/头,取食持续时间27d。2个世代末龄幼虫取食量最大,占整个取食量的80%左右,4~5龄幼虫是防治的关键龄期。     

保幼激素类似物ZR-515对杜仲梦尼夜蛾幼虫生长发育的影响

【目的】为了解保幼激素对杜仲梦尼夜蛾Orthosia songi Chen et Zhang幼虫生长发育的影响。【方法】本研究采用不同浓度的保幼激素类似物ZR-515处理其4龄、5龄和6龄幼虫,测定了幼虫的发育历期、取食量、排粪量以及后期的化蛹率和羽化率。【结果】(1)保幼激素类似物ZR-515处理可延长杜仲梦尼夜蛾幼虫的发育历期,增加体重,提高取食量和排粪量;但是对后期的化蛹率和成虫羽化率影响较大,导致幼虫和蛹的死亡率较高,且处理浓度越大,影响越显著。(2)处理4龄或5龄幼虫,对其后的各龄期的生长发育产生很大的影响。(3)综合考虑激素处理对幼虫生长产生的有利影响及后期的不利影响,认为1 000 ng/μL为最适处理浓度,5龄为最佳处理龄期。【结论】研究结果可为后续杜仲梦尼夜蛾的规模化人工饲养和开发利用提供理论依据。     

温度对安婀珍蝶取食量的影响

安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday&Hewitson)作为控制害草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的生物防治因子,在14～26℃范围内,在相同温度不同龄期的取食量变化规律相同.1～4龄幼虫之间,幼虫的取食量变化不大,但在4龄以后,幼虫的取食量成倍增长.不同温度下安婀珍蝶幼虫各龄期取食量随温度的升高而增大;1、3、5、6龄幼虫的取食量在23℃时达最高,在26℃时有所回落;幼虫期的总取食量在14～26℃范围内,取食量随温度的升高而增大;14～17℃之间,取食量增加较快,在17℃以后,取食量增加缓慢.通过分析建立安婀珍蝶幼虫日平均取食量与温度间的回归模型:Y=-60.054+8.788X-0.402X2+0.006X3,P＜0.05,R2=0.9989,对模型进行计算得出安婀珍蝶取食量最适温度为25.58℃.     

Research on the feeding behavior of Neospastis simaona larvae

本文对思茅新木蛾Neospastis simaona Wang幼虫的取食行为、取食偏好性以及明暗条件对其取食量的影响进行了观察研究,为该昆虫的防治提供了理论依据.研究结果表明:思茅新木蛾幼虫随着龄期的增加,取食次数增多,取食总时间增加,但一次取食时间无明显变化;思茅新木蛾幼虫对木荷(Schima superba)有强烈嗜食性,4龄幼虫喜食木荷幼叶,5、6龄幼虫对木荷幼叶、成熟叶无明显偏好性;明暗条件对思茅新木蛾4至6龄幼虫的取食量没有显著影响(P＞0.05).     

思茅新木蛾幼虫取食行为的研究

本文对思茅新木蛾Neospastis simaona Wang幼虫的取食行为、取食偏好性以及明暗条件对其取食量的影响进行了观察研究,为该昆虫的防治提供了理论依据。研究结果表明:思茅新木蛾幼虫随着龄期的增加,取食次数增多,取食总时间增加,但一次取食时间无明显变化;思茅新木蛾幼虫对木荷(Schima superba)有强烈嗜食性,4龄幼虫喜食木荷幼叶,5、6龄幼虫对木荷幼叶、成熟叶无明显偏好性;明暗条件对思茅新木蛾4至6龄幼虫的取食量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

八字地老虎核型多角体病毒对宿主的弱化作用

八字地老虎核型多角体病毒(Amathes c-nigrum nucleopolyhedrovirus,简称AnNPV)接种八字地老虎3龄初幼虫,感染3d-6d,体重明显小于对照幼虫,发育历期显著延长,幼虫蜕皮和化蛹严重受阻.4龄幼虫感染病毒后1-2天取食量未减少,从第3天开始食量显著减少,从感染至第6天,单头幼虫总取食量为696.1mg,比对照幼虫总取食量的1313.2mg减少47.0%.     

椰子织蛾幼虫龄数及取食量的雌雄差异

为了明确椰子织蛾幼虫的龄数、取食量及龄期。在室温25℃±3℃,寄主食料椰子叶饲养条件下,测量了雌、雄幼虫头壳宽、取食量并记录了各龄幼虫的发育历期。结果表明,椰子织蛾雌性幼虫有9-10个龄数,雄性幼虫有8-10个龄数。1-10龄雌虫的头壳宽约为0.2300,0.3250,0.4300,0.5267,0.7700,0.9633,1.3775,1.5850,1.8200,2.1929 mm。1-10龄雄虫的头壳宽约为0.2233,0.3214,0.4125,0.5300,0.6529,0.8675,1.1267,1.3375,1.4950,1.8925 mm。9-10龄雌虫的头壳宽显著大于雄虫的头壳宽。头壳宽与龄数具有很强的相关性。椰子织蛾幼虫的取食量随龄数的增大而增加。椰子织蛾1代雌性幼虫平均取食椰子叶的面积(3607.23±146.83 mm~2)显著高于1代雄性幼虫平均取食椰子叶的面积(1991.25±143.92 mm~2)。1-5龄幼虫的取食量最小,小于50 mm~2。8-10龄为暴食期。1-10龄幼虫的发育历期分别为4.55±0.16,5.69±0.24,5.73±0.37,5.22±0.15,5.11±0.46,4.61±0.46,5.12±0.68,6.00±0.43,6.86±0.40和8.75±1.55 d。对于雌、雄成虫个体差异较大的昆虫,对其幼虫头壳宽值和取食量的测定应雌、雄幼虫分别测定。椰子织蛾的防治适期应在未造成严重为害的1-5龄幼虫高蜂期进行。以幼虫头壳宽为主,同时结合取食面积判定幼虫所处龄数,可为准确掌握防治时期提供科学依据。     

马尾松诱导抗性对马尾松毛虫幼虫生长发育的影响

利用不同受害方式和受害程度的马尾松 (PinusmassonianaLamb.)针饲养马尾松毛DendrolimuspunctarusWalker虫幼虫 ,研究受害松针对幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明 :马尾松毛虫取食受害松针后 ,幼虫的取食量下降 ,排粪量减少 ,对食物的消耗和利用指数降低 ,幼虫发育速率缓慢 ,死亡率增加 ,从而影响马尾松毛虫的种群动态     

Effects of different food plants on the growth, development and reproduction of fall webworm ,Hyphantria cunea, larvae

2010年6月至7月,在室内研究了美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)第1代幼虫对洋白蜡、欧美107号杨、法桐和白榆的取食量及不同的食料种类对美国白蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,美国白蛾对受试的各树种的取食量以洋白蜡为最多,完成一代平均每头可以取食2.21g,其次为欧美107号杨1.95g,再次为法桐和白榆,分别为1.85g/头和1.68g/头.3龄后幼虫对不同的寄主呈现出一定的偏好性,特别是5龄和6龄幼虫对不同的寄主的取食量表现出显著差异.不同的食料植物对美国白蛾幼虫和蛹的发育历期、存活率、蛹重、成虫寿命、产卵量等有显著影响.取食法桐对其生长发育和繁殖表现出明显的不利性,主要表现为幼虫期延长、蛹重减轻、单雌产卵量降低.     

不同食料植物对美国白蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

2010年6月至7月,在室内研究了美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)第1代幼虫对洋白蜡、欧美107号杨、法桐和白榆的取食量及不同的食料种类对美国白蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,美国白蛾对受试的各树种的取食量以洋白蜡为最多,完成一代平均每头可以取食2.21 g,其次为欧美107号杨1.95 g,再次为法桐和白榆,分别为1.85 g/头和1.68 g/头。3龄后幼虫对不同的寄主呈现出一定的偏好性,特别是5龄和6龄幼虫对不同的寄主的取食量表现出显著差异。不同的食料植物对美国白蛾幼虫和蛹的发育历期、存活率、蛹重、成虫寿命、产卵量等有显著影响。取食法桐对其生长发育和繁殖表现出明显的不利性,主要表现为幼虫期延长、蛹重减轻、单雌产卵量降低。     

Growth and induction in food consumption of Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae on chickpea, soybean, and maize diets

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of different artificial diets made of powdered seed materials of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ), soybean ( Glycine max ), and maize ( Zea mays ) on the growth, consumption, and feeding preferences of Helicoverpa armigera larvae. Food consumption and growth of ultimate instar gram pod borer larvae were minimal on maize diet. The nutritive value of the soybean diet was higher, but the consumption rate of larvae was highest on chickpea diet compared with the other test diets. The growth of larvae was statistically equal on chickpea and soybean diets, in spite of differences in the consumption rate of these diets and their nutritive value. There appears to be a direct correlation between the quantity of the diets consumed and their nutritive value for growth of the larvae on chickpea and soybean diets. The lower nutritive value of chickpea diet is correlated with its higher intake by the larvae. Similarly, the lower consumption rate of larvae on soybean diet is correlated with its higher nutritive value. The diet on which the larvae were fed during earlier instars did not induce any feeding preference for that particular diet in the ultimate larval instar. The larvae consumed similar quantities of each of the three diets in their ultimate instar, irrespective of having fed on any of these diets during any preceding instars. However, induction in the quantitative consumption of food by the larvae was evident. The higher or lower consumption rate of diet by the larvae in the ultimate instar was influenced by their food during earlier instars. Hence the food consumption rate of larvae in the last instar appears to be set while feeding on a diet in the preceding instars.     

Differential crop damage by healthy and nucleopolyhedrovirus-infected Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae: a field examination

Baculovirus infection in Lepidoptera can alter both larval mobility and feeding rates, which can in turn affect pathogen transmission and dispersal in the field. We compared the damage to cabbage plants in the field caused by healthy and nucleopolyhedrovirus-infected Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae released as second and fourth instars. There was no significant difference in plant consumption by healthy and infected larvae for the first 4 days after release. From day 5 onwards, infected larvae caused significantly less defoliation. This pattern was similar for larvae at both larval instars. Defoliation was greater for fourth instars throughout the experiment.     

异色瓢虫不同龄期幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫产卵的影响

本文通过室内试验研究了异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)不同龄期幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫在猎物寄主上停留时间和产卵的影响。结果表明:受孕雌虫倾向于在猎物丰富的植株上停留。幼虫踪迹抑制了受孕异色瓢虫雌虫的停留时间,但2龄幼虫踪迹和4龄幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫停留时间的影响差异不显著。异色瓢虫雌虫将卵产于有蚜虫的植株上,幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫的产卵抑制作用显著,但2龄和4龄幼虫踪迹的抑制效果差异不明显。     

Diet-switching by gypsy moth: effects of diet nitrogen history vs. switching on growth, consumption, and food utilization

Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) larvae were reared from hatch on 1.25% N or 3.5% N artificial diet (previous diet) and switched reciprocally to the other diet (current diet) after molting into the second, third, fourth, or fifth instar. The nitrogen concentration of food consumed during previous instars had a strong residual effect on the growth rate in subsequent instars when a diet switch was made during instars two through four, but did not affect growth rate of fifth-instar larvae despite effects on food consumption and utilization. In early instars, larvae reared on 1.25% N artificial diet and then switched to 3.75% N diet had lower mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae continuously reared on 3.75% N diet. Conversely, larvae reared on 3.75% N diet and switched to 1.25% N had higher mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae reared continuously on 1.25% N diet. Relative to larvae previously reared on 1.25% N diet, fifth-instar male larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet had slightly lower consumption rates, higher net growth efficiency (ECD), and higher gross growth efficiency (ECI). Larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet tended to have lower food assimilation efficiency (AD) and lower nitrogen assimilation efficiency (AD(N)). Although both previous and current diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected larval growth and food utilization, the interaction term between these was not significant for any response variables except ECD and ECI. Because the interaction term reflects the effect of switching per se, the results indicate that there was a metabolic cost associated with switching, but no inherent net cost or benefit of diet-switching to growth.     

Insect food for astronauts: gas exchange in silkworms fed on mulberry and lettuce and the nutritional value of these insects for human consumption during deep space flights

In this study, silkworm moth (Bombyx mori L.) larvae were regarded as an animal protein source for astronauts in the bioregenerative life support system during long-term deep space exploration in the future. They were fed with mulberry and stem lettuce leaves during the first three instars and the last two instars, respectively. In addition, this kind of environmental approach, which utilised inedible biomass of plants to produce animal protein of high quality, can likewise be applied terrestrially to provide food for people living in extreme environments and/or impoverished agro-ecosystems, such as in polar regions, isolated military bases, ships, submarines, etc. Respiration characteristics of the larvae during development under two main physiological conditions, namely eating and not-eating of leaves, were studied. Nutrient compositions of silkworm powder (SP), ground and freeze-dried silkworms on the 3rd day of the 5th instar larvae, including protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids, were measured using international standard methods. Silkworms' respiration rates, measured when larvae were eating mulberry leaves, were higher than those of similar larvae that hadn't eaten such leaves. There was a significant difference between silkworms fed on mulberry leaves and those fed on stem lettuce in the 4th and 5th instars (P<0.01). Amounts of CO2 exhaled by the silkworms under the two physiological regimes differed from each other (P<0.01). There was also a significant difference between the amount of O2 inhaled when the insects were under the two physiological statuses (P<0.01). Moreover, silkworms' respiration quotient under the eating regime was larger than when under the not-eating regime. The SP was found to be rich in protein and amino acids in total; 12 essential vitamins, nine minerals and twelve fatty acids were detected. Moreover, 359?kcal could be generated per 100?gram of SP (dry weight).     

转Bt基因水稻对二化螟幼虫取食、生长及其存活的影响(英文)

在实验室中以转cry1Ab基因水稻 克螟稻 1号为材料 ,研究了不同温度下Bt水稻对二化螟Chilosuppressalis (Walker) 3龄和 5龄幼虫取食、生长及其存活的影响。结果表明 ,不同温度下 3龄和 5龄幼虫取食Bt水稻后 ,其取食量、体重增长和存活率均极显著低于对照。温度对 3龄幼虫取食、生长和存活无显著影响 ,但对 5龄幼虫的取食和体重增长则有显著影响。幼虫死亡率与其取食Bt水稻的累积食量间存在着正相关关系。     

两种色型黄粉虫的生长发育、存活与饲料利用效率比较研究（英文）

黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.是一种重要的资源昆虫, 根据60日龄幼虫的体壁颜色, 通过连续12代的自然选育, 获得了黄、 黑2种色型黄粉虫。为进一步给黄粉虫优良品种培育提供科学的理论依据, 本实验首先对选育出的2种色型黄粉虫的生长发育、 存活及饲料利用效率进行了比较研究。结果表明： 2种色型黄粉虫的孵化率和化蛹率均约为83%和97%, 无显著差异; 但黄色型成虫的羽化率（♀：95%, ♂：91%）却明显高于黑色型成虫的羽化率（♀： 82%, ♂： 83%）。2种色型黄粉虫的卵和蛹历期均约为7 d和10 d, 亦无显著差异; 但黑色型幼虫较黄色型幼虫发育更快、 更整齐。黑色型幼虫共历经12~15龄, 黄色型幼虫历经12~17龄, 并且2种色型黄粉虫幼虫均以历经14龄居多, 历经14龄的黄、 黑2色型黄粉虫幼虫的比例分别为27%和53%。以14龄计, 黄、 黑2色型黄粉虫从卵至成虫的总历期分别为171 d和151 d。此外, 黄色型幼虫对饲料的平均利用效率明显高于同日龄黑色型幼虫, 黄色型幼虫的平均饲料消化率（AD）、 转化率（ECD）和利用率（ECI）分别为66.5%, 50.6%和33.6%, 而黑色型幼虫的平均饲料消化率（AD）、 转化率（ECD）和利用率（ECI）分别为62.1%, 46.8%和29.1%; 但2种色型黄粉虫同日龄幼虫的生长率和存活率差异不显著。综合上述结果可知, 黑色型黄粉虫较黄色型黄粉虫发育更快、 更整齐, 而黄色型黄粉虫对饲料的平均利用效率明显高于黑色型黄粉虫。这为进一步培育黄粉虫优良品种提供了有益参考。     

Laboratory studies of the biology and food requirements ofMacrorhaphis acuta [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Macrorhaphis acuta were bred in the laboratory (25°C) and fed on larvae ofAscotis selenaria reciprocaria. The incubation period was 8.4 days and the mean hatch was 94.4%. There were 5 nymphal instars which occupied 3.3, 5.0, 5.6, 6.6 and 12.0 days, respectively, from the lst to the 5th. Each nymph consumed an average of 22.8 host larvae to complete development. Adults had a mean longevity of 74.9 days and each consumed an average of 67.5 host larvae. Significant reduction was noted in pupation of 5th instar host larvae sucked by adult predators for periods ranging from 4 to 10 mn. The food requirements of 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs fed on 3rd instar host larvae were also investigated. The conversion ratio varied with the weight of food consumed during the instar and later instars were more efficient than earlier ones. Predatory value did not vary significantly with successive instars.     

Effect of food on immature development, consumption rate, and relative growth rate of Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae), a predator of container breeding mosquitoes

Food utilization by the larvae of Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiedemann) was studied in the laboratory by offering larvae of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, Anopheles stephensi (Liston), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Quantitative analyses of data indicated that immature development was significantly faster with increase in food availability. The regression analysis showed that the degrees of the relationship between immature duration (Id) and food availability were higher when offered early instars of prey (first and second instars) than late instars. Consumption rate (Cr) of the predator increased with increase in food availability and this relationship was highly significant when larvae of An. stephensi were offered as food. Consumption rate to food level decreased with increase in the age class of the prey. There was a significant negative correlation between Id and Cr. This aspect helps to increase population turnover of T. splendens in a shorter period when the prey is abundant. Conversely, the predator compensated the loss in daily food intake at low food level by extending Id thereby attains the minimum threshold pupal weight for adult emergence. There was an increase in the relative growth rate (RGR) of the predator when An. stephensi was offered as prey and this was related to the high protein content of the prey per body weight. There was a positive correlation between Cr and RGR. This adaptive life characteristic strategy of this predator is useful for mass-rearing for large scale field release programmes in the control of container breeding mosquitoes is discussed.