杜氏盐藻的耐盐机制研究进展和基因工程研究的展望

概述了杜氏盐藻（Dunaliella salina）的耐盐机制和基因工程的研究进展。盐藻的耐盐机制十分复杂,短时间内通过细胞体积的改变来调节渗透压平衡,之后通过甘油的合成与转化恢复细胞正常形态和大小。渗透调节过程中,还涉及到蛋白质的合成。cDNA文库和基因组文库已经建立;几种基因已被克隆,如碳酸酐酶基因和硝酸还原酶基因等;GUS（β_葡糖苷酸酶）基因已成功地转入盐藻细胞内。另外,对盐藻的基因工程作了简单的展望。     

盐藻线粒体GIY-YIG族归巢内切酶基因受到盐胁迫时增强转录

盐藻 (Dunaliellasalina (Chlorophyta) )极强的耐盐能力使之成为研究植物耐盐分子机制的重要模式生物 .在前期分离到的一个盐藻基因片段在盐胁迫时增强表达的基础上 ,通过RACE获得了该基因 5′端cDNA序列及部分 3′端cDNA序列 .序列分析结果表明 ,该基因是一个编码线粒体GIY YIG族归巢内切酶的Ⅰ型内含子基因 .RNase freeDNase处理及Northern杂交结果表明 ,盐藻线粒体DNA在盐处理组中可能发生了扩增 .这些结果结合前人的研究成果说明 ,该内含子基因的增强表达可能并非盐藻对抗盐胁迫的一种手段 ,而是盐藻对抗盐胁迫的副产品 .被该内含子基因插入的基因是盐藻对抗盐胁迫所需要增强表达的 .线粒体DNA的扩增可能是细胞在受到盐胁迫时线粒体数量增加的结果     

通过cDNARDA法分离和识别盐藻(Dunaliella salina)盐胁迫相关基因

采用cDNA代表性差异分析 (RDA)技术 ,对盐藻在盐胁迫时差异表达的基因进行了分离鉴定 .在分离到的 10个基因中 ,有 5个与已知基因同源 (包括叶绿素a b结合蛋白基因、蛋白磷酸酶I催化亚基基因和 3个核糖体蛋白基因 ) ,还有 5个未知功能基因则是首次在盐藻中被分离 .值得注意的是 ,所有这 5个已知基因的功能都与细胞分裂或盐胁迫有关 .结果表明 :取样时盐藻细胞仍处于恢复阶段 ,所分离到的基因对于盐藻耐盐可能具有重要意义 ;蛋白磷酸酶I的下调表达可能是盐藻调节离子平衡的一个重要过程和细胞分裂受阻的原因所在 ;盐藻减缓细胞分裂速度可能是为了减少能量消耗 ,以留出足够的能量来应对盐胁迫 ;其它 5个未知基因可能也与盐藻适应盐胁迫机制有关 .     

杜氏盐藻外源基因稳定表达系统的构建

建立了一种单细胞海水绿藻--杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina Teod.)的外源基因稳定表达系统.通过电激法将携带乙肝病毒表面抗原基因(HBsAg)和氯霉素乙酰转移酶基因(CAT)的质粒转入盐藻细胞内,CAT基因为筛选基因.PCR和Southern杂交结果显示,HBsAg基因已经整合到盐藻基因组中.Northern杂交结果表明,转化成功细胞内的该基因已转录成mRNA.HBsAgELISA和Western杂交检测证明,HBsAg蛋白在转化的盐藻细胞内稳定地表达.同时,PCR和Southern杂交显示,CAT基因也已整合到盐藻基因组中.且CATELISA检测证明,CAT蛋白在转化体中也已稳定地表达.进一步对转化盐藻进行无氯霉素筛选培养,60代后,HBsAg基因依然稳定地存在并表达.本实验第一次报道了外源基因在杜氏盐藻细胞内的稳定表达.     

盐生植物耐盐分子机制的研究进展

盐生植物是研究植物耐盐分子机制和分离耐盐基因的良好材料,可以反映植物对盐胁迫的适应策略。综述盐生植物响应盐胁迫的转录因子、渗透平衡调节、离子平衡调节、氧化还原平衡调节、光合作用调节及代谢变化,反映盐生植物在多个方面适应盐胁迫的策略。此外,还对盐生植物耐盐分子机制的研究前景作了展望。     

杜氏盐藻两种碳酸酐酶基因启动子的克隆和功能研究

将克隆得到的杜氏盐藻DCA7和CA基因的启动子区与bar基因和NOS polyA终止子片段融合,分别构建成pMDDC-B和pMDC-B转基因杜氏盐藻表达载体。用基因枪法将两种表达载体转化人杜氏盐藻细胞,通过除草剂草丁膦筛选培养获得转化藻株,对转化藻株进行分析。对转化杜氏盐藻藻株的筛选培养结果表明：pMDDC-B和pMDC-B载体中的外源bar基因能在杜氏盐藻细胞中稳定或瞬时表达。同时在氦气压力为690kPa条件下,微弹轰击2次比微弹轰击1次或3次的效果更好。对pMDDC-B转化杜氏盐藻得到的稳定表达的转化藻株进行的PCR和Southern印迹分析的结果表明：外源的bar基因确已整合到杜氏盐藻基因组中。Northern印迹分析表明：DCA7基因启动子驱动bar基因在杜氏盐藻细胞中的表达效率受氯化钠浓度梯度调控。推测首次克隆得到的DCA7基因启动子可能是一种活性高、安全性好的高渗诱导性启动子;杜氏盐藻DCA7和CA基因启动子区的GT高度重复序列,可能与杜氏盐藻高度耐盐的分子机制有关。     

嗜盐菌耐盐机制相关基因的研究进展

嗜盐微生物能够在高盐环境中生存,其耐盐机制一直是微生物学家研究的热点。目前嗜盐微生物耐盐机制的研究主要集中在细胞吸K+排Na+作用、胞内积累小分子相容性溶质及嗜盐酶的氨基酸组成特性三个方面。文章从基因水平综述了嗜盐菌的耐盐机制,并对其在高盐废水处理上的应用进行讨论与展望。     

红树植物耐盐机理研究进展

从形态、生理生化和分子水平综述了红树植物的耐盐机理。红树植物具有盐腺、叶片肉质化等形态特征,通过离子选择性积累、盐分区域化、泌盐和拒盐等机制降低体内的盐分浓度,积累或合成渗透调节物质（主要是松醇和甘露醇）来维持渗透平衡,增强抗氧化系统以清除活性氧。在分子水平上,红树植物的耐盐能力与参与合成渗透调节物质关键酶和抗氧化酶等基因的表达相关。     

植物盐胁迫应答蛋白质组学分析

土壤盐渍化是限制植物生长和分布的关键因素之一,揭示植物盐胁迫应答的分子机理是借助分子生物学手段提高植物耐盐性的基础.近年来,人们利用高通量蛋白质组学技术分析了拟南芥、水稻等19种植物的盐胁迫应答蛋白质表达图谱.从植物类群(盐生植物和甜土植物)、组织器官(根、地上部分/茎、胚根和胚轴、叶片、花序和配子体)、细胞(悬浮培养细胞、愈伤组织细胞和单细胞生物)和亚细胞结构(叶绿体、质膜和质外体)几方面整合分析了植物盐胁迫应答蛋白质组表达模式特征,主要特征包括:(1)盐生植物通过全面调节细胞骨架重塑、离子转运和区隔化、渗透平衡、活性氧(ROS)清除、信号转导、光合作用和能量代谢等信号与代谢网络体系,获得相对较高的抗/耐盐能力;(2)植物地上部分(叶片、茎、配子体)或光合组织细胞(悬浮培养细胞、愈伤组织细胞和单细胞盐藻)通过调节参与光合作用、碳和能量代谢、ROS清除过程蛋白质的表达模式应对盐胁迫环境;(3)植物地下部分(根、胚根)通过调控信号转导和离子转运相关蛋白质感知/传递盐胁迫信号并维持离子平衡;(4)花序中参与渗透调节、转录调控、蛋白质加工和ROS清除的蛋白质在盐胁迫条件下变化显著;(5)叶绿体通过调控参与光合作用、蛋白质加工和周转,以及氧化还原系统平衡等过程应对盐胁迫;(6)质外体中参与细胞壁代谢、胁迫防御和信号转导过程的蛋白质受盐胁迫影响明显;(7)细胞膜中参与维持膜结构稳定、物质/离子运输和信号转导过程的蛋白质对植物盐胁迫应答具有重要作用.这些分析为深入研究植物耐盐的分子机制提供了重要信息.     

谷皮菱形藻的耐盐适应性

本文报道了在水产养殖上有较大经济价值的硅藻代表种类——谷皮菱形藻对盐度的适应性。该藻有较强的耐盐适应性,在含≤1.0mol/L NaCl的培养基中均能生长,其最适生长盐度约为18‰(含0.25 mol/L NaCl的培养基)。在不同盐度下生长的细胞中其主要生化组分含量有不同程度的改变。类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的比值随盐度的增加略有升高,这主要是由于叶绿素含量随盐度增高而降低所致;细胞蛋白质含量与盐度改变无明显关系;但糖类却随盐度提高而成倍增加,表明糖类是谷皮菱形藻适应盐度改变的主要渗透调节物。同时,在较高盐度时,谷皮菱形藻细胞内氨基酸含量明显增加,显示一些氨基酸特别是脯氨酸在谷皮菱形藻耐盐适应过程中也起着相当的渗透调节作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.