Transcription of the {beta}-galactoside {alpha}2,6-sialyltransferase gene in B lymphocytes is directed by a separate and distinct promoter{dagger}

A single human gene, SIAT1, encodes the ß-galactoside     

Part of the Lysyl Residues in Wheat {alpha}-Amylase is Methylated as N-{varepsilon}-Trimethyl Lysine

Amino acid analyses of wheat -amylase purified from germinatingseeds by affinity chromatography showed a high content of amodified lysyl residue. The modified residue was identifiedas N--trimethyl lysine. The presence of trimethyl lysine in-amylase is discussed in terms of isozymes. ¹ Present address: National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10,Rm. 9B-15, Bethesda, MD 20205, U.S.A. (Received August 20, 1981; Accepted March 19, 1982)     

Heat-induced changes in the EPR signal of tyrosine D ($$ Y^{{OX}}_{D} $$): a possible role of Cytochrome b559

The present study for the first time describes a close relationship between a change in the states of Cyt b559, a damage to Mn complex and a rapid reduction of tyrosine D (Y_D) as a function of temperature in spinach thylakoid membranes. Measurements of the EPR signal of dark stable tyrosine D in heat-treated thylakoid membranes showed a gradual decay of the oxidized state of tyrosine D with the progression of temperature. Simultaneously, it leads to the conversion of high-potential Cytochrome b559 into its low-potential form. We have speculated a possible involvement of Cytochrome b559 in the primary reduction events of tyrosine D in dark at high temperature. However, rapid reduction of tyrosine D may also be due to the disassembly of the Mn clock, which causes exposure of Y_D to the lumen and thereby its reduction by some unknown factor. These conclusions are supported by the measurements of Mn²⁺ release and thermoluminescence curves of various charge pairs in heat-treated thylakoid membranes. The results reveal an important aspect on the role of Cyt b559 in PS II during temperature stress.     

{alpha}-Galactosyl (Gal{alpha}1-3Gal{beta}1-4GlcNAc-R) epitopes on human cells: synthesis of the epitope on human red cells by recombinant primate {alpha}1,3galactosyltransferase expressed in E.coli

Developing methods for in vitro synthesis of the carbohydratestructure Gal     

Numerical integration of the equations of motion describing the acceleration of plasma particles in Syrovatski $$\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\smile}$}}{l} $$ 's model of the dynamic current sheet

The acceleration of solar-wind protons in a current sheet in the Earth's magnetotail, in which the geomagnetic field lines reconnect, is investigated numerically using the dynamic current sheet model proposed by S.I. Syrovatski $\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{ . The dynamics of current sheets in the Earth's magnetotail is analyzed. In addition to the known solutions, the solution describing a contracting current sheet is derived. The time evolution of the magnetic field structure in Syrovatski $\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{ 's model is calculated numerically. The energy spectrum of the protons that are accelerated in the sheet by induction electric fields during rapid changes in the sheet topology is calculated and analyzed. A study is made of proton acceleration up to the time when the current sheet ruptures in the course of its evolution.     

Further Characterization of the Odysseus Locus of Hybrid Sterility in Drosophila: One Gene Is Not Enough

Previously we mapped by genetical and molecular means a gene that contributes to hybrid-male sterility between Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans to the cytological interval of 16D. In this report, we refine the mapping of this gene, Odysseus (Ods) and show that it can be delineated to a region the size of an average gene. We further demonstrate that, while Ods appears to be a discrete element, it requires other nearby gene(s) to be cointrogressed to confer full hybrid sterility effect. This observation is in agreement with the view that reproductive isolation between closely related species of Drosophila is usually caused by several genes of weak effect from the same species that interact strongly among themselves as well as with the foreign genetic background.     

Molecular mimicry in the recognition of glycosphingolipids by Gal{alpha}3Gal{beta}4GlcNAc{beta}-binding Clostridium difficile toxin A, human natural anti {alpha}-galactosyl IgG and the monoclonal antibody Gal-13: characterization of a binding-active human glycosphingolipid, non-identical with the animal receptor

Glycoconjugates with terminal Gal     

Can Economic Incentives Resolve Conservation Conflict: The Case of Wild Deer Management and Habitat Conservation in the Scottish Highlands

Market-based economic incentives are increasingly perceived as a cost-effective approach to biodiversity conservation but empirical evidence to substantiate this claim is lacking. Using both qualitative and quantitative data analysis this paper investigates the potential role of market incentives to increase venison production as a mechanism to resolve conflicts over wild red deer management in the Scottish Highlands. Our analysis suggests the approach is unlikely to be effective because investments in venison production would bring conflict with more important non-pecuniary objectives of landownership such as ‘sporting quality’ and ‘exclusivity’. At a broader level we urge caution when considering the deployment of economic instruments to resolve contemporary conservation conflicts where profit maximisation is not the dominant objective and/or where the target group is extremely wealthy.     

Proton NMR study of triantennary complex type N-linked glycan chains: assignment of proton chemical shifts of the {beta}-Man residue in a basic unit of the triantennary glycan chain having a GlcNAc{beta}1->6Man{alpha}1->6Man{beta}->sequence

The chemical shifts of ring protons of the ß-Man residuein a triantennary complex type N-linked glycan chain havinga GlcNAcß1     

When being straight bends rules: a rationale for the linear FeNO unit in the low-spin square-pyramidal {FeNO}7 tetracyanonitrosylferrate(2-) anion

All low-spin S=1/2 heme-NO complexes feature FeNO angles of about 140 degrees . In contrast, the square-pyramidal [Fe(CN)(4)(NO)](2-) complex features an exactly linear {FeNO}(7) unit. We have sought here to determine a possible, simple molecular orbital (MO) rationale for these structural variations. A DFT-based (DFT=density functional theory) MO analysis shows that the linearity of the latter stems from the greater pyramidalization of the Fe center, relative to nitrosylheme, which results in significant differences in d orbital hybridization. Thus, the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of [Fe(CN)(4)(NO)](2-) , while primarily Fe dz2-based, also has a significant amount of 4p(z) character, which makes it less stereochemically active, accounting for the linearity of the FeNO unit.     

Enzymatic transfer of a {beta}1,6-linked N-acetylglucosamine to the {alpha}-galactose of globo-N-tetraose: in vitro synthesis of a novel hybrid pentasaccharide of lacto-globo type

A novel saccharide was synthesized by incubating globo-N-tetraose,GalNAcß1–3Gal     

Sumoylation of the novel protein hRIP{beta} is involved in replication protein A deposition in PML nuclear bodies

Replication protein A (RPA) is a single-stranded-DNA-binding protein composed of three subunits with molecular masses of 70, 32, and 14 kDa. The protein is involved in multiple processes of eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, repair, and recombination. In Xenopus, Xenopus RPA-interacting protein alpha has been identified as a carrier molecule of RPA into the nucleus. In this study, human RPA-interacting protein alpha (hRIPalpha) and five novel splice isoforms (named hRIPalpha, hRIPbeta, hRIPgamma, hRIPdelta1, hRIPdelta2, and hRIPdelta3 according to the lengths of their encoding peptides) were cloned. Among hRIP isoforms, hRIPalpha and hRIPbeta were found to be the major splice isoforms and to show different subcellular localizations. While hRIPalpha localized to the cytoplasm, hRIPbeta was found in the PML nuclear body. Modification of hRIPbeta by sumoylation was found to be required for localization to the PML nuclear body. The results of the present work demonstrate that hRIPbeta transports RPA into the PML nuclear body and releases RPA upon UV irradiation. hRIPbeta thus plays an important role in RPA deposition in PML nuclear bodies and thereby supplements RPA for DNA metabolism.     

传染病医院检验科生物安全管理及防护措施探讨

目的:探讨传染病医院检验科生物安全管理及防护措施.方法:对传染病医院检验科实验室相关人员的职责进行明确分工,使其进一步了解实验室生物操作风险的种类及来源,并在实验室配备必要的安全防护措施,对标本施行严格的管理制度.结果:严格施行检验科实验室生物安全管理,增加防护措施,可以有效的避免生物安全事故的发生.结论:对检验科实验室生物安全管理进行规范后可以有效地减少实验室工作人员的风险,同时也有效避免了病源微生物的外泄,最大限度的保障了实验室的生物安全.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of oligosaccharides and their conformation in the crystal structure of lectin-carbohydrate complex: importance of the torsion angle {psi} for the orientation of {alpha}1,6-arm

The conformation of the heptasaccharide Man-1,6-(Man-1,3)(Xyl-ß1,2)-Man-ß,4-GlcNAc₂-ß1,4-(L-Fuc-1,3)-GlcNAc₁,the carbohydrate moiety of Erythrina corallodendron lectin (EcorL),the hexasaccharide Man-1,6-(Man-1,3) (GlcNAc-ß1,4)-Man-ß1,4-GlcNAc-ß1,4-GlcNAcand their disaccharide fragments have been studied by moleculardynamics (MD) simulations for 1000 ps with different initialconformations. In the isolated heptasaccharide, the most frequentlyaccessed conformation during MD has a value of 180° aroundMan-1,6-Man linkage. This conformation is stabilized by theformation of a hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen ofGlcNAc₂ with the O3/O4 hydroxyls of the 1,6-linked mannose residue.The conformation of the heptasaccharide found in the crystalstructure of the EcorL-lactose complex (Shaanan et al., Science,254, 862, 1991), that has a value of 76° around Man-1,6-Manlinkage, is accessed, although less frequently, during MD ofthe isolated oligosaccharide. The ,, = 58°,–134°,–60°conformation around Man-₁,6-Man fragment observed in the crystalstructure of the Lathyrus ochnrs lectin complexed with a biantennaryoctasaccharide (Table I in Homans,S.W., Glycobiology, 3, 551,1993) has also been accessed in the present MD simulations.These values for the 1,6-linkage, which are observed in theprotein-carbohydrate crystal structures and are accessed inthe MD simulations, though occasionally, have not been predictedfrom NMR studies. Furthermore, these different values of leadto significantly different orientations of the 1,6-arm for thesame value of . This contrasts with the earlier predictionsthat only different values of can bring about significant changesin the orientation of the ₁,6-arm. The MD simulations also showthat the effects of bisecting GlcNAc or ß1,2-xyloseare very similar on the ₁,3-arm and slightly different on the₁,6-arm. bisecting GlcNAc carbohydrates glycoprotein lectinsaccharide complex     

The Anthropology of Infectious Disease: International Health Perspectives and The Kiss of Death: Chagas' Disease in the Americas

The Anthropology of Infectious Disease: International Health Perspectives. Marcia C. Inhorn and Peter J. Brown. eds. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, Publishers, 1997. xv+ 495 pp.
The Kiss of Death: Chagas' Disease in the Americas. Joseph William Bastien. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 1998. xxiv +301 pp.     

Flexibility in the donor substrate specificity of {beta} 1,4-galactosyltransferase: application in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates

Biosynthetically, bovine N-acetylglucosainine ß 1,4-galacto-syltransferase(GalT) catalyses the transfer of galactosyl residues from UDP-Galto the 4-position of GlcNAc units, resulting in the productionof N-acetyllactosamine sequences. UDP-Glc and UDP-GalNAc werealso found to act as donors for this enzyme, allowing the preparationof ßGlc(14)-ßGlcNAc and ßGalNAc(14)ßGlcNActerminating structures on the milligram scale. GalT could thusbe used to add ßGalNAc to ßGlcNAc(12)Manterminating structures, converting them to the ßGalNAc(14)ßGlcNAc(12)Mansequences found on glycoprotein hormones. GalT did not transferGlcNAc residues from UDP-GlcNAc, but it could utilize UDP-GlcNH₂as a donor. Synthesis of ßGlcNAc(14)ßGlcNAcsequences could therefore be accomplished by transfer of GlcNH₂from its UDP derivative, followed by N-acetylation of the productamino-disaccharide using acetic anhydride in methanol. The productsof the enzymatic reactions were characterized by ¹H-NMR-spectroscopyand fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. This work expandsthe scope of the combined chemical-enzymatic synthesis of complexcarbohydrates, using glycosyltrans-ferases, to the productionof oligosaccharides different from those for which these enzymeswere designed. These unnatural reactions should find applicationin glycoprotein and glycolipid remodelling. galactosyltransferase chemica1-enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides oligosaccharide analogues sugar-nucleotide analogues carbohydrate remodelling     

Oligomerization of the {gamma}-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 is driven by an interplay of polar and hydrophobic interactions in transmembrane helix II

The available evidence indicates that members of the neurotransmitter:sodium symporter family form constitutive oligomers. Their second transmembrane helix (TM2) contains a leucine heptad repeat proposed to be involved in oligomerization. In artificial transmembrane segments, interhelical interactions are stabilized by polar residues. We searched for these hydrogen bond donors in TM2 by mutating the five polar residues in TM2 of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 (GAT1). We tested the ability of the resulting mutants to oligomerize by fluorescence microscopy, Foerster resonance energy transfer, and beta-lactamase fragment complementation. Of all generated mutants, only Y86A- (but not Y86F-), E101A-, E101Q-, and E101D-GAT1 were judged by these criteria to be deficient in oligomerization and were retained intracellularly. The observations are consistent with a model where the leucine heptad repeat in TM2 drives a homophilic association that is stabilized by Tyr(86) and Glu(101); Tyr(86) participates in hydrophobic stacking. Glu(101) is in the a-position of the leucine heptad repeat (where positions 1-7 are denoted a-g, and each leucine is in the central d-position). Thus, Glu(101) is in the position predicted for the hydrogen bond donor (i.e. sandwiched between Leu(97) and Leu(104), which are one helical turn above and below Glu(101)). These key residues, namely Tyr(86) and Glu(101), are conserved in related transporters from archaeae to humans; they are therefore likely to support oligomeric assembly in transporter orthologs and possibly other proteins with multiple transmembrane segments.