Colonial past,voluntary association and far-right voting in France

We examine whether linked pluralism – association membership along cross-cutting lines – reduces the likelihood of voting for the far right. Data come from surveys of European ex-colonials (pieds noirs) conducted after the French national elections of 2002, 2007 and 2012. Results confirm that pied-noir support for far-right candidates in presidential and parliamentary elections greatly exceeded the average. This pattern was mediated by membership in voluntary associations: far-right voting was significantly higher among those whose association membership insulated them from countering influences. Our study demonstrates the importance for far-right studies of the distinction between bridging and bonding social capital. The effects on politics of France's colonial legacy depend on association membership, which can either uphold or cross social cleavages.     

A history of white violence tells us attacks on black academics are not ending (I know because it happened to me)

This article examines attacks on black academics as an analytical apparatus for connecting histories of U.S. racial violence to the current state of white backlash against black advancement. Through an anatomy of these attacks – of which the author herself was targeted – this essay explores two processes: First, what these attacks do to blackness and, second, what this violence does for whiteness. In the former, this work explains that attacks on black academics are first and foremost anti-black attacks, not dissimilar to attacks on visible African- Americans in other arenas. The intention is to terrorize black progress on the whole. In the latter process, the generative nature of these attacks reproduces collective white identities across region, age, and newly digitized spaces. In the current political moment this digitized mob violence ritualistically reaffirms white hegemony. This essay concludes with an explanation for why the author believes these attacks will continue with regularity.     

The Poverty of Tourism under Mobilizational Developmentalism in China

ABSTRACT

In China tourism has been promoted not only as a passport to development in general, but also as an effective instrument to help the poor, and to regulate the serious regional disparity between the coastal and inland areas. In practice, tourism has been adopted popularly by local state elites as an important local economic development strategy, especially in poverty-stricken areas. This article studies the pattern of tourism development in China through the historically specific institutional dynamics of mobilizational developmentalism, which is generated from a blending of mobilizational bureaucracy with developmentalism. With the analytical framework of mobilization developmentalism, this article studies a case of “industrialization of tourism” in which the Miao New Year was promoted by a nationally designated poor county as a tourism-led development project. On one hand, this article analyzes how local bureaucrats at various levels of the government responded to the political mobilization of a tourism-led development project. On the other hand, this study explores how local communities respond to tourism projects mobilized from above. This article argues that mobilizational developmentalism shapes a specific set of political, economic and cultural processes among local state elites, tourist operators, and local communities in developing tourism in China.     

Sheep and wolves: Is the occurrence of large predators a limiting factor for sheep grazing in the Czech Carpathians?

Extensive sheep grazing in the West Carpathians is a very important management tool for the protection of the traditional landscape character of the Central European countryside, as well as providing biologically valuable habitats of pastures and meadows. In this paper we describe the main characteristics of sheep farming in the Beskydy region and test the hypothesis that large carnivores are a limiting factor for sheep grazing management of landscapes in this region, the only area of the Czech Republic where all three species of large European carnivores – the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), grey wolf (Canis lupus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) – occur. Data obtained from the monitoring of large carnivores and a questionnaire-based survey of the perspective of sheep farmers in the Beskydy region were analysed. Although the lynx is the most abundant large predator within the study area, the highest number of attacks on sheep was attributed to wolves. However, the annual frequency of attacks was very low and, moreover, an important number of the attacks could have been committed by dogs rather than wolves. From the perspective of sheep breeders, the major economic factor is a low consumer demand for sheep products, and not the presence of large carnivores. However farmers expressed a view that some level of safeguarding was needed and this should come in the form of financial compensation for damage resulting from attacks on sheep by large predators and a modification of the current system of agricultural subsidies. Subsidies for sheep breeders should respect the regional specifics including the risk arising from the presence of large carnivores and provide support for active measures to protect the livestock against them. Regarding the protection of populations of large carnivores in the Beskydy Mountains, it will be necessary to continue to monitor their presence.     

New Cases of Intergroup Violence Among Chimpanzees in Gombe National Park,Tanzania

Despite considerable attention to chimpanzee intergroup violence, the number of observed cases remains small. We report 4 cases of intergroup violence that occurred in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, between 1993 and 2002. We observed (3 cases) or inferred (1 case) males from the Kasekela community to attack members of their 2 neighboring communities: Mitumba and Kalande. In 1993, Kasekela males killed and ate a female infant from Mitumba. In 1998, Kasekela males captured 2 infants (sex unknown) from Kalande, one of which escaped and the other was killed and eaten. Also in 1998, Kasekela males attacked an adolescent male from Kalande. The victim was alive but severely injured by the end of the attack. The intensity and duration of the attack are comparable to other attacks that resulted in fatal injuries. In 2002, observers found the body of an adolescent male from Mitumba following an incursion by Kasekela males into the area. The injuries inflicted on the Mitumba male together with circumstantial evidence suggest that Kasekela males killed him. The attacks support the view that intergroup violence is a persistent feature of chimpanzee societies and that the primary benefit attackers gain from them is reduced competition for resources.     

The GapA/B gene duplication marks the origin of Streptophyta (charophytes and land plants)

Independent evidence from morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular data have shown that land plants originated from charophycean green algae. However, the branching order within charophytes is still unresolved, and contradictory phylogenies about, for example,the position of the unicellular green alga Mesostigma viride are difficult to reconcile. A comparison of nuclear-encoded Calvin cycle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) indicates that a crucial duplication of the GapA gene occurred early in land plant evolution. The duplicate called GapB acquired a characteristic carboxy-terminal extension (CTE) from the general regulator of the Calvin cycle CP12. This CTE is responsible for thioredoxin-dependent light/dark regulation. In this work, we established GapA, GapB, and CP12 sequences from bryophytes, all orders of charophyte as well as chlorophyte green algae, and the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of all available plastid GAPDH sequences suggest that glaucophytes and green plants are sister lineages and support a positioning of Mesostigma basal to all charophycean algae. The exclusive presence of GapB in terrestrial plants, charophytes, and Mesostigma dates the GapA/B gene duplication to the common ancestor of Streptophyta. The conspicuously high degree of GapB sequence conservation suggests an important metabolic role of the newly gained regulatory function. Because the GapB-mediated protein aggregation most likely ensures the complete blockage of the Calvin cycle at night, we propose that this mechanism is also crucial for efficient starch mobilization. This innovation may be one prerequisite for the development of storage tissues in land plants.     

The Production of Urban Space by Violence and its Aftermath in Jakarta and Kota Ambon,Indonesia

Violence has an enormous potential impact on the production of urban space. This article presents an analysis of how violence has made an impact on Indonesian cities since 1998. Using case material from communal violence in Kota Ambon, and lynching and vigilantism in Jakarta, the article addresses the question what impact did violence have on the spatial restructuring of some Indonesian cities and, conversely, – assuming that the people who used violence are slowly relinquishing its use – what impact does the restoration of law and order have on urban space? How enduring are some of the underlying, historical patterns of violence and do many of them still exist, hidden under the surface, today?     

A theory of ethnic violence: ethnic incorporation and ethno-political mobilization in Bulgaria and Cyprus

This article argues that the political accommodation of ethnic groups is a major determinant of ethnic violence and its effects vary depending on the pre-existing levels of mobilization. Accordingly, civic assimilationism is the most effective ethnic incorporation mode in terms of ensuring that weakly mobilized ethnic groups remain peaceful. Liberal multiculturalism is most effective in terms of eliciting peaceful mobilizations from highly mobilized ethnic groups. The ethnocratic mode tends to be the most conducive to violent mobilization at both low and high pre-existing mobilization levels. The theory is explored through case studies of Turks in Bulgaria and Cyprus. By demonstrating how the effects of ethnic incorporation policies vary depending on pre-existing mobilization levels, the article also challenges previous assumptions about the relationship between political opening and ethnic mobilization. Such an account not only explains the political determinants of ethnic violence, but also indicates potential political remedies to such problems.     

Obstetric violence as immigration injustice: A view from the United States and Colombia

In September 2020, Project South, along with numerous other organizations, released a report detailing abuses in a Georgia Detention Center – including forced hysterectomies. Whatever other factors are at play, one of them is an intrinsic connection between obstetric violence against pregnant migrants and immigration injustice. It is not incidental that these acts – in US detention centers, along the US-Mexico border, in Colombian hospitals and clinics – are being perpetrated on immigrant bodies. And it is not accidental or random which immigrant bodies are vulnerable to these violations. Understanding and confronting obstetric violence directed at pregnant migrants, though, requires reconceptualizing the nature of obstetric violence itself. In particular, we must recognize that obstetric violence against pregnant Latin American migrants in the United States and Colombia is a type of immigration injustice, a means to perpetrate immigration injustice, and a product of immigration injustice. As such, bioethicists need to collaborate with immigration scholars to resist it. After providing some background on the nature of obstetric violence and some ways it is perpetuated against pregnant migrants in the United States and Colombia, I will give a brief overview of how I conceptualize immigration justice. From there, I explain how this type of obstetric violence constitutes a type of immigration injustice, a means to perpetrate immigration injustice, and a product of immigration injustice. My hope is that this analysis motivates bioethicists throughout the Americas to engage with immigration scholars and activists to confront the issue more forcefully.     

Fast life histories,not pathogens,account for state-level variation in homicide,child maltreatment,and family ties in the U.S.

Parasite stress theory has recently been used to account for an array of cross-cultural differences in human cognition and social behavior, including in-group bias, interpersonal violence, child maltreatment, and religious adherence. Here, we re-assess the apparently ubiquitous effects of parasite stress on behavior observed in the U.S., using the cross-sectional, cross-population approach implemented by prior pathogen stress studies. Our results raise two challenges to previous findings. First, we show that the observed effects of pathogen stress in the U.S. data are due exclusively to one type of infectious disease – sexually transmitted diseases (STD) – while non-STD infections have no effect. Second, we find that controlling for life history measures of extrinsic risk and a fast life history erases the observed associations with family ties, interpersonal violence, child fatalities, and religious adherence. Thus, after appropriate variable specification, stratification, and control, U.S. cross-state population differences provide no support for the pathogen stress hypothesis in these various domains of behavior. Rather, the findings are more consistent with predictions from life history theory.     

Female-Directed Aggression in Free-Ranging Ateles geoffroyi

In a study of the reproductive biology and behavior of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 107 instances of female directed male aggression (male attacks) occurred during >1,000 h of observation. Two hypotheses might explain this behavior. First, males may attack to induce defecation/urination by target females, from which they can gain reproductive information. Rates of defecation and urination did not increase subsequent to attacks; however, there was an association between attacks and investigative behaviors such as place sniffing. Alternatively, the attacks might be a form of sexual coercion. My results indicate that female reproductive state, as determined by fecal steroid metabolites (E1C and PdG), had an inconsistent effect on the frequency of attacks received. In addition, when females were in the peri-ovulatory period of the ovarian cycle they did not receive more attacks than at other times. Nor were attacks associated with observed copulations, suggesting that sexual coercion does not sufficiently explain the behavior. Some support is provided for the notion that the attacks allow males to dominate equally-sized females.     

Nationalism,nation and territory: Jacint Verdaguer and the Catalan Renaixença

This paper seeks to explain the historic importance to Catalan nationalism of the nineteenth-century poet and priest, Jacint Verdaguer. In order to do so, rather than focus on his contribution – and that of the wider cultural revival, the Renaixença – to the development of the Catalan language as the basis for national political mobilization, this paper argues that we cannot fully understand Verdaguer's importance without reference to his role in constructing a geographical narrative linking nation and territory. At the same time, given that national meanings are always contested, the paper proposes a dialectical approach to nationalism that situates the work of writers within the context of power struggles between social groups. Consequently, Veradguer's centrality to Catalan nationalism is ultimately explained by his role in producing a geographical narrative capable of attracting important sectors of rural Catalonia to the hegemonic project of the industrial bourgeoisie.     

Mobilization and recruitment of HP1β: A bimodal response to DNA breakage

The pathways that signal double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in mammalian cells are central to the maintenance of genome integrity. We have reported (Ayoub et al., Nature 2008; 453: 682-6) that the rapid mobilization of the heterochromatin protein, HP1β, within seconds from DSB sites promotes chromatin changes like H2AX phosphorylation that trigger this response. Notably, this paper and a subsequent report (Ayoub et al., Cell Cycle 2009; 8: 1494-500), demonstrate that transient HP1β mobilization is followed by its accumulation over time at DSB sites. Indeed, two recent papers (Luijsterburg et al., J Cell Biol 2009; 185:577-86 and Zarebski et al., Cytometry A May 2009) suggest that HP1 recruitment to damage sites, rather than its rapid mobilization, is the predominant behaviour exhibited by this protein. Here, we present new experimental analyses which corroborate that fluorophore-tagged HP1β exhibits two distinct behaviours at DSB sites in living cells – rapid, transient mobilization, most evident in heterochromatic regions, followed by slower recruitment. Experimental methods allowing visualization of these behaviours are described. Interestingly, chemical inhibition of the DNA-damage responsive enzyme, casein kinase 2 (CK2), suppresses HP1β mobilization while permitting recruitment. Our findings reconcile recent findings in a new model, wherein rapid HP1β mobilization from DSBs mediated by its phosphorylation on Thr51 by CK2, is followed by, and may overlap with, its accumulation at these sites via the chromoshadow domain, independent of Thr51. Our analyses provide fresh insight into the earliest events that trigger the DNA damage response in mammalian cells.     

#SayHerName: a case study of intersectional social media activism

Social media activism presents sociologists with the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of how groups form and sustain collective identities around political issues throughout the course of a social movement. This paper contributes to a growing body of sociological literature on social media by applying an intersectional framework to a content analysis of over 400,000 tweets related to #SayHerName. Our findings demonstrate that Twitter users who identified with #SayHerName engage in intersectional mobilization by highlighting Black women victims of police violence and giving attention to intersections with gender identity. #SayHerName is a dialogue that centres Black cisgender and transgender women victims of state-sanctioned violence. Additionally, #SayHerName is a space for highlighting Black women victims of non-police violence. Therefore, we propose that future research on social media activism should incorporate intersectionality as a basis for understanding the symbols and language of twenty-first century social movements.     

草原田鼠和草甸田鼠波动种群雌鼠的攻击性

本文比较研究了草原田鼠和草甸田鼠自然种群在不同密度周期时相雌鼠攻击水平的变化。结果表明, 不同密度时相, 草原田鼠种群中攻击雌鼠所占比例以及接近、威胁、进攻、退避, 进攻/ 接近等5 种行为变量均无显著的差异, 5 种行为变量与种群密度亦均不呈显著的线形相关关系。然而, 草甸田鼠在不同密度时相攻击雌鼠的比例差异显著。低密度时相, 雌鼠发生威胁行为的平均次数显著高于上升和衰减时相, 进攻行为的平均次数亦显著高于其它时相。本研究结果不支持有关田鼠种群在一个完整的周期过程中具有多态性行为的假设。     

Nest intrusion and infanticidal attack on nestlings in great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo: why do adults attack conspecific chicks?

Infanticide, the killing of young animals by conspecifics, has been observed in diverse taxa. The function of infanticide has been classified as exploitation, sexual selection, parental manipulation or resource competition. We observed infanticidal behavior and its reproductive results at five breeding colonies of great cormorants from January to August 2008. Eighteen cases of nest intrusions and/or attacks toward a chick by conspecific non-nest-owners were observed, and two of them were filmed. In both attacks, perpetrators pecked the necks of chicks several times with display. The chicks bent their necks down onto the nest and remained stationary. Our data did not support the exploitation hypothesis because adult cormorants did not use chicks as food. In addition, the perpetrators were not true parents and did not mate with the female nest owner, indicating that parental manipulation and sexual selection hypotheses were unlikely explanations. On the other hand, concurrent presence of adults during prelaying and chick-rearing periods at a particular colony affected the occurrence of nest takeovers and intrusions and/or attacks, suggesting that some conflicts over nests arise between individuals that are at different stages of the breeding cycle. Digital videos relating to this article are available at and .     

Body counts in lowland South American violence

Violence was likely often a strong selective pressure in many traditional lowland South American societies. A compilation of 11 anthropological studies reporting cause of death shows that violence led to about 30% of adult deaths, of which about 70% were males. Here violent deaths are further itemized at the level of ethnographically-reported death events (particular duels, homicides, and raids) to provide more detailed insight into the causes and consequences of within- and between-group violence. Data for 238 death events (totaling 1145 deaths) from 44 lowland South American societies show that attacks are more deadly when treachery is used, when avenging a previous killing, and on external warfare raids between ethnolinguistic groups. That revenge raids kill more people on average than the original grievance, at least when conflicts are between ethnolinguistic groups, indicates a tendency towards increasingly vicious cycles of revenge killings. Motives of killings as noted in ethnographic sources, in order of importance, reportedly include revenge for previous killings and other wrong-doings like sorcery, jealousy over women, gain of captive women and children, fear or deterrence of impending attack, and occasionally the theft of material goods. Results may have implications for understanding the potential for multi-level selection by delineating the force of competition at varying scales of analysis within and between lowland South American societies.     

The purification hunt: the Salwa Judum counterinsurgency in Chhattisgarh, India

Military counterinsurgencies can intensify wars by exacerbating the very violence and attacks upon civilian populations that they are meant to temper. In 2005, the state of Chhattisgarh, India responded to a long-simmering conflict against the Communist Party of India-Maoist (or Naxals) in this manner by secretly funding and arming a counterinsurgency group called Salwa Judum (meaning ‘purification hunt’). Salwa Judum was armed by the state in the hopes that it would fight the Naxals, make the mineral-rich area safer for industry, and allow for official deniability of violence against civilians and suspected Naxals in the name of reasserting control. Instead of quelling the rebellion, the conflict became exponentially deadlier, militarizing marginalized communities in the process. However, industry has thrived even as it sits in the heart of the conflict zone, surrounded by a human rights disaster from which the state has yet to recover.