Structural and functional recovery of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle in-vivo after treatment with surfactant poloxamer 188

A critical requirement for cell survival after trauma is sealing of breaks in the cell membrane [M. Bier, S.M. Hammer, D.J. Canaday, R.C Lee, Kinetics of sealing for transient electropores in isolated mammalian skeletal muscle cells, Bioelectromagnetics 20 (1999) 194-201; R.C. Lee, D.C. Gaylor, D. Bhatt, D.A. Israel, Role of cell membrane rupture in the pathogenesis of electrical trauma, J. Surg. Res. 44 (1988) 709-719; R.C. Lee, J.F. Burke, E.G. Cravalho (Eds.), Electrical Trauma: The Pathophysiology, Manifestations, and Clinical Management, Cambridge University Press, 1992; B.I. Tropea, R.C. Lee, Thermal injury kinetics in electrical trauma, J. Biomech. Engr. 114 (1992) 241-250; F. Despa, D.P. Orgill, J. Newalder, R.C Lee, The relative thermal stability of tissue macromolecules and cellular structure in burn injury, Burns 31 (2005) 568-577; T.A. Block, J.N. Aarsvold, K.L. Matthews II, R.A. Mintzer, L.P. River, M. Capelli-Schellpfeffer, R.L. Wollman, S. Tripathi, C.T. Chen, R.C. Lee, The 1995 Lindberg Award. Nonthermally mediated muscle injury and necrosis in electrical trauma, J. Burn Care and Rehabil. 16 (1995) 581-588; K. Miyake, P.L. McNeil, Mechanical injury and repair of cells, Crit. Care Med. 31 (2003) S496-S501; R.C. Lee, L.P. River, F.S. Pan, R.L. Wollmann, Surfactant-induced sealing of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle membranes in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89 (1992) 4524-4528; J.D. Marks, C.Y. Pan, T. Bushell, W. Cromie, R.C. Lee, Amphiphilic, tri-block copolymers provide potent membrane-targeted neuroprotection, FASEB J. 15 (2001) 1107-1109; B. Greenebaum, K. Blossfield, J. Hannig, C.S. Carrillo, M.A. Beckett, R.R. Weichselbaum, R.C. Lee, Poloxamer 188 prevents acute necrosis of adult skeletal muscle cells following high-dose irradiation, Burns 30 (2004) 539-547; G. Serbest, J. Horwitz, K. Barbee, The effect of poloxamer-188 on neuronal cell recovery from mechanical injury, J. Neurotrauma 22 (2005) 119-132]. The triblock copolymer surfactant Poloxamer 188 (P188) is known to increase the cell survival after membrane electroporation [R.C. Lee, L.P. River, F.S. Pan, R.L. Wollmann, Surfactant-induced sealing of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle membranes in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89 (1992) 4524-4528; Z. Ababneh, H. Beloeil, C.B. Berde, G. Gambarota, S.E. Maier, R.V. Mulkern, Biexponential parametrization of T2 and diffusion decay curves in a rat muscle edema model: Decay curve components and water compartments, Magn. Reson. Med. 54 (2005) 524-531]. Here, we use a rat hind-limb model of electroporation injury to determine if the intravenous administration of P188 improves the recovery of the muscle function. Rat hind-limbs received a sequence of either 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 electrical current pulses (2 A, 4 ms duration, 10 s duty cycle). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, muscle water content and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes were compared. Electroporation injury manifested edema formation and depression of the CMAP amplitudes. P188 (one bolus of 1 mg/ml of blood) was administrated 30 or 60 min after injury. Animals receiving P188 exhibited reduced tissue edema (p<0.05) and increased CMAP amplitudes (p<0.03). By comparison, treatment with 10 kDa neutral dextran, which produces similar serum osmotic effects as P188, had no effect on post-electroporation recovery. Noteworthy, the present results suggest that a single intravenous dose of P188 is effective to restore the structural integrity of damaged tissues with intact circulation.     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
P ractical D iagnosis of V iral I nfections (1992). Edited by G.J. Galasso, R.J. Whitley and T.C. Merigan.
M anual of C linical V irology (1992). By D.L. Wiedbrauk and S.L.G. Johnston.
C andidiasis : P athogenesis , D iagnosis and T reatment (2nd E dition ) (1993). Edited by G.P. Bodey.
F ungal D iseases of the L ung (2nd E dition ) (1993). Edited by G.A. Sarosi and S.F. Davies.
P robiotics : T he S cientific B asis (1992). Edited by R. Fuller.
T he S ulfate -R educing B acteria : C ontemporary P erspectives (1993). Edited by J.M. Odom and R. Singleton Jr.
D iagnosis of H uman V iruses by P olymerase C hain R eaction T echnology (1992). Edited by Y. Becker and G. Durai.
T he E cology of A quatic H yphomycetes (1992). Edited by F. Barlocher.     

Books

A ndrew R.J. (ed.) 1991. Neural and Behavioral Plasticity: the use of the domestic chick as a model
B eissinger , S.R. & S nyder , N.F.R. (eds) 1992. New World Parrots in Crisis: Solutions from Conservation Biology
B erthold , P. (ed.) 1991. Orientation in Birds
B urger , J. & G ochfeld . M. 1991. The Common Tern: its breeding biology and social behaviour. Pp. xvii + 413,121 figs incl. numerous black-and-white photographs, 59 text tables, 4 appendix tables. New York: Columbia University Press
D avis . L.S. & D arby , J.T. (eds) 1990. Penguin Biology
D ickinson , E.C., K ennedy , R.S. & P arkes , K.C. 1991. The Birds of the Philippines: an annotated check-list
D wenger .R. 1991. DasRebhuhn Perrfixperdix. 2nd edition
F inlayson , C. 1992. Birds of the Strait of Gibraltar
G osler , A. (ed.) 1991. The Hamlyn Photographic Guide to Birds of the World
G retton , A. 1991. The Ecology and Conservation of the Slender-billed Curlew
S mith , S.M. I 991. The Black-capped Chickadee: behavioural ecology and natural history. Pp. xi, 362. many figures and tables. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. $51.15 (hbk). ISBN 0–8014-2 382-1. $29.75 (pbk) ISBN 0–8014-9793-0.
S tap . D. 1991. A Parrot Without a Name: The search for the last unknown birds on earth.
T rodd , P., & K ramer D. 1991. The Birds of Bedfordshire
V aughan . R. 1992. In Search of Arctic Birds. Pp. xIII, 431, many monochrome photographs and drawings. London     

Books

Books reviewed in this article:
B aker . K. 1993. Identification Guide to European Non-passerines.
B arnard . C., G ilbert , F. & M c G regor
B askett , T.S., S ayre . M.W., T omlinson , R.E. & M irarchi .
B ezzel . E. 1993. Kompendium der Vögel Mitteleuropas.
B right , M. 1993. The Private Life of Birds.
C ook , M. 1992. The Birds of Moray and Nairn.
D avison . G.W.H. 1992. Birds of Mount Kinabalu. Borneo.
E rritzoe . J. 1993. The Buds of CITES and How to Identify Them.
F arner , D.S., K ing , J.R. & P arkes , K.C.
G ibbons , D.W., R eid , J.B. & C hapman . R.A. (eds). 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland.
H illman , J.C.
H uxley . E.
J ackson . C.E. 1993. Great Bird Paintings of the World.
J ohnsgard . P.A. 1993. Cormorants, Darters and Pelicans of the World.
M adge . S. & B urn , H. 1994. Crows and Jays. A Guide to the Crows, Jays and Magpies of the World.
N icolai . B. (ed.).
P ower , D.M. (ed.).
P riklonskiy . S.G. (ed.).
R alph . R. 1993. William MacGillivray.
R obinson , D. & C hapman , A.
S harp . P.J. 1993. Avian Endocrinology.
S mith , K.W., D fe , C.W., F earnside . J.D., F letcher , E.W. & S mith , R.N.
S olomon . D. & W illiams , J.
S ørensen , S., B loch . D. & L angvad . S.
Z immerman , J.L.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Plant Molecular Biology. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Plant Development and Metabolism. Ed. by G loria C oruzzi & P ere P uigdomégnech
Vacuum Methods in Electron Microscopy. By W. C. B igelow . Practical Methods in Electron Microscopy. Vol 15. Series Editor: Audrey M. G lauert .
The Fungi. By M ichael J. C arlile & S arah C. W atkinson .
Aspects of Tropical Mycology. Symposium of the British Mycological Society held at the University of Liverpool, April 1992. Edited by S. I saac , J. C. F rankland , R. W atling & A. J. S. W halley .
Belalong, A Tropical Rainforest. By T he E arl O f C ranbrook & D avid S. E dwards .
Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants. Ed. by L. C. D e W aal , L. E. C hild , P. M. W ade & J. H. B rock     

Book Reviews

Fisheries' Acoustics . D.N. M ac L ennan & E.J. S immonds (1992).
Environmental Biology of European Cyprinids . W. W ieser , F. S chiemer , A. G oldschmidt & K. K otrschal (Eds) (1992).
The Natural History of Blackflies . R.W. C rosskey (1990).
Catch Effort Sampling Strategies . Edited by I.G. Cowx (1991).
Studies on Large Branchiopod Biology and Aquaculture . Edited by D. B elk , H.J. D umont & N. M unuswamy . (1991).     

MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS

A dolph , E. F. 1967. Ontogeny of volume regulation in embryonic extracellular fluids.
A nderson , K. S., R andall , E. J., M ain , A. J. & T onn , R. J. 1966. Netting at High Pines.
D avis , F. W. 1965. Robins and D.D.T.
G ans , C. & B ock , W. J. 1965. The functional significance of muscle architecture—a theoretical analysis.
G rant , P. R. 1966. Retarded or arrested cranial development in a Mexican passerine, Myiopagis viridicata (Vieillot)
H udson , G. E., P arker , R. A., V an den B erge , J. & L anzillotti , P. J. 1966. A numerical analysis of the modifications of the appendicular muscles in various genera of gallinaceous birds.
KING, J. R. Adipose tissue composition in experimentally induced fat deposition in the 1967.
P eiponen , V. A. & B osley , A. 1964. Torpidity in a captive Nightjar ( Caprimulgus europaeus L.).
P owell , J. R. & B urke , J. D. 1966. Avian blood oxygen capacity.
R ijke , A. M. 1967. The water repellency and feather structure of cormorants, Phalacrocoracidae.
S iegfried , W. R. 1966. Growth, plumage development and moult in the Crowned Guineafowl Numida meleagris coronata Gurney.
S laden , W. J. L., B oyd , J. C. & P ederson , J. M. 1966. Biotelemetry studies on Penguin body temperatures.
S now , D. W. & S now , B. K. 1963. Meights and wing-lengths of some Trinidad birds.
Z wckel , F. C. 1966. Sex and age ratios and weights of Caprrcaillie from the 1965–66 shooting season in Scotland.     

Poloxamer 188 Protects Neurons against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Preserving Integrity of Cell Membranes and Blood Brain Barrier

Poloxamer 188 (P188), a multiblock copolymer surfactant, has been shown to protect against ischemic tissue injury of cardiac muscle, testes and skeletal muscle, but the mechanisms have not been fully understood. In this study, we explored whether P188 had a protective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and its underlying mechanisms. The in vivo results showed that P188 significantly reduced the infarct volume, ameliorated the brain edema and neurological symptoms 24 h after ischemia/reperfusion. In the long-term outcome study, P188 markedly alleviated brain atrophy and motor impairments and increased survival rate in 3 weeks of post stroke period. Additionally, P188 protected cultured hippucampal HT22 cells against oxygen–glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury. The ability in membrane sealing was assessed with two fluorescent membrane-impermeant dyes. The results showed that P188 treatment significantly reduced the PI-positive cells following ischemia/reperfusion injury and repaired the HT22 cell membrane rupture induced by Triton X-100. In addition, P188 inhibited ischemia/reperfusion-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and leakage of Evans blue. Therefore, the present study concludes that P188 can protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and the protection involves multi-mechanisms in addition to the membrane resealing.     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
N eutralization of A nimal V iruses (1993). By N.J. Dimmock.
Bacillus subtilis and O ther G ram -P ositive B acteria : B iochemistry , P hysiology and M olecular G enetics (1993).
C hilled F oods : A C omprehensive G uide (1992). Edited by C. Dennis and M. Stringer.
M edical M icrobiology (1992). Edited by D. Greenwood, R. Slack and J. Peutherer.
B acteriocins of L actic A cid B acteria (1993). Edited by D.G. Hoover and L.R. Steenson.
Bacillus thuringiensis , an E nvironmental B iopesticide : T heory and P ractice (1993). Edited by P.F. Entwistle, J.S. Cory, M.J. Bailey and S. Higgs.
P ediatric I nfectious D isease (1993). Edited by D. Engelhard, M.I. Marks and D. Branski.     

Reviews

Advances in Botanical Research . Vol. 14. Ed. by J. A. C allow .
Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism . Ed. by W. R. U llrich , P. J. A paricio , P. J. S yrett and F. C astillo .
A Centry od Nitrogen Fixation Research . Ed. by F. J. B ergersen and J. R. P ostgate .
Horizons in Lichenology . Ed. by D. H. D alby , D. L. H awksworth and S. L. J ury .
Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry , By J. B. H arborne .
Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, Ed. by A lan W ild .
Disease and Plant Population Biology . By J. J. B urdon.
Molecular Determinants of Plant Diseases . Ed. by S. N ishimura , C. P. V ance and N. D oke.
British Fungus Flora, Agrics and Boleti 5. Strophariaceae & Coprinaceae P.P.: Hypholoma, Melanotus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Lacrymaria & Panaeolus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Lacrymaria & Panaeolus, By R W atling and M. N. G regory .
Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects . Ed. by W. J. M attson , J. L evieux and C. B ernard -D agan .
Air Pollution and Acid Rain. The Biological Impact . By A. W ellburn .
The Australian Paniceae (Paniceae) . By R. D. W erster .
Kew Index for 1986 . Compiled by R.A. D avies and K.M. L loyd .
Kew Index for 1987 . Compiled by R. A. D avies and K. M. L loyd .
Index Kewensis Supplement XVII . Compiled by J. L. M. P inner , T. A. B ence , R. A. D avies and K. M. L loyd .
Index Kewensis Supplement XVIII . Compiled by J. L. M. P inner , T. A. B ence , R. A. D avies and K. M. L loyd . Edited by R. A. D avies .
The Botany of Mangroves . By P. B. T omlinson .
Floweroing Plants in West Africa . By M argaret S teentoft .
Plants in Danger . By S. D. D avies     

The hereditary hemochromatosis protein, HFE, specifically regulates transferrin-mediated iron uptake in HeLa cells

HFE is the protein product of the gene mutated in the autosomal recessive disease hereditary hemochromatosis (Feder, J. N., Gnirke, A., Thomas, W., Tsuchihashi, Z., Ruddy, D. A., Basava, A., Dormishian, F., Domingo, R. J., Ellis, M. C., Fullan, A., Hinton, L. M., Jones, N. L., Kimmel, B. E., Kronmal, G. S., Lauer, P., Lee, V. K., Loeb, D. B., Mapa, F. A., McClelland, E., Meyer, N. C., Mintier, G. A., Moeller, N., Moore, T., Morikang, E., Prasss, C. E., Quintana, L., Starnes, S. M., Schatzman, R. C., Brunke, K. J., Drayna, D. T., Risch, N. J., Bacon, B. R., and Wolff, R. R. (1996) Nat. Genet. 13, 399-408). At the cell surface, HFE complexes with transferrin receptor (TfR), increasing the dissociation constant of transferrin (Tf) for its receptor 10-fold (Gross, C. N., Irrinki, A., Feder, J. N., and Enns, C. A. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 22068-22074; Feder, J. N., Penny, D. M., Irrinki, A., Lee, V. K., Lebron, J. A., Watson, N. , Tsuchihashi, Z., Sigal, E., Bjorkman, P. J., and Schatzman, R. C. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 95, 1472-1477). HFE does not remain at the cell surface, but traffics with TfR to Tf-positive internal compartments (Gross et al., 1998). Using a HeLa cell line in which the expression of HFE is controlled by tetracycline, we show that the expression of HFE reduces 55Fe uptake from Tf by 33% but does not affect the endocytic or exocytic rates of TfR cycling. Therefore, HFE appears to reduce cellular acquisition of iron from Tf within endocytic compartments. HFE specifically reduces iron uptake from Tf, as non-Tf-mediated iron uptake from Fe-nitrilotriacetic acid is not altered. These results explain the decreased ferritin levels seen in our HeLa cell system and demonstrate the specific control of HFE over the Tf-mediated pathway of iron uptake. These results also have implications for the understanding of cellular iron homeostasis in organs such as the liver, pancreas, heart, and spleen that are iron loaded in hereditary hemochromatotic individuals lacking functional HFE.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
L egionella : C urrent S tatus and E merging P erspectives (1993). Edited by J.M. Barbaree, R.F. Breiman and A.P. Dufour.
Pseudomonas: M olecular B iology and B iotechnology (1992). Edited by E. Galli, S. Silver and B. Witholt.
A dvances in B iochemical E ngineering / B iotechnology 45 (1992). Edited by A. Fiechter.
A dvances in M icrobial E cology (1993). Edited by K.C. Marshall.
T he B iology of H alophilic B acteria (1993). Edited by R.H. Vreeland and L.I. Hochstein.
B akterienviren (1992). By S. Klaus, D. Krüger and J. Meyer.     

Detection of common mutations in the GALT gene through ARMS

Type I galactosemia is an inborn error resulting from mutations on both alleles of the GALT gene, which leads to the absence or deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltranseferase (GALT), the second of three enzymes catalyzing the conversion of galactose into glucose. On the basis of residual GALT activity, Type I galactosemia is classified into severe “Classical” and mild “Duarte” phenotypes. Classical galactosemia is frequently associated with S135L, Q188R and K285N mutations in the GALT gene. The functionally neutral N314D variation in the GALT gene is associated with Duarte galactosemia and is widespread among various worldwide populations. The present study aimed at detecting S135L, Q188R and K285N mutations and the N314D variant in the GALT gene by PCR using amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). ARMS assays were established using standard DNA samples and were used for 8 galactosemia patients and 190 unrelated normal subjects all of Pakistani origin. S135L and K285N mutations were present neither in galactosemia patients nor in normal subjects. Only one galactosemia patient carried Q188R mutation that was in homozygous state. However, the N314D variant was frequently found both in affected (7 out of 16 alleles) and normal subjects (55 out of 380 alleles). This finding indicates that Duarte allele D314 might be far more common in Pakistani population than in European and North American ones.     

Books

Book reviewed in this article: Berndt , R.K. & Busche , G. (eds). 1993. Vogelwelt Schleswig-Hoisteins. Band 4: Entenvagel I1 (Kolbenente-Ruderente). Bildstein . K.L. 1993. White Ibis, wetland wanderer. Birkan , M., Pm , G.R., Aebischher , N.J. & Dowell , S.D. (eds). 1992. Perdix VI. First International Symposium on Partridges, Quails and Francolins. Gibier Faune Sauvage. Birkhead , T. 1993. Great Auk Islands. A field biologist in the Arctic. Butler . D. & Merton , D. 1992. The Black Robin: Saving the world's most endangered bird. Clancey , P.A. 1992. Kingfishers of Sub-Saharan Africa. Standard edition. Committee on the Scientific Bases for the Preservation of the Hawaiian Crow . 1992. The Scientific Bases for the Preservation of the Hawaiian Crow. Cramp , S. & Perrins , C.M. (eds). 1993. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Sonograms reprinted from Volume VII. Flycatchers to Shrikes. De Blieu . J. 1991. Meant to be Wild. The Struggle to Save Endangered Species through Captive Breeding. Einarsson , P. 1991. Guide to the Birds Iceland. A Practical Handbook for Identification. Eldredge , N. 1992. Systematics, Ecology and the Biodiversity Crisis. Gosler , A. 1993. The Great Tit. Hammond , N. & Pearson . B. 1993. Birds of Prey. Knystautas , A. 1993. Birds of Russia. Lack , P. & Ferguson . D. (eds). 1993. The Birds of Buckinghamshire. Lindsey , T.R. 1992. Encylopaedia of Australian Animals. Birds. Mac Kinnon , J. & Phillipps , K. 1993. A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java. and Bali. Mc Farlane . R.W. 1992. A Stillness in the Pines. The Ratcliffe , D. 1993. The Peregrine Faicon. 2nd ed. Shrubb . M. 1993. The Kestrel. Sinclair . I., Hockey . P., Tarboton , W., Hayman . P. & Arlott , N. 1993. Illustrated Guide to the Birds of Southern Africa. Andrews , J. & Carter . S. (eds). 1993. Britain's Birds in 1990–91: The conservation and monitoring review. Bond , J.T & Hume . K. 1993. Birds: An artist's view. Carter , R.M. 1993. Finding Birds in South Carolina. Choremi . J., Choulis . D. & Spnhakis , V. 1993. The Birds of the Island of Chios Greece. Dennis , N. & Tarboton . W. 1993. Waterbirds. Birds of Southern Africa's Wetlands. Duckworth . D., Genoways , H.H. & Rose . C.L. 1991. Preserving Natural Science Collections: Chronicle of our environmental heritage. Epple , W., Holzinger , J. & Schmid , G. (cds). 1992. Artenschutzsym-posiuni Wendehals. Lambert , F.A. 1993. The Status of and Trade in North Moluccan Parrots with Particular Emphasis on Cacatua alba. Lorius garrulus and Eos squamatn. Moser . M. & van Vessem , J. (eds). 1993. Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation in South and West Asia. Olney . P.J.S. & Ellis , P. (eds). 1992. International Zoo Yearbook. Perrins , C.M., Le Breton , J-D. & Hirons , G.J.M. 1993. Bird Population Studies: Relevance to conservation and management. Ruge . K., Heidinger , C. & Havelka , P. (eds). 1993. Artenschutzsym-posium Spechte. ?tastny , K. & Bej?ek , V. (eds). 1990. Bird Census and Atlas Studies. Taylor . M. & Canberra Ornithologists Grow . 1992. Birds of the Australian Capital Territory, an Atlas. Walraven . E. 1992. Rescue and Rehabilitation of Oiled Birds: Field manual. Wilson , R.T. (ed.). 1993. Birds and the African Environment. Proceedings of the Eighth Pan–African Ornithological Congress. Won , P. 1993. [A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea]. World Conservation Centre . 1993. World Checklist of Threatened Birds. Jeffery Boswall     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
B acterial C ell S tructure (Aspects of Microbiology 6) (1983). H.J. Rogers.
T he E lisa : E nzyme -L inked I mmunosorbent A ssay in V eterinary R esearch and D iagnosis (1982). Edited by R.C Wardley & J.R. Crowther.
G enetic R ecombination : U nderstanding the M echanisms (1982). H.L.K. Whitehouse.
M icrobial C ontrol of P lant P ests & D iseases (Aspects of Microbiology 7) (1983). J.W. Deacon.
M ethods in F ood and D airy M icrobiology (1982)     

Also Received

Books Reviewed in this article: Barker , R.D. & Vestjens , W.J.M. 1991. The Food of Australian Birds. Beatty , J. 1992. Sula: the seabird hunters of Lewis. Bruun , B., Delin , H. & Svensson , L. 1992. Birds of Britain and Europe. Cowell . S. Adatia , R. & Gibson . B. 1992. Who's Who in the Environment—England. Dimentman , C., Bromley . H.J. & Por , F.D. 1992. Lake Hula: reconstruction of the fauna and hydrobiology of a lost lake. Eagle , R. 1991. Seton Gordon, the Life and Times of a Highland Gentleman. Ford . E. 1992. Falconry: art and practice. Foschi , U.F. & Gellini , S. 1992. Avifauna e Ambiente in Provincia di Fork le comunita di uccelli come indicatori ecologici. Guest , J.P. Elphick , D., Hunter . J.S.A. & Norman . D. 1992. The Breeding Bird Atlas of Cheshire and Wirral. Hayes , L.B. & Hayes , M.L. 1987. Raising Game Birds. Hayes , L. B. 1992. The Chinese Painted Quail, ‘the Button Quail’: their breeding and care Hollands , D. 1991. Birds of the Night, Owls, Frogmouths and Nightjars of Australia. Ironmonger . J. 1992. The Good Zoo Guide. Kiew , R. (ed.) 1991. the State of Nature Conservation in Malaysia. La Bastille , A. 1990. Mama Poc: an ecologist's account of the extinction of a species. Lambert , M. 1992. Birds by Colour. Layton . L. 1991. Songbirds in Singapore: the growth of a pastime. Liversidge , R. 1991. The Birds around Us. Love , J.A. 1989. Eagles. Mellanby , K. 1992. The DDT Story. Pp. 112. Farnham: British Crop Protection Council. Newman , K., Johnston -Stewart , N. & Medland , B. 1992. Birds of Malawi. A supplement to Newman's Birds of Southern Africa. Ogilvie , M. 1992. The Birds of Islay: including when and where to find them. Orr , O.H. 1992. Saving American Birds: T. Gilbert Pearson and the founding movement of the Audubon Society. Ortiz Crespo , F., Greenfield , P.J. & Matheus , J.C. 1990. Aves del Ecuador Continente y Archipielago de Galápagos/Birds of Ecuador Paine , J.R. & World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1991. IUCN Directory of Protected Areas in Oceania. Petersen , M.R., Weir , D.N. & Dick , M.H. 1991. Birds of Kilbuck and Ahklun Mountain Region, Alaska. Riddle , G. 1991. Seasons with the Kestrel. Simpson , M.B., Jr. 1992. Birds of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Stallcup , R. 1990. Ocean Birds of the Nearshore Pacific. Strange , I.J. 1992. A Field Guide to the Wildlife of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. Trollope , J. 1992. Seed-eating Birds, Their Care and Breeding: finches and allied species—doves, quail and hemipodes. Village , A. 1992. Falcons.     

Book Reviews

ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS . Edited by B. J effcoat .
ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH, VOLUME 8 . Edited by H. W oolhouse
PLANTS AND THEIR ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT . 21st Symposium of The British Ecological Society. Edited by J. G race , E.D. F ord & P.G. J arvis
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE . Proceedings of the Beijing (Peking) Symposium
NITROGEN FIXATION . Edited by W.D.P. S tewart
THE BLUE LIGHT SYNDROME . Edited by H. S enghr
COMMENTARIES IN PLANT SCIENCE , Volume 2. Edited by H. S mith
NEW TRENDS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN FIXATION . Edited by J. C hatt , G eneral L.M. da C amara P ina & R.L. R ichards
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS . By A.H. F itter & R.K.M. H ay