弹状病毒反向遗传操作系统研究进展

弹状病毒是一类重要的共患病病原,可引起人、动物、植物等多种生物的严重疫病。该病毒属不分节段的负链RNA病毒,其基因组相对简单。近年来,随着基因操作技术的发展,弹状病毒反向遗传操作系统技术研究取得显著成果。本综述从弹状病毒概论、弹状病毒反向遗传操作系统的建立及其疫苗研究中的应用等方面概述其反向遗传操作的研究进展,以期为弹状病毒防控相关研究提供参考。     

RNA病毒的反向遗传学

反向遗传操作作为一种新兴技术在RNA病毒的研究中发挥着重要作用。本文介绍了RNA病毒反向遗传学的研究方法以及RNA病毒反向遗传技术的最新研究进展。     

冠状病毒反向遗传技术的研究进展和应用

冠状病毒（Coronavirus,CoV）在分类上属于尼多病毒目、冠状病毒科、冠状病毒属,其基因组长度约为25 000 nt～30 000 nt。反向遗传技术可以针对RNA病毒的基因组进行突变,是研究病毒蛋白功能的有力工具,也是对毒力基因进行突变,构建减毒疫苗株的新型方法。冠状病毒反向遗传技术的建立和应用,推动了基因功能的研究和重组病毒疫苗的研发。本综述将介绍三种常见的冠状病毒反向遗传克隆技术,分别是基于痘病毒载体、基于细菌人工染色体（Bacterial artificial chromosome,BAC）载体和基于体外连接的反向遗传技术。传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV）是成功建立反向遗传系统的冠状病毒之一,本文对反向遗传技术在IBV中的研究和应用进行了介绍和讨论。     

负链不分节段RNA病毒反向遗传系统中通用型真核表达载体的构建

本研究选择pVAX1作为供体载体,通过分子克隆方法,分别用人工合成的锤头型核酶、丁型肝炎核酶序列(用于获得转录后病毒基因组RNA的精确末端)和含有9个常用限制性酶切位点的linker序列(用于病毒基因组插入的多克隆酶切位点)取代真核表达载体pVAX1的多克隆酶切位点,将其改造成负链不分节段RNA病毒反向遗传系统的通用型表达载体。通过酶切鉴定和序列测定表明,pVAX1载体中插入的核酶及linker序列正确无误,并将CTN株狂犬病病毒全长基因组cDNA插入pVAX-R中,通过与辅助质粒的共转染成功拯救CTN株狂犬病毒,证明通用型真核表达载体构建成功,为快速建立负链不分节段RNA病毒反向遗传系统奠定基础。     

合成病毒:对流感病毒研究的贡献

流感病毒是一种单股负链分节段RNA病毒。完全以质粒为基础的反向遗传学技术的建立和发展解决了利用cDNA克隆人工合成流感病毒的难题和技术障碍,并逐渐成为研究流感病毒及生产流感疫苗的重要基础和手段。重点综述了流感病毒反向遗传技术20多年来的发展过程,以及以质粒为基础的反向遗传操作系统在对流感病毒的生命周期、致病性的研究和生产疫苗等方面的巨大贡献。     

A型流感病毒的反向遗传技术研究进展

A 型流感病毒基因组为单股负义RNA,分为8 个片段。反向遗传技术即从克隆的cDNA 产 生病毒的过程,是研究RNA 病毒、也是研究A 型流感病毒基因结构与功能的新技术。介绍了A 型流感病毒反向遗传技术的发展,完全以质粒为基础的新操作系统及其在研究病毒的生命周期、 致病性、产生基因修饰的疫苗候选株等方面的应用。     

反向遗传学技术及其在FMDV研究中的应用

反向遗传技术是一种新兴的分子生物学技术,已广泛应用于生命科学研究的各个领域。综述反向遗传技术研究进展,并讨论该技术在口蹄疫病毒研究中的应用。     

狂犬病病毒Evelyn- Rokitnicki-Abelseth疫苗株反向遗传系统的建立

摘要：【目的】建立狂犬病毒的反向遗传系统,为研制不含狂犬病病毒致病性的新型安全高效的狂犬疫苗提供技术依据。【方法】本研究采用反向遗传学方法和分子克隆技术,建立了狂犬病病毒Evelyn- Rokitnicki-Abelseth (ERA)疫苗株的CMV/ T7、T7启动子病毒拯救系统,构建了表达N、P、L蛋白的辅助质粒。【结果】成功拯救出野生型病毒rERA-VC,在Vero细胞上的生长动力学特性与父母本ERA 相同,第三代可在Vero细胞上可获得很高的生长滴度。【结论】建立了狂犬病病毒的反向遗传系统,拯救出的野生型病毒生物学特性与父母本相同。     

狂犬病病毒EveIyn-Rokitnicki-Abelseth疫苗株反向遗传系统的建立

[目的]建立狂犬病毒的反向遗传系统,为研制不含狂犬病病毒致病性的新型安全高效的狂犬疫苗提供技术依据.[方法]本研究采用反向遗传学方法和分子克隆技术,建立了狂犬病病毒Evelyn-R0kitnieki-Abelseth(ERA)疫苗株的cMV/T7、T7启动子病毒拯救系统,构建了表达N、P、L蛋白的辅助质粒.[结果]成功拯救出野生型病毒rERA-VC,在Vero细胞上的生长动力学特性与父母本ERA相同,第三代可在Vero细胞上可获得很高的生长滴度.[结论]建立了狂犬病病毒的反向遗传系统,拯救出的野生型病毒生物学特性与父母本相同.     

流感病毒反向遗传操作及相关分子生物学研究

负链ＲＮＡ病毒由于其基因组ＲＮＡ和ｃＤＮＡ不具备感染性,限制了转染方法的建立和病毒复制及其调控等分子生物学研究。流感病毒核蛋白体（ＲＮＰ）转染方法和反向遗传操作的建立,使负链ＲＮＡ病毒复制及其调控、病毒载体改造和应用等研究成为现实。本文回顾了流感病毒反向遗传操作方法的研究进展及其在流感病毒复制调控和流感病毒载体构建等相关分子生物学研究中的应用。     

Rescue of recombinant Thogoto virus from cloned cDNA

Thogoto virus (THOV) is a tick-transmitted orthomyxovirus with a genome consisting of six negative-stranded RNA segments. To rescue a recombinant THOV, the viral structural proteins were produced from expression plasmids by means of a vaccinia virus expressing the T7 RNA polymerase. Genomic virus RNAs (vRNAs) were generated from plasmids under the control of the RNA polymerase I promoter. Using this system, we could efficiently recover recombinant THOV following transfection of 12 plasmids into 293T cells. To verify the recombinant nature of the rescued virus, specific genetic tags were introduced into two vRNA segments. The availability of this efficient reverse genetics system will allow us to address hitherto-unanswered questions regarding the biology of THOV by manipulating viral genes in the context of infectious virus.     

Efficient cDNA-based rescue of La Crosse bunyaviruses expressing or lacking the nonstructural protein NSs

La Crosse virus (LACV) belongs to the Bunyaviridae family and causes severe encephalitis in children. It has a negative-sense RNA genome which consists of the three segments L, M, and S. We successfully rescued LACV by transfection of just three plasmids, using a system which was previously established for Bunyamwera virus (Lowen et al., Virology 330:493-500, 2004). These cDNA plasmids represent the three viral RNA segments in the antigenomic orientation, transcribed intracellularly by the T7 RNA polymerase and with the 3' ends trimmed by the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. As has been shown for Bunyamwera virus, the antigenomic plasmids could serve both as donors for the antigenomic RNA and as support plasmids to provide small amounts of viral proteins for RNA encapsidation and particle formation. In contrast to other rescue systems, however, transfection of additional support plasmids completely abrogated the rescue, indicating that LACV is highly sensitive to overexpression of viral proteins. The BSR-T7/5 cell line, which constitutively expresses T7 RNA polymerase, allowed efficient rescue of LACV, generating approximately 10(8) infectious viruses per milliliter. The utility of this system was demonstrated by the generation of a wild-type virus containing a genetic marker (rLACV) and of a mutant with a deleted NSs gene on the S segment (rLACVdelNSs). The NSs-expressing rLACV formed clear plaques, displayed an efficient host cell shutoff, and was strongly proapoptotic. The rLACVdelNSs mutant, by contrast, exhibited a turbid-plaque phenotype and a less-pronounced shutoff and induced little apoptosis. Nevertheless, both viruses grew in Vero cells to similar titers. Our reverse genetics system now enables us to manipulate the genome of LACV in order to characterize its virulence factors and to develop potential vaccine candidates.     

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Reverse genetics, an approach to rescue infectious virus entirely from a cloned cDNA, has revolutionized the field of positive-strand RNA viruses, whose genomes have the same polarity as cellular mRNA. The cDNA-based reverse genetics system is a seminal method that enables direct manipulation of the viral genomic RNA, thereby generating recombinant viruses for molecular and genetic studies of both viral RNA elements and gene products in viral replication and pathogenesis. It also provides a valuable platform that allows the development of genetically defined vaccines and viral vectors for the delivery of foreign genes. For many positive-strand RNA viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), however, the cloned cDNAs are unstable, posing a major obstacle to the construction and propagation of the functional cDNA. Here, the present report describes the strategic considerations in creating and amplifying a genetically stable full-length infectious JEV cDNA as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) using the following general experimental procedures: viral RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, cDNA subcloning and modification, assembly of a full-length cDNA, cDNA linearization, in vitro RNA synthesis, and virus recovery. This protocol provides a general methodology applicable to cloning full-length cDNA for a range of positive-strand RNA viruses, particularly those with a genome of >10 kb in length, into a BAC vector, from which infectious RNAs can be transcribed in vitro with a bacteriophage RNA polymerase.     

Rescue of influenza C virus from recombinant DNA

The rescue of influenza viruses by reverse genetics has been described only for the influenza A and B viruses. Based on a similar approach, we developed a reverse-genetics system that allows the production of influenza C viruses entirely from cloned cDNA. The complete sequences of the 3' and 5' noncoding regions of type C influenza virus C/Johannesburg/1/66 necessary for the cloning of the cDNA were determined for the seven genomic segments. Human embryonic kidney cells (293T) were transfected simultaneously with seven plasmids that direct the synthesis of each of the seven viral RNA segments of the C/JHB/1/66 virus under the control of the human RNA polymerase I promoter and with four plasmids encoding the viral nucleoprotein and the PB2, PB1, and P3 proteins of the viral polymerase complex. This strategy yielded between 10(3) and 10(4) PFU of virus per ml of supernatant at 8 to 10 days posttransfection. Additional viruses with substitutions introduced in the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein were successfully produced by this method, and their growth phenotype was evaluated. This efficient system, which does not require helper virus infection, should be useful in viral mutagenesis studies and for generation of expression vectors from type C influenza virus.     

Rescue of Influenza A Virus from Recombinant DNA

We have rescued influenza A virus by transfection of 12 plasmids into Vero cells. The eight individual negative-sense genomic viral RNAs were transcribed from plasmids containing human RNA polymerase I promoter and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequences. The three influenza virus polymerase proteins and the nucleoprotein were expressed from protein expression plasmids. This plasmid-based reverse genetics technique facilitates the generation of recombinant influenza viruses containing specific mutations in their genes.     

Partial and Full PCR-Based Reverse Genetics Strategy for Influenza Viruses

Since 1999, plasmid-based reverse genetics (RG) systems have revolutionized the way influenza viruses are studied. However, it is not unusual to encounter cloning difficulties for one or more influenza genes while attempting to recover virus de novo. To overcome some of these shortcomings we sought to develop partial or full plasmid-free RG systems. The influenza gene of choice is assembled into a RG competent unit by virtue of overlapping PCR reactions containing a cDNA copy of the viral gene segment under the control of RNA polymerase I promoter (pol1) and termination (t1) signals – herein referred to as Flu PCR amplicons. Transfection of tissue culture cells with either HA or NA Flu PCR amplicons and 7 plasmids encoding the remaining influenza RG units, resulted in efficient virus rescue. Likewise, transfections including both HA and NA Flu PCR amplicons and 6 RG plasmids also resulted in efficient virus rescue. In addition, influenza viruses were recovered from a full set of Flu PCR amplicons without the use of plasmids.     

中国首次分离的辛德毕斯病毒XJ-160病毒株感染性全基因组cDNA克隆的构建与分析

报告了中国首次分离的辛德毕斯病毒XJ-160株的感染性全基因组cDNA克隆的构建与鉴定。利用RT—PCR方法获得覆盖病毒全长基因组的cDNA片段,以低拷贝质粒pBR322作为骨架,将基因组cDNA置于SP6RNA聚合酶启动子之后,基因组3’末端带有35个连续的A,通过DNA重组技术组装成病毒基因组全长cDNA克隆。该克隆可在大肠杆菌DH5a中稳定扩增。经体外转录,RNA转录体转染BHK-21细胞,细胞发生病变,恢复病毒滴度达到10^7～10^8PFU／ml。全基因组cDNA克隆构建过程中引入的沉默突变(8453位核苷酸由C变为T)产生XbaⅠ酶切位点作为遗传标记,在子代恢复病毒的基因组中稳定存在。从细胞病变的特征、BHK-21细胞的空斑形态、病毒的抗原性、病毒在细胞中的生长动力学特征以及对乳鼠的致病性等方面比较,恢复病毒和亲本病毒XJ-160没有显著区别,提示获得了具有感染性的XJ-160病毒全长cDNA克隆。该病毒感染性全基因组cDNA克隆可以作为反向遗传学系统,为进一步研究病毒复制和致病机制,以及开发相应的载体表达系统提供分子生物学工具。