啶虫脒对淡色库蚊幼虫的致死和亚致死影响

啶虫脒是日本曹达公司新开发的一种氯代烟碱类杀虫剂,为了探讨其用于蚊虫幼虫控制的可能性,我们在室内用浸渍法测定了啶虫脒对淡色库蚊幼虫的致死和亚致死影响,结果表明,淡色库蚊幼虫对啶虫脒较敏感,幼虫的死亡高峰出现在处理后第3天,幼虫的四个龄期中,一龄最敏感,四龄耐药力最强,二在处理后72h时的LC50值分别为0.020mg/L/升和0.296mg/L。幼虫在亚致死浓度的啶虫脒溶液作用下,发育期延长,蛹重下降。说明啶虫脒可用于蚊虫幼虫的控制。     

EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS FROM BAMBOO FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Abstract The extracts from 7 species of bamboo were tested for larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens pallens . At the tested concentration, the extracts of selected bamboo had different degree of toxic effects on the fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens . Among them, the extracts of Pleioblastus juxianensis, Brachystachyum albostriatum, Phyllostachys platyglossa and Pleioblastus amarus were found to be effective with LC₅₀values at 24 h of 30.65 mg/L, 53.94 mg/L, 41.21 mg/L and 54.49 mg/L respectively, against Culex pipiens pallens larvae. The extract of Pleioblastus juxianensis by Soxhlet method showed stronger activity than the extract obtained by interval-shaking, the LC₅₀ of which were 30.65 mg/L and 48.34 mg/L, respectively. The diethyl ether extract of Pleioblastus juxianensis exhibited better larvicidal activity than the methanol extract and the petroleum ether extract. The results would help to provide the basis for the study of environment acceptable pesticide for mosquito control, and also help to comprehensively utilize the source of bamboo.     

竹提取物对淡色库蚊Culexpipienspallens幼虫的活性评价(英文)

报道了竹提取物对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens幼虫的毒杀作用。研究结果表明,巨县苦竹(Pleioblastus juxianensis)、白纹短穗竹(Brachystachyum albostriatum)、灰水竹(Phyllostachysplatyglossa)和苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)提取物对淡色库蚊幼虫的24h致死中浓度(LC50)分别为30.65mg／L、53.94 mg／L、41.21mg／L、54.49mg／L。巨县苦竹索氏抽提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀作用明显强于间歇振荡提取物,前者对淡色库蚊幼虫的LC50为30.65 mg／L,95％置信限27.12~34.63 mg／L;后者的LC50为48.34 mg／L,95％置信限为40.37~59.62 mg／L。巨县苦竹乙醚浸提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀作用效果显著,125mg／L浓度时12h校正死亡率为56.67％,24h后达92.90％;石油醚浸提物及甲醇浸提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀作用则不明显, 24h校正死亡率均不超过40％。研究结果将有助于综合利用竹类资源,开发新型环境友好农药。     

单宁酸对淡色库蚊抗氰戊菊酯品系和敏感品系幼虫生长发育的影响

单宁酸是一种植物次生代谢物, 为探索其用于蚊幼虫防治的可能性,在室内测定了其对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens抗氰戊菊酯品系和敏感品系1～4龄幼虫的毒性,并观察了其对存活幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,淡色库蚊敏感品系幼虫对单宁酸的敏感性比抗氰戊菊酯品系的要高,1～4龄幼虫分别高6.4、4.9、4.7和2.0倍。4个龄期幼虫中,无论是敏感品系还是抗氰戊菊酯品系,均是1龄幼虫对单宁酸的敏感性最高,3龄幼虫最低。在1 000 mg/L单宁酸持续作用下,敏感品系和抗氰戊菊酯品系各龄幼虫的存活率,均随处理时间延长而降低。与对照相比,饲养在100 mg/L～500 mg/L单宁酸溶液中的存活幼虫发育历期延长,敏感品系和抗氰戊菊酯品系发育历期分别延长了34.5～38.3 h和59.2～93.4 h。其中,125 mg/L浓度处理的敏感品系1～4龄幼虫,其发育历期与对照的差异达到了显著水平(P<0.05);抗性品系则在250 mg/L作用下也达到了差异显著水平(P<0.05)。但100～250 mg/L单宁酸处理淡色库蚊抗氰戊菊酯品系和敏感品系1龄幼虫,对其存活幼虫的化蛹率、羽化率和成虫性比均无显著影响。表明单宁酸对淡色库蚊幼虫的影响主要是延迟其生长发育,且影响程度与蚊虫对氰戊菊酯的敏感性有关。     

冬青油与肉桂油对淡色库蚊的生物活性

为进一步明确冬青油（wintergreen oil）与肉桂油（cinnamon oil）对蚊虫的生物活性, 本研究采用浸液法、 “Y”型嗅觉仪法和密闭三角瓶熏蒸法, 分别测定了两种精油对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens幼虫的毒杀作用以及对成虫的驱避和熏杀活性。结果显示： 肉桂油和冬青油对淡色库蚊幼虫均具有较强的毒杀作用, 处理24 h的LC₅₀分别为71.87 mg/L和 102.83 mg/L。在0.5 μL的供试剂量下, 冬青油与肉桂油在20 min内对淡色库蚊的驱避率均在80%以上, 显示了较好的驱蚊活性。冬青油对淡色库蚊具有明显的熏蒸击倒作用, 12 μL/L浓度下的KT₅₀为3.97 min; 而肉桂油则具有较好的熏蒸致死活性, 熏蒸5 h的LC₅₀ 为0.31 μL/L。冬青油与肉桂油按1∶1体积比混配后对淡色库蚊表现出较好的击倒和致死效果。冬青油和肉桂油既对淡色库蚊幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用, 又对淡色库蚊雌成虫表现出较好的驱避和熏杀活性, 具有开发成为植物源蚊虫防控剂的潜力。     

Cloning and overexpression of CYP6F1, a cytochrome P450 gene, from deltamethrin-resistant Culex pipiens pallens

CYP6F1 (GenBank/EMBL accession No. AY662654), a novel gene with a complete encoding sequence in the cytochrome P450 family 6, was cloned and sequenced from deltamethrin-resistant 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. The cDNA sequence of CYP6F1 has an open reading frame of 1527 bp, which encodes a putative protein of 508 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of CYP6F1 indicated that the encoded P450 has conserved domains of a putative membrane-anchoring signal,putative reductase-binding sites, a typical heme-binding site, an ETLR motif and substrate recognition sites.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that the CYP6F1 gene was expressed to a greater extent in the deltamethrin-resistant strain than in the susceptible strain of Cx. pipiens pallens. The expression levels of the CYP6F1 gene in the deltamethrin-resistant 1 st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th instar larvae and adult female mosquitoes differed, with highest expression levels in the 4th instar larvae. In addition, the CYP6F1 gene was stably expressed in mosquito C6/36 cells, and the expected 61.2 kDa band was identified by Western blotting. The cells transfected with CYP6F1 had an increased resistance to deltamethrin as compared with control cells.These results indicate that CYP6F1 is expressed at higher levels in the deltamethrin-resistant strain, and may confer some insecticide resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens.     

在无杀虫剂压力下淡色库蚊的抗性稳定性研究(英文)

本文对淡色库蚊（Ｃｕｌｅｘ ｐｉｐｉｅｎｓ ｐａｌｌｅｎｓ Ｃｏｑｕｉｌｌｅｔｔ）的毒死蜱抗性品系、抗一敏杂交品系及抗性酯酶Ｂ_２纯合品系在无杀虫剂压力选择下的抗性水平变化进行了研究。结果表明,在毒死蜱抗性品系中,抗性水平逐代下降,ＬＣ_（５０）从Ｆ_０代的０．２０９９ｍｇ／Ｌ快速降至Ｆ_８代的０．０２６２ｍｇ／Ｌ,然后继续缓慢地降至Ｆ_（１６）代的０．０２０７ｍｇ／Ｌ。从毒死蜱抗性品系中的这种抗性水平下降,可以推断该品系中并不是纯的高抗性酯酶基因扩增个体,在传代中抗性个体的比例由于其生物学方面的不适应性而逐步减少。本研究中的抗性品系与敏感品系的杂交群体的抗性变化趋势也证实了这种推理。在纯的抗性酯酶Ｂ_２基因扩增品系中,抗性水平则在后代中基本上保持稳定,并且所有的个体抗性水平和酯酶活力水平更趋集中。本文进一步对蚊虫抗性的演替进行了讨论。     

Cloning and characterization of prophenoloxidase A3 (proPOA3) from Culex pipiens pallens

The prophenoloxidase subunit A3 (proPOA3) gene was cloned from Culex pipiens pallens, which had an open reading frame of 2061 bp encoding a putative 686 amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 98% with proPOA3 from Culex quinquefasciatus. ProPOA3 is expressed at all developmental stages of C. pipiens pallens. Significant negative correlation was observed between proPOA3 expression and deltamethrin resistance in resistant C. pipiens pallens. Furthermore, proPOA3 expression levels were significantly lower in deltamethrin-resistant mosquitoes than in susceptible mosquitoes collected at four locations in Eastern China. However, we did not find any substantial change in proPOA3 expression in field-collected resistant Anopheles mosquitoes. Moreover, overexpressing proPOA3 in C6/36 cells led to more sensitivity to deltamethrin treatment. In laboratory and field-collected resistant C. pipiens pallens, a valine to isoleucine mutation (769G>A) and two synonymous mutations (1116G>C and 1116G>A) were identified in proPOA3. In addition, the mutation frequency of 769G>A and 1116G>C increased gradually, which corresponded with raised deltamethrin resistance levels. Taken together, our study provides the first evidence that proPOA3 may play a role in the regulation of deltamethrin-resistance in C. pipiens pallens.     

光活化杀虫剂α-三噻吩的电子自旋共振分析及其对库蚊保护酶系统活性的影响

以淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens为试材,初步进行了典型光活化杀虫剂α-三噻吩（α-T）的电子自旋共振（ESR）分析,并研究其对昆虫保护酶系统的影响。ESR分析表明,近紫外光和药剂α-T均可促进活性氧自由基浓度升高,且两者具有协同关系,近紫外光能显著促进α-T增加自由基的作用,处理3 h时试虫自由基总浓度增加了99.6%。近紫外光和药剂α-T对保护酶系统的影响随酶的种类而有所不同,但在近紫外光存在的条件下,α-T对超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活体活性均有抑制作用,且光照3 h时,抑制作用最强。     

用刘氏中剑水蚤防治蚊幼虫(英文)

本研究在室内评价了在济宁采集的捕食性刘氏中剑水蚤单用及与球形芽孢杆菌(B.s.)或苏云金杆菌以色列变种(B.t.i.)合用对蚊幼虫的控制效果。在室内,刘氏中剑水蚤对白蚊伊蚊Ⅰ龄幼虫的捕食效果好于对中华按蚊和淡色库蚊幼虫的效果。蚊笼模拟试验表明,刘氏中剑水蚤可分别于9、10和7周内消灭淡色库蚊、中华按蚊和白蚊伊蚊的幼虫种群。该剑水蚤增长速率快,大量培养经济易行。现场试验证明,刘氏中剑水蚤虽可在蚊虫孳生地存活时间长于蚊虫季节,但单用该剑水蚤不能象化学杀虫剂一样快速完全地控制三种蚊虫。刘氏中剑水蚤与B.s.或B.t.i.合用,应用刘氏中剑水蚤的长持效和生物杀虫剂的速效,取得了高效、持久的防治效果。因此二者合用可用于蚊虫防治并可作为蚊虫综合防治的一个组成部分。     

Laboratory evaluation of Mesocyclops annulatus (Wierzejski, 1892) (Copepoda: Cyclopidea) as a predator of container-breeding mosquitoes in Argentina

In laboratory bioassays we tested the predatory capacity of the copepod Mesocyclops annulatus on Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens larvae. A single adult female of M. annulatus caused 51.6% and 52.3% mortality of 50 first instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens respectively, in a 72 h test period. When alternative food was added to the containers, mortality rates declined to 16% and 10.3% for Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens respectively. When 50 first instar larvae of each of the two mosquito species tested were placed together with a single adult female of M. annulatus, mortality rates were 75.5% for Ae. aegypti larvae and 23.5% for Cx. pipiens larvae in a three day test period. Different density of adult females of M. annulatus ranged from 5 to 25 females produced mortality rates of Ae. aegypti first instar larvae from 50% to 100% respectively. When a single adult female of M. annulatus was exposed to an increasing number of first-instar Ae. aegypti larvae ranging from 10 to 100, 100% mortality was recorded from 1 to 25 larvae, then mortality declined to 30% with 100 larvae. The average larvae killed per 24 h period by a single copepod were 29.     

Laboratory evaluation of three mosquito pathogenic strains of Bacillus sphaericus isolated in Egypt

Three strains of Bacillus sphaericus H-5a5b designated Ghar. 1 & 10, Ghar. 2 & 20, and Ghar. 3 & 30 were tested for growth, virulence, and larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens in the laboratory. Incubation temperature was positively correlated (r = 0.91) to the rate of bacterial growth (strain Ghar. 2 & 20). All three strains retained their virulence through 25 successive transfers on nutrient agar. Acetone powder preparations showed high larvicidal activity against C. pipiens, although second instar larvae were more susceptible than fourth instars to all three strains. The most active strain was Ghar. 2 & 20 with LC50 values of 0.51 mg/liter (second instar) and 1.62 mg/liter (fourth instar) after 48 hr of exposure. Mortality rates in fourth instar larvae exposed to an acetone powder form of strain Ghar. 2 & 20 were significantly greater at higher than at lower temperatures.     

淡色库蚊对四种化学物质的嗅觉反应

在室内条件下通过Y型嗅觉仪测试了淡色库蚊Culexpipiens pallens雌成虫对乳酸、丙酮、氨水、辛醇、正庚酸、对甲酚、间甲酚等7种化学物质的嗅觉反应。结果表明:与对照相比,1和10mg/L氨水,1,10和100mg/L正庚酸,1mg/L辛醇,0.1和1mg/L对甲酚对淡色库蚊雌成虫具有显著的引诱作用。比较各处理的相对引诱率,最高的为10mg/L正庚酸,达50%以上;其他处理相对引诱率均低于40%,最低的为0.1mg/L对甲酚。     

淡色库蚊酯酶等位基因及其在自然种群中的频率分布

酯酶基因扩增所产生的酯酶活性升高是库蚊Culex pipiens对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的主要机理之一。采用分子杂交技术和限制性酶切片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,已鉴定出多种酯酶等位基因类型。该文通过酯酶基因特异性片段的PCR扩增及扩增片段的酶切片段分析,对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens四种有机磷抗性品系的酯酶等位基因进行分型,并测定分析自然种群中不同酶型的频率分布。研究结果表明：PCR分型方法具有快速、准确的特点。不同的有机磷杀虫剂对酯酶等位基因具有明显的选择作用。双硫磷品系为B₁型;毒死蜱和敌百虫品系为B₂型;马拉硫磷品系为B₁型和B₁/B₂杂合型。不同地区采集的种群表现出不同的酶型频率分布。该文就杀虫剂对酯酶等位基因选择作用及自然种群的酶型频率分布进行了讨论。     

杠柳毒素NW的杀虫活性

杠柳毒素NW是从杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge)中分离的新化合物,是其主要的杀虫成分。对杠柳毒素NW的杀虫活性进行了测定,结果表明:杠柳毒素NW对小地老虎无明显的胃毒活性,对3龄的小菜蛾、粘虫和菜粉蝶幼虫均有较强的胃毒活性,处理后24h的致死中浓(LC50)分别是866.17,927.92和1107.08mg·L-1;对上述供试昆虫均无明显的触杀活性。此外,杠柳毒素NW对棉蚜、棉红蜘蛛及卫生害虫家蝇3龄幼虫和淡色库蚊3龄幼虫均有很好的毒杀活性,处理后24h的LC50分别为1743.17,2179.49,714.94和653.29mg·L-1。     

Predation efficiency of indigenous larvivorous fish species on Culex pipiens L. larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in drainage ditches in Argentina.

Two neotropical freshwater fish species, Cnesterodom decemmaculatus (Poeciliidae) and Jenynsia multidentata (Anablepidae), were collected from human-made ditches, a common habitat of the house mosquito Culex pipiens in La Plata, Argentina. Cnesterodom decemmaculatus was recorded in 62 of the 100 examined ditches, whereas J. multidentata was collected from only 21 ditches sympatrically with C. decemmaculatus. Culex pipiens was the only mosquito species collected, and its larvae and pupae were found in 38 of the 100 ditches. Fish and mosquito larvae and pupae were collected together in only two ditches and were significantly negatively correlated. Siphons of larval Culex and remnants of chironomid larvae, copepods, aquatic mites, and fish were present in the gut contents of two C. decemmaculatus from mosquito-positive ditches, while diatoms and filamentous algae were recorded in every fish dissected. Adult C. decemmaculatus and J. multidentata needed approximately 6.2 h to completely digest one Cx. pipiens 4th instar larva under laboratory conditions. When fish were confined with a density of 60 or fewer Cx. pipiens 4th instar larvae, C. decemmaculatus and J. multidentata adults consumed 100% of them in one day but only 35% and 42%, respectively, when confined with 150 larvae. Eradication of Cx. pipiens from a ditch, where densities had averaged 250 immatures per dip, was achieved 17 days after the introduction of 1,700 C. decemmaculatus.     

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MOSQUITO LARVAE WITH MESOCYCLOPS LEUKARTI1)

Abstract  The control efficacy of a predatory copepod, Mesocyclops leukarti , collected in Jining, and its compatibility with Bacillus sphaericus (B.s. ) and B. thuringiensis var. csraefensis H-14 ( B. t. i. ) against mosquito larvae were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, M. leukarti showed higher predatory activity toward first instar larvae of Aedes albopictus than toward that of Anopheles sinensis and Culex pipiens pallens. Cage simulation test showed that larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens, An. sinensis and Ae. albopictus could be eliminated within 9, 10 and 7 weeks after interaction with the copepods respectively. M. leukarti population can grow quickly, and its mass production is easy and economic. However, pilot field trials indicated that M. leukarti alone could not eradicate mosquito larvae of the three species rapidly and completely as by chemical insecticides, although they could persist in mosquito breeding habitats longer than the mosquito season. When Mesocyclops was used in combination with B. s. and B. t. i. , higher and sustainable control effects were achieved. So this combination, which achieved the rapid larvicidal and sustainable control effect, was presumed to be practical and could be integrated into mosquito control program.     

食物种类对淡色库蚊幼虫生长发育和药剂敏感性的影响

淡色库蚊Culexpipienspallens是我国的一种常见家蚊 ,它传播流行性乙型脑炎 ,影响人类健康。研究淡色库蚊生长发育和药剂敏感性与食物的关系 ,对改善蚊虫饲养方法与监测蚊虫药剂敏感性具有重要意义。作者研究了不同食物饲养对淡色库蚊幼虫生长发育和药剂敏感性的影响。结果表明 ,与用面粉 +酵母粉饲养的相比 ,用鼠饲料饲养的幼虫 ,生长发育速度平均要快 2d ,对氰戊菊酯的敏感性则无明显差异。说明可用鼠饲料来代替面粉 +酵母粉饲养淡色库蚊幼虫     

Serine proteinase over-expression in relation to deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pallens

Two serine proteinase genes were isolated from Culex pipiens pallens as significantly up-regulated genes in a deltamethrin-resistant strain through a combination of suppression substractive hybridization and gene expression profiling by macroarrays. These two genes were found to be expressed at least threefold higher in the resistant strain than in the susceptible one. By using rapid amplification of cDNA ends to screen the constructed cDNA library, we cloned these two sequences. There were 909 bp with an open reading frame of 786 bp in the sequence of trypsin cDNA (GenBank/NCBI AF468495), the deduced protein had 261 amino acids, which was most similar to the trypsin gene of Anopheles gambiae. There were 992 bp with an open reading frame of 816 bp in the chymotrypsin cDNA (GenBank/NCBI AY034060), and its deduced amino acid sequence had 271 amino acids, which was most similar to the chymotrypsin-like protein from Aedes aegypti. The two genes were stably expressed in mosquito C6/36 cells, and the expected 29 and 30 kDa bands were shown with Western blot, respectively. In these cells, after deltamethrin treatment, they had protective effects on the viability. The results indicate that trypsin and chymotrypsin were more highly expressed in the deltamethrin-resistant strain, and was related to insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, Cx. pipiens pallens.