钙调蛋白拮抗剂对人胃癌细胞效应机理的研究——钙调蛋白与磷酸二酯酶活性测定分析*

我们曾经证明钙调蛋白(Calmodulin,CaM)拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(Trifluoperazine,TFP)有抑制人胃癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞形态向正常分化的效应。本文用CaM活性测定箱方法测定了TFP处理的人胃癌MGC-803细胞胞质内的CaM活性。同时也测定了磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase.PDE)活性的变化。结果表明TFP选择性抑制胞质内依赖Ca~(2+)/CaM的PDE活性。氨茶碱有抑制CaM活化PDE的作用。本文对TFP作用机理及在调控癌细胞增殖及分化中的意义进行讨论。     

神经颗粒素:一种脑特异性蛋白质

神经颗粒素(Neurogrann,Ng)是一种新发现的由78个氨基酸组成的脑特异性蛋白,主要分布于人类或动物的大脑皮层、海马和嗅球等脑区的神经突触后。作为Calpacitin蛋白家族中的一员,Ng是蛋白激酶C的天然作用底物及钙调蛋白(CaM)的储库。在生理状态下,Ng与CaM结合形成复合体,而在蛋白激酶C或氧化剂的作用下,Ng可被磷酸化、氧化及谷胱甘肽化等化学修饰,降低其与CaM的亲和力,从而参与对CaM及CaM-激活的蛋白酶,如CaM-依赖性NO合酶、CaM-依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)及CaM-依赖性腺苷酸环化酶的调节。同时,由于CaM-依赖性蛋白酶大多参与长时程增强(LTP)和长时程抑制(LTD)的诱导,并且Ng的基因表达和蛋白质合成与神经元的突触形成、分化同步,因此,Ng可能在学习、记忆、神经系统发育(可塑性)等生理性变化中具有重要作用。此外,一些研究表明,Ng还可能参与甲状腺机能减退、睡眠剥夺、衰老及脑低氧预适应等病理生理学变化所造成的神经系统功能的改变。     

钙调蛋白拮抗剂对人胃癌细胞效应机理的研究——钙调蛋白与磷酸二酯酶活性测定分析

我们曾经证明钙调蛋白(Calmodulin,CaM)拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(Trifluoperazine,TFP)有抑制人胃癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞形态向正常分化的效应。本文用CaM活性测定箱方法测定了TFP处理的人胃癌MGC-803细胞胞质内的CaM活性。同时也测定了磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase.PDE)活性的变化。结果表明TFP选择性抑制胞质内依赖Ca²⁺/CaM的PDE活性。氨茶碱有抑制CaM活化PDE的作用。本文对TFP作用机理及在调控癌细胞增殖及分化中的意义进行讨论。     

自旋标记钙调蛋白与酸枣仁皂甙A相互作用研究

中草药有效成份酸枣仁皂甙A是钙调蛋白CaM的一种天然非竞争性拮抗剂。利用氮氧自由基马来酰亚胺衍生物标记CaM研究了二者的相互作用。结果表明,每分子CaM至少可以结合二个分子的酸枣仁皂钙A,二者的作用影响CaM上Lys残基主要是75,94)的环境,推测酸枣仁皂钙A是通过疏水作用结合到CaM分子两端的疏水沟区。通过比较三氟拉嗪TFP与酸枣仁皂甙A的结构特点,抑制性质与结合位点,提出了CaM调节环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶PDE的模式。     

家兔钙调节蛋自-红细胞膜的制备

 本文介绍用等渗咪唑缓冲液溶血,并用低温高速或常速离心机制备出一种带钙调节蛋白(简称CaM)的红细胞膜。它具有与膜稳定结合的CaM,在钙离子存在下可以激活膜上的靶酶——Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性,为研究CaM功能及有关药物机制提供一种简便而理想的材料。     

钙调蛋白的构效关系及其与药物的相互作用

钙调蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)作为环核苷酸磷酸二酯酸(PDE)的内源性活化因子,于六十年代后期由张怀耀首先发现,它是细胞内Ca~(2+)的重要受体,与Ca~(2+)结合后发生构象变化而激活,又调节着细胞内Ca~(2+)的浓度。它不具有酶的活性,却能通过激活细胞内广泛的酶谱,调控细胞的基本功能。二价阳离子竞争性地取代Ca~(2+)的结合后能影响CaM活性,组织内还存在有CaM的内源性抑制因子,竞争性地与CaM结合而抑制CaM的活性。CaM与靶酶的相互作用也能被很多药物所抑制,这或许与药物的作用机制有关。     

北京鸭脑钙调素的分离纯化和性质的研究

钙调素(Calmodulin,简称CaM)是一种多生理功能的调节蛋白,在脑的功能活动中有重要作用。本文采用苯基琼脂糖(phenyl-Sepharose CL 4B)层析和葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex G-50)过滤法,从北京鸭脑中分离纯化出CaM。纯化的CaM经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和等电聚焦(IEF)电泳鉴定均为一条区带。分子量为19kD,等电点(pI)为4.15,消光系数为1.83。 对纯化的鸭脑CaM的活性和性质进行了研究。它可明显地激活牛环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶活性,在有Ca~(2+)存在的条件下,SDS-PAGE中出现电泳迁移速度的改变,紫外吸收光谱具有已知CaM特有的吸收多峰形,并观察了Ca~(2+)对荧光发射光谱的影响。其氨基酸组成中,1/3是酸性氨基酸,苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸的比例为8:2。与猪CaM和牛CaM的物理化学性质作了比较。     

采用GFP标记技术研究钙调蛋白在活细胞中与细胞周期相关的分布

采用融合绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)和钙调蛋白 (CaM)的方法来研究钙调蛋白在细胞周期不同阶段的分布 .首先 ,发现CaM在细胞内的分布随细胞周期的不同而改变 .CaM在G1期主要分布于细胞质中 ,在S期开始向细胞核内转移 ,并于G2期高度集中于细胞核内 .其次 ,G2期细胞核内的CaM似乎与有丝分裂的启动有关 ,因为此时抑制CaM的活性可同时抑制核膜破裂及染色质凝缩 .最后 ,发现在进入有丝分裂后 ,CaM主要集中于纺锤体靠近两极的地方 .此时 ,抑制CaM的活性会引起纺锤体结构的破坏 .同时讨论了CaM的这些特异性分布与细胞周期调控之间的关系 .     

酸枣仁皂甙A与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

文中报导了本实验室最近发现的一种新型钙调蛋白(CaM)天然拮抗剂——酸枣仁皂甙A,它能显著地抑制CaM活化PDE的活力.为研究它与CaM间的相互作用,本实验还制备了与天然CaM具有相同激活PDE能力的丹磺酰钙调蛋白(D-CaM).D-CaM的荧光光谱研究表明,酸枣仁甙A的加入诱导CaM分子的疏水位点更加暴露,从而增强丹磺酰基团的荧光发射量子产率.桔抗剂与CaM间的结合是绝对依赖Ca~(2 )的.荧光滴定的结果证明此结合的解离常数为2.8μM.酸枣仁皂甙A能进一步加强三氟啦嗪(TFP)所诱导的D-CaM荧光增强.这结果暗示,它不与TFP竞l争CaM上相同的结合位点.     

磷酸化和脱磷酸化对牛脑63kD环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶同工酶活性的调节

本文报道了CaM依赖性磷酸化和脱磷酸化对牛脑63kD PDE同工酶活性的调节作用。实验结果如下:(1)在存在Ca²⁺和CaM时,提纯的牛脑Ca²⁺/CaM-PK Ⅱ能催化牛脑63kD PDE同工酶磷酸化。最大磷酸参入量是1mol/mo1亚基;(2)在Ni²⁺和CaM存在时,提纯的牛脑钙调神经磷酸酶能催化磷酸化型63kDPDE同工酶脱磷酸化;(3)CaH²⁺对磷酸化型63kD PDE同工酶的半激活浓度(AC₅₀)高于非磷酸化型。     

Increased Concentrations of 3-Hydroxykynurenine in Vitamin B6 Deficient Neonatal Rat Brain

Increased concentrations of the endogenous tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) were measured in the brains of vitamin B6 deficient neonatal rats. Mean concentrations of 3-HK in B6 deficient cerebellum, corpus striatum, frontal cortex, and pons/medulla ranged from 9.7 to 18.6 and 102 to 142 nmol/g of wet tissue at 14 and 18 days of age, respectively. 3-HK was not significantly increased in control neonatal or adult rat brain, vitamin B6 deficient rat brain at 7 days of age, or in brains from adult rats deprived of vitamin B6 for 58 days. The administration of daily intraperitoneal injections of vitamin B6 from the 14th to the 18th day of age decreased the concentration of 3-HK to control levels. 3-HK has been shown by other investigators to produce seizures when injected into the cerebral ventricles of adult rodents. Thus, our studies show the accumulation in brain of a putative endogenous convulsant as the result of a nutritional deficiency.     

Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Developing Chick Retina and Brain

Abstract: The development of cytoplasmic glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity in chick neural retina is compared with that in brain. GPDH converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate, an intermediate in phospholipid synthesis. The enzyme is known to be under corticosteroid control in rat brain and spinal cord (but not muscle or liver) and in primary oligodendrocyte cultures. It has not been previously studied in the eye. In chick brain the GDPH specific activity rises fivefold from the early embryo to the adult, with nearly all the increase occurring between embryonic day 14 and hatching. This time course correlates well with the known maturation of chick adrenal cortex (which produces corticosteroids). On the other hand, in chick retina the GPDH specific activity remains at a low basal level throughout development. Furthermore, adult rat and beef retinas show much lower enzyme activity than do the corresponding brain tissues. GPDH can be induced precociously by hydrocortisone in embryonic chick brain from days 12 through 16, both in the intact embryo and in tissue culture; however, GPDH is not at all inducible in chick retina. The developmental increase in chick brain GPDH can be correlated qualitatively with myelin formation, as shown by luxol fast blue staining, whereas no myelin is seen in retina at any age. Our results are consistent with recent immunocytochemical studies demonstrating that GPDH in rat brain is associated with myelin-producing oligodendroglial cells, absent in retina. In comparison, another glial enzyme, glutamine synthetase (GS), known to be inducible in both chick brain and retina, is localized in brain astrocytes and retinal Müller cells.     

Toxic effects of phencyclidine on developing chick embryo brain

We studied the effects of Phencyclidine (PCP, Angel Dust) on the developing chick embryo brain. In Group-1, the eggs were injected with PCP on the 7th day of incubation and the embryo brains were studied on the 10th day. In Group-2, eggs were injected twice; first on the 7th day and then on the 10th day of incubation. Group-2 brains were then studied on the 16th day of incubation. PCP significantly depressed the development of embryo brains. Cerebral hemisphere weight, total protein and total DNA were significantly lower on day 10 of incubation in Group-1. Similar results were observed in Group-2. Concomitantly, the concentration of brain serotonin at day 10 was also significantly reduced when PCP was injected into the eggs on the 7th day of incubation. Since serotonin has been reported to influence development of the chick embryo brain, the present finding of the effect of PCP on brain development might be a secondary phenomenon. The possible implications of the effects of PCP on human brain development are also discussed.     

Effect of salt loading in the rat on adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activity in kidney cortex, medulla and papilla.

Adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities were studied in the cortex, medulla and papilla of the rat kidney. Sodium loading in vivo for 14 days resulted in a decrease of AC activity in the cortex, a small increase in the medulla and a substantial increase of AC activity in the papilla. Sodium loading caused reciprocal effects on PDE activity: an increase in kidney cortex and a decrease in kidney papilla. Loading of glucose in vivo or chronic administration of antidiuretic hormone in vivo did not cause the changes in AC or PDE observed after sodium loading. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.     

牛脑Ca~(2+)/CaM依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ的纯化和鉴定

通过一系列层析法,首次从牛脑纯化得到胶凝电泳匀一的Ca~(2+)/CaM PKⅡ。凝胶过滤法测定全酶分子量为550kD,SDS-PAGE法测定亚基分子量为55kD,推测牛脑Ca~(2+)/CaM PK Ⅱ由十个相同的亚基组成。该酶活性绝对依赖于Ca~(2+)和CaM,以63kD PDE同工酶为底物,其AC_(50)分别为0.85μmol/L和0.18μmol/L;以酪蛋白为底物,其AC_(50)分别为0.22μmol/L和0.06μmol/L。牛脑Ca~(2+)/CaM PK Ⅱ旣能催化63kD PDE同工酶等多种蛋白或酶磷酸化,又能进行自身磷酸化。该酶催化63kD PDE同工酶最大磷酸参入量为1mol/mol亚基。磷酸化型63kD PDE同工酶的Ca~(2+)的AC_(50)高于非磷酸化型。     

Distribution and biochemical effects of pentylenetetrazol in brains of swine treated with a polychlorinated biphenyl

In order to detect an effect on the CNS following treatment with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was administered to two groups of miniature swine. One group was a control and the other had been treated for 30 days with Aroclor 1254 (PCB) at a dose of 25 μg/kg in ground laboratory chow. No statistical difference was seen between the amount of PTZ administered or the time required to convulse for either group of animals. The total amount of PTZ found in brains of PCB-treated swine was less than from brains of control swine. Less PTZ was found in medulla and cerebellum from PCB-treated animals. The amount of PTZ found in motor cortex and in caudate nucleus from brains of PCB-treated swine was equal to the amounts found in similar structures of control brains. A 2–3-fold increase in dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) levels was detected in motor cortex and medulla from PCB-treated animals, although levels of norepinephrine (NE) and gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) were unchanged from controls. It is concluded that PCB treatment had no effect on altering convulsive threshold of PTZ in swine, although PCB treatment does decrease the amount of PTZ in swine brains. Non-specific alterations in brain amine levels were also seen in PCB-treated swine.     

Characteristics of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterases in two types of cultured cells from embryonic chick brain

Cells that were mechanically dissociated from the brains of 7-day-old chick embryos were grown in culture for 7–8 days. Two major cell populations were observed: (1) cells that aggregated and sent out processes, (2) flat cells that proliferated rapidly and formed a confluent layer by day 4 of culture. Many of the cells of the first type had the morphological, histochemical and biochemical attributes of neurons. They possessed choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChEs) activities. The flat cells possessed neither of the activities, but did have butyrylcholinesterase (BuChEs) activity and a choline independent acetylase activity (CIA) that may be carnitine acetyltransferase.The activities of ChAc and AChEs in the cultured neurons increased approximately 9-fold and 5-fold, respectively, over an 8-day period. The patterns of change of these enzymes were not unlike those seen in vivo in intact developing chick brain.The addition of thyroxine (10^?6M) to these cultures increased the activities of neuronal AChEs and flat cell BuChEs by 30–70%.     

Ontogeny, regional distribution and properties of thyroid-hormone receptors in the developing chick brain

Studies on the thyroid-hormone receptors in the nuclei of developing chick brain revealed a single class of binding sites for tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) at all embryonic and adult ages. High-affinity [Ka = (1.85-3.3) X 10(9)M-1 and (0.3-0.6 X 10(9)M-1 for T3 and T4 respectively] receptors were detected in the brain as early as day 7 of embryonic development; their level increased progressively rapidly until day 13, and thereafter the value remained essentially constant during development. Occupancy of the receptor site with endogenous hormone was 75-90% at 7-11 days, 50-60% during the late phase of embryogenesis (13-17 days), and 80% after hatching. Comparison of the binding properties of the receptors with T3 and T4 indicates that, although the binding capacities per nucleus are almost identical, T4 has four to five times less binding affinity than T3. The half-lives of dissociation of solubilized T3- receptor complexes were 20-30h between 0 degrees and 7 degrees C, about 4h at 20 degrees C and less than 15 min at 37 degrees C. Studies of the regional distribution of receptors in the brain indicate that cerebrum has the highest concentration of T3 receptors (4000-7000 sites per nucleus); this concentration is 2-4-fold higher than that in the cerebellum, optic lobe or medulla oblongata. The overall results indicate that between 7 and 13 days of embryonic development the thyroid-hormone receptors in the embryonic chick brain, particularly in the cerebrum, assume a very high level and appear to be mostly saturated with endogenous hormone. This, and the temporal correspondence of the phenomenon with the period of neuronal growth and synaptogenesis, strongly indicate the influence of the hormone in the maturation of the developing brain.     

Developmental Changes in the NGF Content in the Brain of Young,Growing, Low-Birth-Weight Rats

The NGF content in each region of the brain of four-week-old rats was ranked in the decreasing order of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, midbrain/diencephalon, and pons/medulla ob-longata, and the NGF concentration, in the decreasing order of hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain/diencephalon, and pons/medulla oblongata in both AFD and SFD groups. The NGF content and concentration in the cerebral cortex were about the same value at each age between those in the AFD and SFD groups. Those in the hippocampus were a little higher in the SFD group than in the AFD group at the ages of three and four weeks, unlike those in the other regions, where the values for the cerebellum, midbrain/diencephalon and pons/medulla oblongata tended to be somewhat higher in the AFD group than in the SFD group. The NGF concentrations in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex increased with growth: the concentration in the hippocampus at four weeks of age was about 4-fold of that at one week in the AFD group and about 5.7-fold of that at one week in the SFD group; and likewise the concentration in the cerebral cortex at four weeks of age was about 5.3-fold in the AFD group and about 7-fold in the SFD group. The NGF concentrations in the cerebellum decreased, and those in midbrain/diencephalon and pons/medulla oblongata hardly changed with growth in either AFD or SFD group. From these results NGF may have stronger implications for the neuronal growth in the hippocampus compared with those in the lower brain regions of the SFD rats.     

Developmental and regional distribution of aspartoacylase in rat brain tissue

The function of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), a predominant molecule in the brain, has not yet been determined. However, NAA is commonly used as a putative marker of viable neurones. To investigate the possible function of NAA, we determined the anatomical, developmental and cellular distribution of aspartoacylase, which catalyses the hydrolysis of NAA. Levels of aspartoacylase activity were measured during postnatal development in several brain regions. The differential distribution of aspartoacylase activity in purified populations of cells derived from the rat CNS was also investigated. The developmental and anatomical distribution of aspartoacylase correlated with the maturation of white matter tracts in the rat brain. Activity increased markedly after 7 days and coincided with the time course for the onset of myelination in the rat brain. Gray matter showed little activity or developmental trend. There was a 60-fold excess in optic nerve (a white matter tract) when compared with cortex at 21 days of development. In the adult brain there was a 18-fold difference in corpus callosum compared with cortex (stripped of corpus callosum). Cellular studies demonstrated that purified cortical neurons and cerebellar granular neurones have no activity. Primary O-2A progenitor cells had moderate activity, with three-fold higher activity in immature oligodendrocyte and 13-fold increase in mature oligodendrocytes (myelinating cells of the CNS). The highest activity was seen in type-2 astrocytes (20-fold difference compared with O-2A progenitors) derived from the same source. Aspartoacylase activity increased with time in freshly isolated astrocytes, with significantly higher activity after 15 days in culture. We conclude that aspartoacylase activity in the developing postnatal brain corresponds with maturation of myelination, and that the cellular distribution is limited to glial cells.