中国特有属藤山柳属(猕猴桃科)植物的叶表皮形态及其分类学意义

由于形态特征变异和地理分布区域存在重叠,中国特有属藤山柳属(猕猴桃科)的物种划分问题长期以来存在争议,曾被分为20种或修订为含1种4个亚种的单型属。该研究选取了在形态和地理分布上有代表性的29个居群的184份标本,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了叶表皮形态和微形态特征,以探讨它们的分类学意义。结果表明:(1)藤山柳属植物叶表皮毛被的形态和微形态特征有3类,即光滑-短柱状毛、刚毛-长柱状毛/长刺毛、绒毛-单列多细胞毛,且这些特征在居群间差异明显,并各具明显的地理分布格局,支持把藤山柳属分为3类,即光滑类、刚毛类和绒毛类。(2)3类藤山柳植物在个别居群表现出部分同域分布现象,在峨眉山不同海拔高度的3个居群存在垂直地带性分布特点。(3)藤山柳属植物叶表皮的其他形态特征,如不规则型表皮细胞、6类气孔器、叶表皮初级蜡质纹饰以网状隆起为主,伴随着2～4类次级纹饰,在居群间变化多样等均没有明显的分类学意义。(4)由于具有相同的叶表皮形态特征和地理分布,建议把繁花藤山柳合并到绒毛藤山柳,故支持藤山柳属是1个正处于分化进程中的单型属,包括1个种3个亚种。     

中国特有属藤山柳属 (猕猴桃科) 的花粉形态及其分类学意义

摘要：藤山柳属Clematoclethra为中国特有属,属内物种划分争议颇大。利用扫描电镜观察了该属14个居群的花粉形态,结果表明藤山柳属的花粉为小粒花粉,多为圆球形,具三拟孔沟,根据外壁纹饰可分为皱波状花粉、颗粒状花粉和细疣状花粉3种类型。花粉类型与植株毛被特征有一定相关性,对澄清藤山柳属的分类问题具有一定意义。     

重订藤山柳属的分类——续谈植物分类学工作方法

藤山柳属Clematoclethra(猕猴桃科)是中国特有属之一。本文作者研究了该属植物的外部形态,统计了473张标本,结合地理分布,得出本属是一个单种属,并且是一个多型种的结论。此种分为4个亚种。这与中国植物志的作者将本属分为20种和4变种不同。 本文作者虽强调标本室分类是生物系统学研究的基础,是必不可少的一步,但这种分类,其方法上必须根据大量标本,从研究性状变异开始,然后确定各分类群的划分和等级,最后才根据植物命名法规的模式方法,给予它们正确名称。作者还根据本属的姊妹群猕猴桃属和它们的外类群水东哥属的地理分布,推断本属是一个新特有属。     

广西杨桐属和定心藤属二新种

1　凹萼杨桐　新种　图 1ＡｄｉｎａｎｄｒａｒｅｔｕｓａＤ .ＦａｎｇｅｔＤ .Ｈ .Ｑｉｎ ,ｓｐ .ｎｏｖ .Ｆｉｇ .1ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓＡ ｇｒａｎｄｉＬ .Ｋ .Ｌｉｎｇｓｉｍｉｌｉｓ ,ｓｅｄｆｏｌｉｏｒｕｍｌａｍｉｎｉｓｃｒａｓｓｅｃｏｒｉａｃｅｉｓ,ｐｅｄｉｃｅｌｌｉｓｆｒｕｃｔｉｆｅｒｉｓｊｕｖｅｎｔｕｔｅｒｏｂｕｓｔ ｉｓ ,ｓｅｐａｌｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｓｔｅｎｔｉｂｕｓｍｉｎｏｒｉｂｕｓ 3- 4ｍｍｌｏｎｇｉｓｅｔ 4 - 5ｍｍｌａｔｉｓ ,ｆｒｕｃｔｉｓｊｕｖｅｎｔｕｔｅ 3 ｌｏｃｕｌａｔｉｓ,ｓｔｙｌｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｓ…     

中国鹅绒藤属(萝藦科)植物研究进展

从分类历史、地理分布、实验生物学研究等方面综述了中国鹅绒藤属(萝藦科)植物的研究进展,并就该属植物分类、实验生物学、种质资源保护与开发利用等未来研究方向和重点提出了建议。     

毒药树属的核型及其系统学意义

研究了单型属毒药树属Sladerua的核型,并与被认为有关的狭义山茶科、厚皮香科和猕猴桃科等进行了核型比较。毒药树属的体细胞中期染色体数目为2n=48,核型公式2n=4x=48=4M 36m 8sm,核型为2A型,没有发现随体和次缢痕。体细胞间期核为浓密分散型,前期核为中间型。结果表明,毒药树属与相关类群不但在染色体基数上有差异,而且在染色体大小、核型、间期核、前期核以及随体的有无等方面都不尽相同。研究结果不支持目前分子研究的观点,即把毒药树属放在厚皮香科,且认为它与猕猴桃科和狭义山茶科的亲缘关系也较远。     

国产广义飞蛾藤属(旋花科)植物种子表面微形态及其分类学意义

首次报道用扫描电镜观察的国产广义飞蛾藤局10种1变种植物的种子表面微形态特征。该属种子表面微形态特征可分为两大类型,其中I类型又可细分为3个亚型。除模式种Porana volubilis Burm.f.外,广义飞蛾藤属的种子表面微形态特征较为一致。因此,种子表面微形态特征不支持将广义飞蛾藤属拆分为4属或5属。研究结果显示,种子表面微形态在作为属内种的分类鉴别特征具有一定价值,如种子表面微形态支持保留毛果飞蛾藤的变种等级。将种子表面微形态与该广义属的花粉形态,以及宏观形态学特征进行对比分析,结果表明,广义飞蛾藤属种子表面微形态在属下等级的划分上没有很大价值。此外,鉴于P.volubilis Burm.I.具特殊的种子表面微形态特征,该种与广义飞蛾藤属属内其余种的关系值得进一步深入研究。     

猕猴桃属花粉形态及其系统学意义

由于天然种间杂交,猕猴桃属Actinidia Lindl.的分类存在着组间界限不清、近缘种之间很难区分的问题。本文试图通过对该属不同组、系的植物花粉及种间杂交后代花粉的扫描电镜观察,探讨该属物种的系统学关系。在扫描电镜下观察了猕猴桃属植物21种、 6变种和4个不同种间杂交F1代植株的花粉,描述了它们的花粉形态,并根据花粉形态特征建立了相应的检索表。研究结果表明：（1）猕猴桃属的花粉形状主要以长球形至近球形为主,变异较小,而花粉粒大小和外壁纹饰的种间差异较大。（2）多数迁地保护物种的花粉粒以三孔沟为主,不同于以前报道的以三拟孔沟为主,原因可能是花粉样本采集地的环境不一样,以及野外的广泛杂交造成的。（3）种间杂交后代花粉空瘪,无授粉能力,是由于所采用亲本植株染色体的倍性不同,后代不能产生正常花粉所致。（4）人工选育雄株花粉外壁纹饰较野生雄株花粉的精细,这种花粉外壁纹饰变小的特征可能有利于雌雄异株植物的授粉受精。这一现象值得进一步探讨。（5）雄株花粉大小与其雌株果实大小之间有一定相关性,这一现象有助于杂交后代的早期筛选。     

中国清风藤属Sabia Colebr.(清风藤科)的订正

归并了清风藤属5个名称,Sabia campanulata Wall.ex Roxb.var,kingiana Nayar et Majumder处理为S.campanulata Wall.ex Roxb。的异名,S.metcalfiana L.Chen处理为S.leptandra Hook.f.et Thoms.的异名,S.longruiensis X.X.Chen et D.R,Ling和S.swinhoei Hemsl.ex Forbes et Hemsl.ex FOrb.et Hemsl。的异名,S.nervosa Chun ex Y.F.Wu处理为S.coriacea Rehd.et Wils.的异名,订正了缅甸清风藤S.burmania L.chen在中国有分布的错误报道。     

基于分子证据确认秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属(夹竹桃科)的系统位置

秦岭藤属(Biondia Schltr.)是中国特有属,约13种,驼峰藤属(Merrillanthus Chun&Tsiang)是仅在我国与柬埔寨分布的单种属,目前两个属均被归并到白前属(Vincetoxicum Wolf),由于取样和系统发育分析尚存一些欠缺,因此其系统位置和归属尚需进一步确认。该文使用2个核糖体基因序列片段(ITS、ETS)、5个叶绿体基因序列片段(psbA-trnH、trnG、trnL、trnL-F、trnT-L),以及二者的合并数据,重建娃儿藤亚族(Tylophorinae)(包含属的模式秦岭藤[B.chinensis Schltr.=V.shaanxiense(Schltr.) Meve&Liede]与驼峰藤[M.hainanensis Chun&Tsiang=V.hainanense(Chun&Tsiang) Meve, H. H. Kong&Liede])的系统发育树。结果表明：秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属均包含在白前属中,秦岭藤与青龙藤[B.henryi(Warb.) Tsiang&Li=V.henryi(Warb....     

A Study on the Pollen Morphology of Actinidiaceae and Its Systematic Position

1. The pollen morphology (Table 2) of 23 species and 3 genera (Actinidia, Clematoclethra and Saurauia) were examined under microscope. Among them 10 species were also observed under SEM and 3 species also under TEM. Comparative studies on the Actinidiaceae and its relative families, Theaceae (9 species and 7 genera) and Clethraceae (1 species and 1 genus), were also made. 2. The observation (Table 3) shows that Saurauia differs from Actinidia and Clematoclethra in a number of important features. Hutchinson's and Takhtajan's systems suggest that Saurauiaceae is an independent family, and the observation by the present author is in accord with this view. Pollen morphology also shows the close relationship between Actinidia and Clematoclethra, and therefore they belong to the same family, Actinidiaceae. 3. The comparative analysis of morphological, palynological, embryological and chemical data (Table 4) may shed light on systematic position of Actinidiaceae. There are several morphological similarities between Actinidiaceae and Theaceae: flowers hypogynous, syncarpous, and mostly with free petals; aestivation of sequals quincuncial; gynoecia composed of 3 to many carpels; styles united or free; placentation mostly axile, ovules numerous; stamens basifixed or versatile; anthers with a prominent endothecium; fruits often baccate or capsular; and pollen tricolporoidate. In Actinidiaceae, however, the ovule is unitegmic, endosperm-development cellular, weak terminal haustoria developing at both ends of the embryo sac. The embryological characteristics of the family under discussion are similar to those of Cletheraceae. With systematic position of the family Actinidiaceae, we tend to support Cronquist's view (1981). The embryological similarity shows that they are closely related to each other. 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珍稀濒危植物十齿花属的花药发育和雄配子体发生及其系统学意义

十齿花属（Dipentodon）为东亚特有单型属,是国家二级保护植物,其系统位置长期有争议。本研究连续三年的野外观察结果表明十齿花（Dipentodon sinicus）的结籽率较低（4.31%）。同时利用常规石蜡制片技术,观察了十齿花的花药发育和雄配子体发育过程。十齿花的花药四室,花药壁发育类型为基本型。成熟花药壁有6层,由表皮,药室内壁,2层中层和2层绒毡层组成,绒毡层为腺质绒毡层。花药成熟时,纤维状加厚发生于药室内壁,便于花药开裂散粉。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的孢质分裂方式为同时型,小孢子四分体多为四面体型,稀左右对称型。成熟花粉粒为二细胞型,具3孔沟。在小孢子发育的减数分裂、小孢子四分体和二细胞型花粉时期,观察到发育不正常的现象,分别占40%、48%和36%。通过与其他亲缘类群的胚胎学特征比较,支持最新分子系统学把它独立成科,放在十齿花目的观点。雄配子体发育过程中,十齿花存在着花粉败育现象,这可能是导致其结实率低的原因之一。     

The cytology of Actinidia, Saurauia and Clematoclethra (Actinidiaceae)

Meiosis and mitosis of six Chinese Actinidiaceae were studied: Saurauia tristyla DC., S. miniata C. F. Liang & Y. S. Wang, Actinidia chinensis Plach., A. deliciosa (Cheval.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson, A. indochinensis Merr. and Clematoclethra lasioclada Maxim. The chromosome numbers of Saurauia tristyla and S. miniata were 2 n  = 6 x  = 78, establishing a base chromosome number of x  = 13 in the genus, differing from the previous report of x  = 15. The chromosome number of Clematoclethra was first reported to be 2 n  = 4 x  = 48 ( x  = 12), while that of Actinidia was x  = 29, consistent with previous reports. The base chromosome number of Clematoclethra ( x  = 12) was derived from an aneuploid decrease from Saurauia ( x  = 13). Actinidia (x  = 29) was derived from the palaeotetraploid ( x  = 14), which was formed through the increase of the basic chromosome number x  = 13 to x  = 14 by aneuploidy and through the breakage of a centromere to add one more new chromosome. The chromosome data in Actinidia were consistent with the geographical and morphological evidence for the evolution of the three genera. The tropical American and Asian disjunct distribution pattern and the diversity of base chromosome numbers of Saurauia further support the probability that the genus was an early divergent from a common ancestor of Actinidia and Clematoclethra .  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 147 , 369–374.     

Pollen-pistil interaction in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa; Actinidiaceae)

The pollen-pistil interaction has been examined in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). In this species a large number of seeds are produced in each fruit and a great many pollen grains germinate and grow to reach the ovules. This growth is assisted by an abundant secretion that is present all along the pistilar tract. At anthesis, the stigma is covered by a secretion where the pollen grains germinate and grow. The stylar transmitting tissue is initially rich in starch reserves, but the starch gradually disappears and, concomitantly, an abundant secretion that stains for carbohydrates appears in all of the intercellular spaces. Pollen tube growth relies on this secretion since it is depleted after pollen tube passage, while in unpollinated flowers it remains unaltered throughout the flower life-span. In the ovary a similar situation occurs. The placental surface, where the pollen tubes grow before reaching the ovules, is covered by a number of obturators. At anthesis, these obturators are rich in starch reserves and have an abundant secretion on their outer surface. As time passes, starch disappears while the secretion increases. It is in this secretion that the pollen tubes grow on their way toward the ovules. These observations are discussed in terms of the support given by the pistil to pollen tube growth to achieve the highly successful reproductive performance of this species.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Clematoclethra scandens (Actinidiaceae)

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite makers were developed for Clematoclethra scandens to investigate its population genetics and speciation. ? Methods and Results: A total of 36 microsatellite markers were isolated using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats (FIASCO) method. Their polymorphisms were assessed in two natural populations. The results showed that 30 markers displayed prominent polymorphisms and six markers were monomorphic. ? Conclusions: These microsatellite loci will facilitate further studies on population genetics and speciation of C. scandens.     

硬毛猕猴桃（猕猴桃科）名称后选模式的指定

根据对保存于中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆（PE）合模式标本的研究,对硬毛猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. hispida C. F. Liang)的名称作后选模式指定。     

Anatomy and morphology of Behnia (Behniaceae) and its relationships within Lilianae: Asparagales

The vegetative and floral anatomy, morphology, embryology and seedlings of Behnia reticulata (Thunb.) Didr. are described, and the relationships of the recently described endemic southern African monocot family Behniaceae Reveal are discussed. Recent molecular studies place the family with the Agavaceae, Hostaceae, Anthericaceae, Herreriaceae and Ane-marrhenaceae. Behnia shows some morphological similarities with this clade, such as the woody shrub habit, a secondary thickening meristem in the rhizomes, small flowers and baccate fruits; but differs in several features, such as reticulate leaf venation, cryptodioecious flowers and seeds lacking phytomelan. Embryologically, the Behniaceae agree with the other members of their clade, although there are no clear synapomorphies by which the group may be defined from other Asparagalean clades.