用风油精预处理制备植物染色体标本的新方法

目前,在植物细胞染色体的研究工作中,常用的染色体预处理药物为秋水仙素、对二氯苯、α-溴萘和8-羟基喹啉等。我们经过多次对水稻、绿豆等小型染色体植物的摸索,发现风油精也可作为一种新的植物染色体预处理药物。水稻、绿豆的根尖经风油精预处理后,可以省去常规的酸解压片和酶解去壁低渗步骤而直接捣碎涂片,制得的标本可获得良好的染色体图象。我们将这一方法称为风油精法。何凤发等将此法加以改进应用于高梁、芝麻和荞麦等小型染色体植物中也得到了满意的结果。因而,风油精法比较适合于小型染色体植物的染色体标本制备。本文介绍这一新方法。     

植物减数分裂染色体配对与染色体组分析的研究进展

简要介绍了植物减数分裂染色体配对研究。综述了减数分裂染色体配对研究在鉴定异源易位系、确定多倍体物种类型、分析物种间亲缘关系和物种的染色体组来源及探讨杂种不育的细胞遗传学机制等诸多方面的应用进展。分析了影响染色体配对的主要因素, 如配对控制体系、遗传背景和外界环境条件等,并展望了染色体配对研究与其他技术结合在染色体组分析中的应用前景。     

植物减数分裂染色体配对与染色体组分析的研究进展

简要介绍了植物减数分裂染色体配对研究.综述了减数分裂染色体配对研究在鉴定异源易位系、确定多倍体物种类型、分析物种间亲缘关系和物种的染色体组来源及探讨杂种不育的细胞遗传学机制等诸多方面的应用进展.分析了影响染色体配对的主要因素,如配对控制体系、遗传背景和外界环境条件等,并展望了染色体配对研究与其他技术结合在染色体组分析中的应用前景.     

减数分裂中染色体不分离与染色体病

人类细胞减数分裂是精卵形成过程中的重要阶段。它包括染色体的一次复制 ,细胞的两次连续的分裂以及同源染色体配对、交换 ,同源染色体分离 ,姐妹染色单体分离等一系列复杂的过程。在细胞分裂进入中、后期时 ,如果其一对同源染色体或两姐妹染色单体未分别向两极移动 ,却同时进入一个子细胞中 ,结果细胞分裂所形成的两个子细胞中 ,一个将因染色体数目增多而形成超二倍体 ,一个则由于染色体数目减少而形成亚二倍体。这一过程称染色体不分离 (ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍａｌｎｏｎ -ｄｉｓｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ) ,从而引起配子中染色体数目异常 ,产生非整…     

减数分裂实验材料的优化与染色体制备技术改进

“优化”的实验材料是遗传学实验教学达到预期目标的必备条件之一,蝗虫精子形成中的减数分裂是比较好的观察减数分裂的材料之一。分别从蝗虫品种、捕捉时间、精细管取材位置等方面优化实验材料,同时通过改进染色技术提高染色体制片效果,有利于学生更有效地理解减数分裂的概念以及各个分裂时期染色体特征,牢固掌握遗传学基本定律。     

濒危植物矮沙冬青减数分裂期染色体行为的观察

用涂片法和酶解法,观察了濒危植物矮沙冬青的减数分裂过程。在减数分裂双线期末或终变期初,可以观察到9个二价体,在中期Ⅰ末至后期Ⅰ初,同源染色体基本排列在赤道板上,然后在纺锤丝的牵引下二价体的两条同源染色体分开,分别移向两极,每一极有9条染色体,从而确认该属植物的染色体基数为x=9。在矮沙冬青减数分裂过程中,没有发现染色体有异常行为,认为其小孢子形成过程正常。因此认为矮沙冬青濒危不是染色体行为异常和小孢子发育不正常而造成的。     

过塑制作和保存植物蜡叶标本

多年来,我们一直组织学生采集和制作植物蜡叶标本,并从中选取一些做为直观教具,以加强课堂直观教学,调动学生的积极性。在实践过程中,我们从照相馆利用过塑机给相片过塑能很好地保存照片这一点受到启发,利用过塑机给植物蜡叶标本过塑,效果很好。这类型标本不仅形态清晰、平展、美观大方,而且牢固,密封性好,易于保存,在教学中运用,受到学生们的欢迎。现介绍具体做法如下: 1、根据教学内容和要求,将采集来的各类植物标本给予整理、压制、干燥。 2、把干燥处理后的标本,用万能胶将标本固定在台纸上,安放标本时要注意科学     

中国跳虫染色体和雄性减数分裂的首次观察

利用整体压片法 ,对分别隶属于球角科和长角科的两种跳虫似微小球角 (Hypogastruraadex ilis (Stach ,196 4 ) )和曲毛裸长 (SinellacurvisetaBrook 1889)的染色体进行了首次观察。发现似微小球角单倍染色体数目n =7,雄性有 13条染色体 ,雌性有 14条 ,为XO型性别决定 ;曲毛裸长n =6 ,雄性 2n =11,雌性 2n =12 ,同样为XO型性别决定。还记述了雄性似微小球角的减数分裂过程 :在分裂前期 ,同源染色体进行配对 ;部分同源染色体发生交叉 ,部分仅末端相连 ;早后期Ⅰ ,当常染色体向两极移动时 ,性染色体仍滞后于赤道板中央。     

大壁虎的染色体及减数分裂联会复合体的研究

大壁虎(Gekko gecko)的染色体数目为2n=38,核型由2对中着丝粒(Nos.1.4.)、3对亚中着丝粒(Nos.2.3.5)及14对端着丝粒和亚端着丝粒(Nos.6—19)染色体组成。一对核仁组织者(NOR_s),位于第7对端着丝粒染色体的末端。同时,本文还对大壁虎的减数分裂以及联会复合体(S.C)的结构和组型,进行了详细的观察和分析。     

小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS 易位染色体和外源染色体在两个三属杂种中的减数分裂行为

利用荧光原位杂交技术分析了两个小麦-外源种杂种花粉母细胞中1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体和外源染色体包括中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & DR Dewey)、簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur)染色体的减数分裂行为. 我们首次发现:在减数分裂后期, 1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体发生错分裂,形成两个易位染色单体. 这种错分裂导致易位染色单体在末期Ⅰ分配到两个正在形成的细胞核内,错分裂的易位染色单体进一步形成微核,并在四分体期观察到黑麦的微核出现.从贵农22×遗4095 的F2代植株中检测到一个2n=41的植株,其含有一对1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体,核型分析表明,其中一条黑麦染色体臂比另一条的黑麦染色体臂短1/3左右.在遗4212×遗4095的F2代中检测到一个具有中间偃麦草染色体小片段易位到小麦染色体端粒部分的小麦-中间偃麦草易位植株.这可能是由于在减数分裂过程中发生非均等分裂导致小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位染色体的黑麦染色体段臂缺失1/3及小麦-中间偃麦草非罗伯逊易位.在两个杂种F2植株中,中间偃麦草染色体分布频率为39.6%, 簇毛麦染色体分布频率为43.4%, 1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体分布频率分别为51.8%和56.6%.实验结果表明,1BL/1RS 小麦-黑麦易位染色体与外源染色体包括中间偃麦草、簇毛麦染色体在减数分裂过程中没有相互作用.小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS易位染色体在减数分裂过程中可以发生错分裂,并导致杂种后代黑麦染色体臂发生缺失.这对于培育以小麦为背景含有不同长度的黑麦1R染色体短臂的种质及小麦-外源染色体非罗伯逊易位的小片段易位系具有指导意义.     

荧光原位杂交分析小麦-簇毛麦杂种减数分裂与染色体易位

利用基因组ＤＮＡ荧光原位杂交技术详细地研究了小麦－簇毛麦杂种染色体的减数分裂和配对行为,结果表明,在中期Ⅰ,小麦和簇毛麦染色体多呈两个单价体,在０．３％的ＰＭＣ中小麦与簇毛麦染色体发生配对;在后期Ⅰ时,单价体错分裂频率为３２．７％－３７．５％,另有０．７％的小麦－簇毛麦染色体重组易位出现;后期Ⅱ时,断列染色体的频率为２０．５％－２２．４％,还发现有０．８２％－１．７２％的自发易位染色体形成,此外,     

Crossover Position Drives Chromosome Remodeling for Accurate Meiotic Chromosome Segregation

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Meiotic Transverse Filament Proteins: Essential for Crossing Over

Meiosis is a specialized set of two nuclear divisions, meiosis I and II, by which a diploid cell produces four haploid daughters. After premeiotic DNA replication, homologous chromosomes pair and recombine, and then disjoin at meiosis I. Subsequently, at meiosis II, the sister chromatids of each chromosome segregate. In nearly all eukaryotes, meiotic chromosome pairing culminates in the formation of a ladderlike supramolecular protein structure, the synaptonemal complex (SC) (Page and Hawley, 2004). The rungs of the ladder are known as transverse filaments (TFs). Genes encoding TF proteins have been identified in a limited number of organisms, and their function has been studied by mutational analysis. Although TF proteins show little amino acid sequence conservation, their structure and function are largely conserved. In all analyzed species, TF proteins are required for meiotic reciprocal recombination (crossing over).     

水稻减数分裂染色体分析方法

减数分裂粗线期染色体研究技术的发展, 很大程度上克服了水稻(Oryza sativa)细胞遗传研究中较小染色体所带来的研究困难。减数分裂染色体的制备与观察已经成为水稻细胞遗传学研究中的常规方法。该文详细描述了水稻中常用的减数分裂染色体制备、荧光原位杂交和免疫荧光染色的实验方法。     

Pseudosynapsis and Decreased Stringency of Meiotic Repair Pathway Choice on the Hemizygous Sex Chromosome of Caenorhabditis elegans Males

During meiosis, accurate chromosome segregation relies on homology to mediate chromosome pairing, synapsis, and crossover recombination. Crossovers are dependent upon formation and repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR). In males of many species, sex chromosomes are largely hemizygous, yet DSBs are induced along nonhomologous regions. Here we analyzed the genetic requirements for meiotic DSB repair on the completely hemizygous X chromosome of Caenorhabditis elegans males. Our data reveal that the kinetics of DSB formation, chromosome pairing, and synapsis are tightly linked in the male germ line. Moreover, DSB induction on the X is concomitant with a brief period of pseudosynapsis that may allow X sister chromatids to masquerade as homologs. Consistent with this, neither meiotic kleisins nor the SMC-5/6 complex are essential for DSB repair on the X. Furthermore, early processing of X DSBs is dependent on the CtIP/Sae2 homolog COM-1, suggesting that as with paired chromosomes, HR is the preferred pathway. In contrast, the X chromosome is refractory to feedback mechanisms that ensure crossover formation on autosomes. Surprisingly, neither RAD-54 nor BRC-2 are essential for DSB repair on the X, suggesting that unlike autosomes, the X is competent for repair in the absence of HR. When both RAD-54 and the structure-specific nuclease XPF-1 are abrogated, X DSBs persist, suggesting that single-strand annealing is engaged in the absence of HR. Our findings indicate that alteration in sister chromatid interactions and flexibility in DSB repair pathway choice accommodate hemizygosity on sex chromosomes.     

水稻减数分裂染色体分析方法

减数分裂粗线期染色体研究技术的发展, 很大程度上克服了水稻(Oryza sativa)细胞遗传研究中较小染色体所带来的研究困难。减数分裂染色体的制备与观察已经成为水稻细胞遗传学研究中的常规方法。该文详细描述了水稻中常用的减数分裂染色体制备、荧光原位杂交和免疫荧光染色的实验方法。     

Meiotic studies in some selected angiosperms from the Kashmir Himalayas

As a part of our program to explore and evaluate genetic diversity of flowering plants of the Kashmir Himalayas,meiotic studies have been carried out on 150 wild species.Of these,Caltha alba (2n =32),D...     

Evidence for Paternal Age-Related Alterations in Meiotic Chromosome Dynamics in the Mouse

Increasing age in a woman is a well-documented risk factor for meiotic errors, but the effect of paternal age is less clear. Although it is generally agreed that spermatogenesis declines with age, the mechanisms that account for this remain unclear. Because meiosis involves a complex and tightly regulated series of processes that include DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulation, we postulated that the effects of age might be evident as an increase in the frequency of meiotic errors. Accordingly, we analyzed spermatogenesis in male mice of different ages, examining meiotic chromosome dynamics in spermatocytes at prophase, at metaphase I, and at metaphase II. Our analyses demonstrate that recombination levels are reduced in the first wave of spermatogenesis in juvenile mice but increase in older males. We also observed age-dependent increases in XY chromosome pairing failure at pachytene and in the frequency of prematurely separated autosomal homologs at metaphase I. However, we found no evidence of an age-related increase in aneuploidy at metaphase II, indicating that cells harboring meiotic errors are eliminated by cycle checkpoint mechanisms, regardless of paternal age. Taken together, our data suggest that advancing paternal age affects pairing, synapsis, and recombination between homologous chromosomes—and likely results in reduced sperm counts due to germ cell loss—but is not an important contributor to aneuploidy.