不同氮效率水稻品种根系生理生态指标的差异

以氮素利用效率差异大的两个水稻品种(氮高效品种南光和氮低效品种Elio)作为试验材料,设计高低两个供氮水平,在温室砂培条件下研究了不同氮效率水稻高效吸收利用氮素的根系生物学特性及生理机制.结果表明,在两个供氮水平下,氮高效水稻南光的产量均显著大于氮低效水稻,增幅在50%以上.随着供氮水平的提高,两个水稻品种植株的总吸氮量和干物质量随之增加,氮高效水稻南光的生育后期吸氮量和地上部及根系的生物量显著高于氮低效水稻Elio;氮高效水稻品种南光根系形态参数对氮素营养的响应度高于氮低效品种Elio,高氮处理下,南光较低氮处理分别增加127%(总根长)和114%(根系表面积),而Elio仅增加92%(总根长)和82%(根系表面积),而且Elio在齐穗期后根系形态参数水平下降显著;南光的根系伤流强度在拔节期较氮低效水稻Elio高出11%(1mmol L-1)和32%(5mmol L-1),灌浆期南光较Elio高出12%(1mmol L-1)和12%(5mmol L-1),差异均显著.由本试验结果可推断根系形态及根系活力的差异是造成水稻氮效率差异的重要原因之一.     

不同小麦品种(系)吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究 Ⅲ.影响利用效率的因素分析

用盆栽试验研究了12个冬小麦品种（系）在成熟期以生物学产量为基础的利用效率（UtEB=生物学产量／吸氮量）、收获系数、氮素收获系数和籽粒氮浓度对以籽粒产量为基础的利用效率（UtEG=籽粒产量／吸氮量）的影响。相关分析证明,这4个因子对UtEG的影响各不相同。无论是低氮还是高氮处理,UtEG与UtEB和收获指数呈正相关,而与籽粒氮浓度呈负相关,与氮素收获指数的相关性较差。从相关系数的高低判断,在这名个因子中,籽粒氮浓度对UtEG的影响最大,其次是UtEB和收获指数。虽然氮素收获指数与UtEG的相关性较差,但它在高氮处理的水平较低,致使利用效率（UtEG）降低。此外还分析了开花期单株顶3叶叶绿素含量与利用效率（UtEG和UtEB）的关系。开花期单株顶3叶叶绿素含量与吸氮量的比值（UtEC）因品种（系）而异,且大多数品种（系）的UtEC受供氮水平的影响小,推测该性状可能受遗传控制。相关分析表明,在低氮处理中,UtEC分别与UtEG和UtEB呈显著或极显著正相关,说明UtEC可能是导致品种间利用效率差异的内在因素之一。在高氮处理中,由于叶绿素含量不是光合作用的限制因素,UtEC与UtEG、UtEB相关性较差,对其原因的深入研究,可为采取措施提高高肥条件下的利用效率提供理论依据。     

南方水稻氮素吸收与利用效率的基因型差异及评价

 以南方籼型水稻（Oryza sativa）品种为试验材料进行大田试验,以探讨提高水稻氮素吸收与利用效率的基因型潜力。结果表明,除早季分蘖期氮素积累量、干物质生产效率和抽穗期氮素积累量以及晚季氮素运转效率外,各基因型氮素吸收与利用效率存在显著或极显著的差异,提高水稻氮素吸收与利用效率的基因型潜力很大。基因型生育期对其氮素吸收与利用效率产生重要影响,生育期较长的基因型其氮素吸收效率、稻谷和干物质生产效率以及农艺效率较高。杂交稻氮素的生产效率、农艺效率、回收效率和收获指数较常规稻高,但二系杂交稻并没有比三系杂交稻明显提高。通过排序方式对各基因型氮素吸收与利用效率进行评价的结果表明,不同氮素吸收与利用效率指标的排序以及同一指标早晚季的排序均存在较大差异。氮素吸收与利用效率经标准化后的综合排序可对各基因型的氮素吸收与利用效率进行综合评价,吻合系数则可较好地反映各基因型早晚季氮素吸收与利用效率的排序。     

不同小麦品种吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究：I.吸收？…

用盆栽试验研究了１２个冬小麦品种在低、高氮条件下的籽粒产量差异,及吸收和利用氮素的效率对其影响。结果证明在低氮处理中吸收效率和利用效率（ＵｔＥＧ）的共同影响导致了产量差异,但利用效率的影响更大;高氮处理则主要是吸收效率的影响,利用效率的影响较小。研究还发现能高效吸收或利用氮素的品种多为矮秆品种,因此高产品种多为矮秆。在低氮处理中的高产品种具有高效吸收或高效利用的特点;高氮处理中的高产品种主要具有高     

不同小麦品种（系）吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究：Ⅲ. …

用盆载试验研究了１２个冬小麦品种（系）在成熟期以生物学产量为基础的利用效率（ＵＥＢ＝生物产量／吸氮量）、收获系数、氮素收获系数和籽粒氮浓度对以籽粒产量为基础的利用效率（ＵｔＥＧ＝籽粒产量／吸氮量）箱关分析证明,这４个因子对４ｔＥＧ的影响各不相同。无论是低氮还是高氮处理,ＵｔＥＧ与ＵｔＥＢ和收获指数呈正相关,而与籽粒氮浓度呈负相关,与氮素收获指数的相关性较差。从相关系数的高低判断,在这４个因籽粒氮浓     

不同小麦品种的根系生理特性,磷的吸收及利用效率对产量影？…

不同小麦品种的分蘖数、叶片数、干物量与根系总吸收面积及活跃吸收面积呈正相关,在低磷处理的相关性均达到显著水平。此各品种收获得期的干物量及籽粒产量亦与株吸磷量及利用效率呈正相关。通过各因素的比较,鉴定出在低磷条件下可获较高产量的品种。     

万木林自然保护区不同林分土壤可溶性有机氮含量

对福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内细柄阿丁枫天然林(ALG)、米槠天然林(CAC)和35年生杉木人工林(CUL)土壤可溶性有机氮含量(SON)进行了研究.结果表明:3种林分中,ALG0～5cm、5～10cm和10～20cm层土壤SON含量最高,分别为95.3、78.3和72.5mg.kg-1,且与其余林分差异显著(P0.05);而CAC与CUL各土层SON含量分别为74.5、70.1、65.6mg.kg-1和78.6、68.9、69.1mg.kg-1.CAC、CUL和ALG在0～20cm土层的SON含量分别占可溶性总氮(TSN)组分的79.17%～80.78%、68.64%～74.51%和59.97%～69.66%,随着土层加深,3种林分SON含量占土壤TSN和全氮(TN)含量的比例不断增大;SON与土壤有机碳含量极显著相关(r=0.982,P0.01),与TSN、TN、铵态氮和硝态氮等土壤养分也存在不同程度的相关性.土壤SON含量与森林类型、地形、海拔以及树龄等因素有关.     

黄土区不同类型土壤可溶性有机氮的含量及特性

测定了黄土高原地区不同生态系统土壤中可溶性有机氮（SON）和游离氨基酸的含量,并分析了其与土壤其他性质之间的关系。结果表明,黑垆土、红油土和淋溶褐土中SON的平均含量分别为24．75、39．10mg／kg和41．80mg／kg,占可溶性总氮（TSN）的51．25％、68．28％和68．57％,分别为土壤全氮的2．54％、3．75％和4．00％;土壤游离氨基酸的含量分别为7．18、7．42mg／kg和7．41mg／kg,分别占SON的30．53％、19．23％和17．50％,占全氮的0．74％、0．71％和0．71％．方差分析结果表明,土壤类型对土壤SON含量及其在TSN和全氮中所占的比例、游离氨基酸在SON中所占的比例有显著影响,而对游离氨基酸的含量及其占土壤全氮比例的影响未达显著水平。枯枝落叶层中SON含量（248．26mg／kg）为农田土壤（24．75mg／kg）的10倍左右,且林地土壤0～20cm土层SON含量（31．03mg／kg）显著的高于当地农田,两种生态系统0～20cm土层土壤中游离氨基酸含量（7．18～7．32mg／kg）相当,但均极显著低于枯枝落叶层中游离氨基酸平均含量（18．57mg／kg）。相关分析结果表明,TSN、SON以及游离氨基酸与全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质等各养分之间均有极显著的相关性。     

烟草磷效率的基因型差异及其与根系形态构型的关系

以17个具有代表性的主要烟草基因型为材料,通过盆栽试验和培养基栽培试验,研究烟草磷效率的基因型差异及其与根系形态构型的关系,为磷高效烟草品种选育提供理论依据.结果表明,施磷肥能够显著增加各供试烟草基因型的生物量及氮、磷和钾的累积量;供试烟草的磷效率和氮、钾累积量存在显著基因型差异,土壤盆栽试验中,低磷条件下的'云烟85'生物量和磷累积量分别是'NC82'的4.06倍和3.34倍,氮和钾累积量分别是'K358'的4.06倍和3.75倍;供试烟草可划分为磷低效低产型、磷低效高产型、磷高效高产型、磷高效低产型等4种类型,其中的'云烟85'、'K326'、'云烟2号'、'RG11'和'红花大金元'属于磷高效高产型,是现代磷高效高产品种选育的理想材料.供试烟草基因型的根系形态构型与其磷效率显著相关,与磷低效低产型烟草'G28'和'许金1号'相比,磷高效高产型烟草'云烟85'和'K326'在高低磷条件下根系均较发达,总根长和根表面积均较大;磷有效性对烟草根构型具有调节作用,在缺磷条件下,磷高效基因型具有浅根根构型,而磷低效基因型具有深根根构型.     

Fibrous root turnover and growth in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) as affected by nitrogen shortage

The root system of plants is subject to fast cycles of renewal and decay within the growing season. In water and/or nutrient stress conditions, this turnover may become strategic for plant survival and productivity, but knowledge about its mechanisms is still insufficient. In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on growth and turnover of sugar beet roots, an experiment was carried out over two growing seasons in northern Italy with two levels of N supply (0, 100 kg ha^–1). Biomass production and partitioning were followed during growth, and fibrous root dynamics were inspected by means of computer-aided procedures applied to minirhizotron images.In conditions of N shortage, lower yields (storage roots) were associated with greater allocation of biomass to tap roots (final tap-root/shoot ratio = 5.6 vs. 4.1) and shallower distribution of fibrous root length density. The maximum depth of roots was not affected by N, but unfertilized plants reached it more slowly.The ratio of cumulative root dead length to produced length at the end of the growing period (TDL _max/TPL _max) was used as the most suitable approach for assessing overall root turnover. This ratio was greater in controls (0.73 vs. 0.50), which showed lower root longevity (–34% life-span on average), indicating that a greater proportion of root growth was renewed by unfertilized plants over the season.     

Genotypic Variation for Drought Tolerance in Beta vulgaris

Insufficient soil moisture during summer months is now the majorcause of sugar beet yield losses in the UK. However, selectionfor increased drought tolerance has not been a breeding priorityuntil recently. Genetic variation for drought tolerance is anessential prerequisite for the development of more stress-tolerantvarieties, but commercial sugar beet varieties seem to havesimilar yield responses to drought. The objective of this studywas to assess the degree of genotypic variation for droughttolerance within a wide range of sugar beet germplasm and genebankaccessions within Beta. Thirty sugar beet genotypes were screenedunder field drought conditions, and putative drought tolerantand sensitive lines (in terms of yield reduction in polythene-coveredvs. irrigated plots) were identified. Significant genotype xwater treatment interactions were found for dry matter yieldand relative leaf expansion rate. Genotypic differences fordrought susceptibility index were also significant. Differentialsensitivity of seedling shoot growth to water deficit was examinedby comparing 350 genebank accessions in a simple growth chamberscreen. Methods of data management were devised to highlightlines for entry into subsequent field tests. The results ofthe field and seedling screens indicate that there is variationfor tolerance to water deficits within sugar beet and relatedtypes, and that there are lines that show greater drought tolerancethan selected commercial varieties. Divergent lines showingcontrasting behaviour should aid in the identification of keymorpho-physiological traits that confer drought tolerance.     

生物分子相互作用分析法测定甜菜组织中的钙调素

以甜菜为实验材料,经甜菜坏死黄脉病毒（beet necrotic yellow vein virus, BNYVV）侵染后,用生物分子相互作用分析（biomolecular interaction analysis,BIA）技术测定植物组织中钙调素（calmodutin,CaM）含量,分析在BNYVV侵染下植物组织中CaM的变化。该方法可以实时检测生物分子之间的相互作用,受杂质影响小,可简化样品的前处理,能够快速高通量分析大量的蛋白质样品,灵敏度高,准确性好。     

Different CMS sources found in Beta vulgaris ssp maritima: mitochondrial variability in wild populations revealed by a rapid screening procedure

Summary Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in natural Beta maritima populations has been characterized by way of Southern blot hybridizations of total DNA using non-radioactive probes and chemiluminescent detection. It was found that the previously described N (normal) mitochondrial type could be subdivided into three subtypes. A new mitochondrial genotype (type R) was distinguished in addition to the previously described type S. Both are male-sterile cytoplasms and can produce a. segregation of sexual phenotypes in their progenies depending on the nuclear background. The populations contained at least two to four different mitochondrial genotypes.     

Response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and biochemical composition to elevated CO2 and temperature at two nitrogen applications

Effects on sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) of current and elevated CO₂ and temperature alone and in combination and their interactions with abundant and deficient nitrogen supply (HN and LN, respectively) have been studied in three experiments in 1993, 1994 and 1995. Averaged over all experiments, elevated CO₂ (600 μ mol mol^–1 in 1993 and 700 μ mol mol^–1 in 1994 and 1995) increased total dry mass at final harvest by 21% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 21, 22) and 11% (CI = 6, 15) and root dry mass by 26% (CI = 19, 32) and 12% (CI = 6, 18) for HN and LN plants, respectively. Warmer temperature decreased total dry mass by 11% (CI = – 15, – 7) and 9% (CI = – 15, – 5) and root dry mass by 7% (CI = – 12, – 2) and 7% (CI = – 10, 0) for HN and LN plants, respectively. There was no significant interaction between temperature and CO₂ on total or root dry mass. Neither elevated CO₂ nor temperature significantly affected sucrose concentration per unit root dry mass. Concentrations of glycinebetaine and of amino acids, measured as α -amino-N, decreased in elevated CO₂ in both N applications; glycinebetaine by 13% (CI = – 21, – 5) and 16% (CI = – 24, – 8) and α -amino-N by 24% (CI = – 36, – 11) and 16% (CI = – 26, – 5) for HN and LN, respectively. Warmer temperature increased α -amino-N, by 76% (CI = 50, 107) for HN and 21% (CI = 7, 36) for LN plants, but not glycinebetaine.     

Transcriptome analysis of sugar beet root maggot (Tetanops myopaeformis) genes modulated by the Beta vulgaris host

Sugar beet root maggot (SBRM, Tetanops myopaeformis von Röder) is a major but poorly understood insect pest of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense responses are well documented, however, little information is available about complementary mechanisms for insect adaptive responses to overcome host resistance. To date, no studies have been published on SBRM gene expression profiling. Suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) generated more than 300 SBRM ESTs differentially expressed in the interaction of the pest with a moderately resistant (F1016) and a susceptible (F1010) sugar beet line. Blast2GO v. 3.2 search indicated that over 40% of the differentially expressed genes had known functions, primarily driven by fruit fly D. melanogaster genes. Expression patterns of 18 selected EST clones were confirmed by RT‐PCR analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis predicted a dominance of metabolic and catalytic genes involved in the interaction of SBRM with its host. SBRM genes functioning during development, regulation, cellular process, signaling and under stress conditions were annotated. SBRM genes that were common or unique in response to resistant or susceptible interactions with the host were identified and their possible roles in insect responses to the host are discussed.     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Mesophyll protoplasts from two of five sugar beet lines tested were regenerated into plants. Mesophyll protoplasts of all lines showed high plating efficiencies up to 4.0% developed hard compact callus, and two of the lines also developed white, soft and friable callus consisting of starch grain-containing cells. Whereas the compact callus never regenerated into plants, the white friable ones frequently developed globular structures, which became green in the light and formed adventitious shoots after cytokinin (BAP or thidiazuron) treatment. Genetic analysis by PCR-fingerprinting and flow cytometry showed uniformity and unchanged ploidy levels in 15 independently regenerated plantlets in line NF. but altered ploidy level (from diploid to triploid) in a regenerated plantlet of clone VRB.     

Direct and indirect effects of Cd2+ on photosynthesis in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Sugar-beet plants ( Beta vulgaris L. cv. Monohill) were cultivated for 4 weeks in a complete nutrient solution. Indirect effects of cadmium were studied by adding 5, 10 or 20 μ M CdCl₂ to the culture medium while direct effects were determined by adding 1, 5, 20, 50 or 2 000 μ M CdCl₂ to the assay media. The photosynthetic properties were characterized by measurement of CO₂ fixation in intact plants, fluorescence emission by intact leaves and isolated chloroplasts, photosystem (PS) I and PSII mediated electron transport of isolated chloroplasts, and CO₂-dependent O₂ evolution by protoplasts. When directly applied to isolated leaves, protoplasts and chloroplasts. Cd²⁺ impeded CO₂ fixation without affecting the rates of electron transport of PSI or PSII or the rate of dark respiration. When Cd²⁺ was applied through the culture medium the capacity for, and the maximal quantum yield of CO₂ assimilation by intact plants both decreased. This was associated with: (1) decreased total as well as effective chlorophyll content (PSII antennae size), (2) decreased coupling of electron transport in isolated chloroplasts, (3) perturbed carbon reduction cycle as indicated by fluorescence measurements. Also, protoplasts isolated from leaves of Cd²⁺-cultivated plants showed an increased rate of dark respiration.     

Effects of zinc toxicity on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown in hydroponics

The effects of high Zn concentration were investigated in sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown in a controlled environment in hydroponics. High concentrations of Zn sulphate in the nutrient solution (50, 100 and 300 μ m ) decreased root and shoot fresh and dry mass, and increased root/shoot ratios, when compared to control conditions (1.2 μ m Zn). Plants grown with excess Zn had inward-rolled leaf edges and a damaged and brownish root system, with short lateral roots. High Zn decreased N, Mg, K and Mn concentrations in all plant parts, whereas P and Ca concentrations increased, but only in shoots. Leaves of plants treated with 50 and 100 μ m Zn developed symptoms of Fe deficiency, including decreases in Fe, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, increases in carotenoid/chlorophyll and chlorophyll a / b ratios and de-epoxidation of violaxanthin cycle pigments. Plants grown with 300 μ m Zn had decreased photosystem II efficiency and further growth decreases but did not have leaf Fe deficiency symptoms. Leaf Zn concentrations of plants grown with excess Zn were high but fairly constant (230–260 μg·g⁻¹ dry weight), whereas total Zn uptake per plant decreased markedly with high Zn supply. These data indicate that sugar beet could be a good model to investigate Zn homeostasis mechanisms in plants, but is not an efficient species for Zn phytoremediation.