1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸合成酶(DXS)及其编码基因

萜类物质是广泛分布于生物界的一类天然产物,也是重要生命物质。萜类物质通过甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径和2-C-甲基-D-赤藻糖醇-4-磷酸(MEP)途径合成,古细菌、真菌和动物及人的萜类物质主要通过MVA途径合成,而多数真细菌(即通常而言的细菌)则利用MEP途径。植物同时拥有两种途径但分别定位于细胞质和质体。1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸合成酶(DXS)是MEP途径的第一个酶,也是该途径的关键调控位点。现从DXS在MEP途径中的作用、DXS结构、亚细胞定位和酶活性、编码基因及突变体等方面对DXS进行全面阐述。拟南芥DXS基因插入突变体cla1-1发生白化,DXS基因表达与类胡萝卜素等萜类物质积累密切相关,在转基因生物体中过度表达DXS可促进萜类物质合成。植物DXS具有典型的质体转运肽序列,决定了DXS的质体定位。完备的DXS活性分析体系为DXS抑制剂开发筛选等研究奠定良好基础。DXS由一至多个基因编码,随生物种类而异,根据同源性,植物DXS基因可分成两类。DXS基因家族不同成员具有不同的表达模式,但通常有一个成员在多种组织中广泛表达。     

杜仲橡胶合成相关酶基因HMGR的克隆与表达分析

为解析HMGR基因在杜仲橡胶生物合成中的作用,本研究以杜仲良种华仲6号叶片和果皮为材料,参考杜仲基因组和转录组数据,克隆了杜仲HMGR基因,命名为Eu HMGR,全长1770 bp,编码590个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR测定结果显示,EuHMGR基因在果皮中的表达量于5月中旬达到最大值,而在叶片中的最大值出现在7月中旬。通过索氏提取测定相应时期果皮和叶片的含胶量表明,果皮中的含胶量从4月中旬到5月下旬迅速增加,而叶片中的含胶量一直平稳增长。分析不同发育时期果皮和叶片Eu HMGR基因表达量和含胶增长速率相关性发现,果皮Eu HMGR基因在不同发育时期的相对表达量和含胶增长速率呈显著正相关,而二者在叶片中无明显相关性。因此,推测Eu HMGR基因的表达与杜仲果皮中橡胶生物合成相关。     

稳定表达MVA途径基因提高番茄红素产量

萜类化合物的直接前体物质异戊烯焦磷酸(IPP)和二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸酯(DMAPP)可以由2-甲基-D-赤藻糖醇-4-磷酸途径(MEP途径)和甲羟戊酸途径(MVA途径)合成。在已经优化MEP合成途径、番茄红素合成途径关键基因表达的重组大肠杆菌LYC101中,引入MVA途径基因,进一步提高重组大肠杆菌合成萜类化合物的能力。质粒pALV23和pALV145是本实验室在研究MVA途径基因协调表达时,用核糖体结合位点(RBS)文库连接MVA途径各基因构建质粒文库,而筛选到的有效提高β-胡萝卜素产量的质粒。首先比较了两个质粒分别在低产和高产番茄红素的菌株中对番茄红素合成的影响。结果表明,两个质粒在高、低产番茄红素的菌株中都可以有效提高番茄红素产量。在高产菌LYC101中pALV23比pALV145使番茄红素产量更高。然后,用CRISPR-Cas9系统辅助同源重组的方法,将MVA途经基因和启动子一共6.7kb的条带整合到LYC101菌株的染色体上,得到遗传稳定的菌株LYC102。LYC102的番茄红素产率达40.9mg/g,是出发菌株LYC101产率的2.19倍,比用质粒表达MVA途径基因的菌株提高了20%。在重组大肠杆菌中同时表达MVA途径和MEP途径,可以有效提高萜类化合物产率;文中构建了不含质粒的、遗传稳定的高产番茄红素菌株,为产业化合成番茄红素提供基础;同时构建平台菌株,可以用于其他萜类化合物合成。     

巴西橡胶树胶乳和悬浮细胞中MVA和MEP代谢途径基因的表达分析

MVA和MEP代谢途径是植物类异戊二烯代谢途径的两条重要次生代谢途径。该研究利用荧光定量PCR技术,分析了橡胶树胶乳和橡胶树花药愈伤组织来源的悬浮细胞中MVA代谢途径和MEP代谢途径中关键基因的表达水平,同时分析了茉莉酸的结构类似物冠菌素(coronatine,COR)对悬浮细胞中Hb AACT3,Hb HMGR4,Hb HMGR5,Hb DXS2,Hb DXR和Hb SQS1基因表达的调节作用。结果表明:在MVA代谢途径中,基因Hb AACT1,Hb AACT2,Hb HMGS1,Hb HMGS2,Hb HMGR1,Hb HMGR3,Hb MVK,Hb PMK,Hb MVD1,Hb MVD2和IPP下游代谢基因Hb IPPI1和Hb FDPS1在胶乳中的表达量要相对高于其在悬浮细胞中的表达量,然而橡胶树悬浮细胞中MEP代谢途径基因Hb DXS1,Hb DXS2,Hb DXR,Hb CMS1,Hb CMS2,Hb CMK,Hb MCS1,Hb MCS2,Hb HDS,Hb HDR和鲨烯合酶基因Hb SQS1的表达水平要相对高于胶乳。而且COR能不同程度地上调Hb HMGR5,Hb HMGR4,Hb SQS1,Hb DXS2和Hb DXR基因的表达水平。该研究结果为探索利用橡胶树悬浮细胞体系研究次生代谢合成调控以及生产活性次生代谢产物奠定了基础。     

藤茶香树脂醇合成酶基因编码区克隆及表达分析

为研究藤茶(Ampelopsis grossedentata)三萜类化合物的生物合成,采用RT-PCR方法,从藤茶叶片cDNA中扩增得到香树脂醇合成酶(amyrin synthase)基因,命名为AgAS。该基因编码区长2 250bp,编码750个氨基酸,与葡萄的同源蛋白亲缘关系最近。亚细胞定位和Southern blot结果表明,AgAS编码蛋白主要定位于细胞核与细胞膜,在藤茶基因组中存在2个拷贝。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,AgAS基因在紫芽藤茶的根、茎和叶均有表达,其中叶片中表达最高,茎次之,根中表达量最少,且随着叶片成熟程度的增加,表达量呈先升后降趋势;而在绿芽藤茶中,AgAS基因在叶片中的表达量随着成熟程度的增加呈上升趋势,根与茎中表达量相对较少。     

杜仲1-基-2-甲基-2-（E）-丁烯基-4-二磷酸合酶基因cDNA全长克隆与序列分析

植物萜类生物合成MEP途径中1-羟基-2-甲基-2-（E）-丁烯基-4-二磷酸合酶（HDS）催化ME-2,4cPP生成HMBPP。以杜仲叶片cDNA为模板,采用反转录RCR及RACE技术分离出HDS基因的cDNA全长克隆。测序及序列分析结果表明该基因全长2 786 bp,基因内部含有完整的开放阅读框,共编码743个氨基酸,推导的蛋白质分子量为82.25 kD,理论等电点为5.89,编码序列含有2个保守的结构域PSN和PSI以及3个绝对保守的半胱氨酸位点。系统进化树分析表明EuHDS蛋白与葡萄HDS蛋白的进化距离最为接近（0.049）,其次为番茄（0.052）和橡胶（0.052）。     

甲羟戊酸途径限速步骤研究及其在产番茄红素重组大肠杆菌中的应用

甲羟戊酸途径(MVA途径)被引入重组大肠杆菌中,能够提高重组大肠杆菌中萜类化合物的合成能力。但因重组大肠杆菌中萜类化合物合成途径中间产物积累,导致细胞生长和萜类化合物合成受到限制。本研究在稳定表达MVA途径以及优化2-甲基-D-赤藻糖醇-4-磷酸途径(MEP途径)、番茄红素合成途径关键基因表达的重组大肠杆菌LYC103中,用质粒高表达MVA途径和番茄红素合成途径关键基因,挖掘该途径的限速步骤。结果表明,ispA、crtE、mvaK1、idi和mvaD基因过表达后,细胞生长没有明显变化,番茄红素产量依次提高了13.5%、16.5%、17.95%、33.7%和61.1%,说明这几个基因可能是合成番茄红素的限速步骤。mvaK1、mvaK2、mvaD三个基因在同一操纵子上,用mRNA稳定区(RNA stabilizing region)进行启动子文库(mRSL)调控mvaK1,相当于对3个基因同时调控。用高效基因组编辑技术(CAGO)对mvaK1基因的mRNA稳定区进行启动子文库的调控,得到菌株LYC104。番茄红素产量与对照菌株LYC103相比增加了2倍,细胞生长提高了32%。然后,利用CRISPR-Cas9技术在染色体lacZ位点整合idi基因,得到LYC105菌株。与出发菌株LYC103相比,细胞生长提高了147%,番茄红素产量增加了2.28倍。本研究在染色体上具有完整MVA途径的基础上,利用质粒高表达单个基因挖掘限速步骤,用同源重组方法整合限速基因、解除限速,为代谢工程构建高产菌株提供新策略。     

拟南芥谷氧还蛋白GRXC9负调控叶片大小

谷氧还蛋白(GRX)是一类以CXXC/S基序为活性位点的小分子热稳定蛋白,参与多种谷胱甘肽依赖的氧化还原反应。通过对该家族的GRXC9基因进行克隆、表达、亚细胞定位及功能分析,结果表明,GRXC9基因表达无组织特异性,在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的根、茎、叶、花和角果中均能表达,此结果与GUS显色结果基本一致。GRXC9-GFP定位于细胞质和细胞核中,过表达GRXC9的株系叶片明显小于野生型;进一步观察发现,其叶片栅栏细胞明显变小,而细胞总数与野生型差距不大。叶片大小相关基因的表达分析结果表明,过表达株系中AN、LNG1和LNG2的表达量明显下降,说明GRXC9可能通过抑制这些基因的表达从而导致叶片短小。综上所述,GRXC9可能在调控叶片发育方面发挥关键作用。     

杨树ERF11转录因子基因应答渗透胁迫表达分析

从小黑杨(Populus simonii×P.nigra)叶片中克隆出732 bp的ERF11转录因子基因(Potri.011G057000.1)cDNA,其编码的蛋白含有243个氨基酸,属于不稳定的亲水蛋白,不存在信号肽,不具跨膜能力,含AP2/ERF家族保守结构域。系统进化树表明,小黑杨ERF11蛋白与胡杨、麻疯树、蓖麻、橡胶树、木薯遗传距离较近,说明其亲缘关系较近。亚细胞定位结果表明,ERF11蛋白定位于细胞核中。ERF11基因表达具有组织特异性,并受胁迫诱导表达。其在根中相对表达水平明显比在茎和叶中表达水平高,在盐和甘露醇胁迫下,基因均表现上调表达。表明ERF11转录因子基因可能与植物应答高盐和干旱胁迫相关。     

天山雪莲LEA14基因克隆及功能分析

从天山雪莲叶片低温诱导的EST文库中获得了1个胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白基因(LEA)cDNA全长序列。序列分析表明,该基因含有1个468bp编码155个氨基酸的开放阅读框。NCBI保守域预测此蛋白属于LEA_2家族,命名为SiLEA14。系统进化分析表明,该蛋白与北柴胡的LEA-2蛋白亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR结果显示,SiLEA14表达量在低温、盐和干旱胁迫条件下迅速升高。亚细胞定位结果表明,SiLEA14蛋白定位于细胞核中。利用农杆菌介导法将该基因导入烟草,测定并分析转基因植株在冷冻和盐胁迫处理下的生理指标,结果表明,SiLEA14基因在烟草中的过量表达提高了烟草的抗冻和耐盐能力。     

Gene expression of ascorbic acid biosynthesis related enzymes of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway in acerola (Malpighia glabra)

The Smirnoff-Wheeler (SW) pathway has been proven to be the only significant source of l-ascorbic acid (AsA; vitamin C) in the seedlings of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. It is yet uncertain whether the same pathway holds for all other plants and their various organs as AsA may also be synthesized through alternative pathways. In this study, we have cloned some of the genes involved in the SW-pathway from acerola (Malpighia glabra), a plant containing enormous amount of AsA, and examined the expression patterns of these genes in the plant. The AsA contents of acerola leaves were about 8-fold more than that of Arabidopsis with 5-700-fold higher mRNA abundance in AsA-biosynthesizing genes. The unripe fruits have the highest AsA content but the accumulation was substantially repressed as the fruit transitions to maturation. The mRNAs encoding these genes showed correlation in their expression with the AsA contents of the fruits. Although very little AsA was recorded in the seeds the mRNAs encoding all the genes, with the exception of the mitochondrially located L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase, were clearly detected in the seeds of the unripe fruits. In young leaves of acerola, the expression of most genes were repressed by the dark and induced by light. However, the expression of GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase similar to that encoded by A. thaliana VTC1 was induced in the dark. The expressions of all the genes surged after 24h following wounding stress on the young leaves. These findings will advance the investigation into the molecular factors regulating the biosynthesis of abundant AsA in acerola.     

Molecular Cloning of a HMG-CoA Reductase Gene from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, which is the first committed step in the pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. A full-length cDNA encoding HMGR (designated as EuHMGR, GenBank Accession No. AY796343) was isolated from Eucommia ulmoides by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of EuHMGR comprises 2281 bp with a 1770-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 590-amino-acid polypeptide with two trans-membrane domains revealed by bioinformatic analysis. Molecular modeling showed that EuHMGR is a new HMGR with a spatial structure similar to other plant HMGRs. The deduced protein has an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.89 and a calculated molecular weight of about 63 kDa. Sequence comparison analysis showed that EuHMGR had highest homology to HMGR from Hevea brasiliensis. As expected, phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that EuHMGR belongs to plant HMGR group. Tissue expression pattern analysis showed that EuHMGR is strongly expressed in the leaves and stems whereas it is only poorly expressed in the roots, which implies that EuHMGR may be a constitutively expressing gene. Functional complementation of EuHMGR in HMGR-deficient mutant yeast JRY2394 demonstrated that EuHMGR mediates the mevalonate biosynthesis in yeast.     

酮型广藿香MVA途径基因表达分析及与主要成分合成相关性研究

广藿香药材以广藿香酮含量较高的酮型广藿香为最优质。而广藿香酮为一种萜类成分,其生物合成途径尚未明确。MVA(甲羟戊酸)途径是萜类化合物生物合成的重要途径。为了分析MVA途经基因表达与化学成分的相关性从而获得促进广藿香酮合成的潜在基因,该文以2种酮型广藿香栽培品种(石牌广藿香、高要广藿香)为材料,通过实时定量PCR分析基因表达和主要成分含量测定,并研究了供试材料不同时期的茎、叶中与甲羟戊酸代谢途径相关的HMGR、MK、MDD基因表达及化学成分。结果表明：(1)HMGR基因在石牌广藿香嫩叶中表达更明显;MK基因在石牌广藿香和高要广藿香中表达模式相似,主要在老茎中表达;MDD基因在石牌广藿香叶中比高要广藿香表达量更高,在两种广藿香的茎中表达模式相似。(2)同属于酮型广藿香,石牌广藿香与高要广藿香的化学成分相似,老叶广藿香醇含量最高,老茎的广藿香酮含量更高。(3)MDD和MK基因与广藿香酮的合成正相关。综上结果所述,酮型广藿香两个栽培种MVA途径的基因表达模式相似,MDD和MK基因可能为酮型广藿香萜类代谢途径的关键基因。     

Wound- and systemin-inducible calmodulin gene expression in tomato leaves

Using a calmodulin (CaM) cDNA as a probe in northern analyses, transgenic tomato plants that overexpress the prosystemin gene were found to express increased levels of CaM mRNA and protein in leaves compared to wild-type plants. These transgenic plants have been reported previously to express several wound-inducible defense-related genes in the absence of wounding. Calmodulin mRNA and protein levels were found to increase in leaves of young wild-type tomato plants after wounding, or treatment with systemin, methyl jasmonate, or linolenic acid. CaM mRNA appeared within 0.5 h after wounding or supplying young tomato plants with systemin, and peaked at 1 h. The timing of CaM gene expression is similar to the expression of the wound- or systemin-induced lipoxygenase and prosystemin genes, signal pathway genes whose expression have been reported to begin at 0.5–1 h after wounding and 1–2 h earlier than the genes coding for defensive proteinase inhibitor genes. The similarities in timing between the synthesis of CaM mRNA and the mRNAs for signal pathway components suggests that CaM gene expression may be associated with the signaling cascade that activates defensive genes in response to wounding.     

Cloning and characterization of mevalonate pathway genes in a natural rubber producing plant, Hevea brasiliensis

Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. is a tree that produces natural rubber, an industrially vital isoprenoid polymer. Biosynthesis of natural rubber is known to take place biochemically by a mevalonate (MVA) pathway, but molecular biological characterization of related genes has been insufficient. From H. brasiliensis, we obtained full-length cDNA of genes encoding all of the enzymes that catalyze the six steps of the MVA pathway. Alignment analysis and phylogenetic analysis revealed that in H. brasiliensis there are three acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase genes, two HMG-CoA synthase (HMGS) genes, and four HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) genes. Gene expression analysis by type of tissue indicated that MVA pathway genes were highly expressed in latex, as compared to other types of tissue and that HMGS and HMGR, which exist in multiple copies, have different expression patterns. Moreover, these MVA pathway genes in H. brasiliensis were found to complement MVA pathway deletion mutations in yeast.