四回毛枝蕨配子体发育的研究

采用MS培养基培养四回毛枝蕨孢子,利用光学显微镜详细观察记录了其孢子萌发、配子体发育及幼孢子体形成的整个过程。结果表明:成熟的孢子黑褐色,不透明,极面观圆球形,赤道面观蚕豆型,单裂缝,表面微褶皱。播种后8d左右萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,配子体发育为三叉蕨型。播种20d左右发育为片状体。播种30d左右形成幼原叶体,幼原叶体暂不对称,成熟原叶体呈蝴蝶形。原叶体边缘及背腹面都具毛状体,数量丰富,单细胞。播种50d左右开始有性器官出现,精子器近圆球形,由3细胞构成,成熟颈卵器颈部由5列细胞构成。原叶体受精后1月内可看到幼胚生成。     

龙津蕨的配子体发育特征及其系统学意义

采用改良Knop's营养液液体培养基于25℃恒温培养箱中培养龙津蕨(Mesopteris tonkinensis)的孢子,每天光照12 h,黑暗12 h,光照强度为2 500 lx。用光学显微镜观察记录其孢子萌发、配子体发育的全过程,为龙津蕨系统学的研究提供配子体发育方面的详实资料。结果表明:成熟孢子深褐色,不透明,两侧对称,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观圆角三角形,具单裂缝,孢子周壁具密集的脊状褶皱。播种后15 d左右萌发,形成2~5个细胞长的丝状体。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型(vittaria-type)。具单细胞假根,不含叶绿体,基部膨大。20 d左右发育成片状体,30 d左右形成幼原叶体,幼原叶体不对称,成熟原叶体心脏形对称,56 d左右形成成熟原叶体,原叶体发育类型为铁线蕨型(adiantum-type)。幼原叶体仅左右两翼顶端细胞产生乳突毛状体,成熟原叶体边缘及背腹面都具少量乳突毛状体,毛状体由单细胞构成。68 d左右精子器开始出现,精子器近圆球形,由基细胞、环细胞、盖细胞构成。75 d左右颈卵器出现,成熟颈卵器颈部由3层细胞构成。其侧面观柱状,顶面观为铜面状。颈卵器垂直于原叶体表或向原叶体基部倾斜。另外,根据已知的金星蕨科其他属的配子体发育特征,发现龙津蕨配子体发育的这些特征与他们存在较大的区别,因此龙津蕨系统学位置还有待于进一步研究。     

槲蕨配子体形态发育的研究

用无机培养基和土壤培养基分别培养槲蕨(Drynaria roosii Nakaike)孢子,显微镜下观察孢子萌发及配子体形态发育过程.结果表明:孢子黄色,具单裂缝,赤道面观豆形,极面观椭圆形,不具周壁,孢子外壁局部具大小不一的颗粒状纹饰.接种后10～12 d孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育为槲蕨型.接种后20 d左右发育为片状体,片状体形成顶端细胞的时间较晚.毛状体出现在片状体形成之后,数量丰富,多为单细胞,分布于原叶体背腹面及边缘.接种后60 d左右发育形成幼原叶体,成熟原叶体呈心脏形.接种后65 d左右开始有性器官出现,精子器的出现较颈卵器早10 d左右.颈卵器成熟后,颈部常向原叶体基部倾斜或弯曲.原叶体受精后幼胚突破颈卵器生长.     

球腺肿足蕨的配子体发育特征及其系统学意义

采用改良Knop’s营养液液体和固体培养基,对球腺肿足蕨的孢子进行人工培养,利用光学显微镜观察其孢子的萌发及配子体发育过程。结果表明:成熟的孢子深褐色,不透明,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为豆形,单裂缝,周壁具密集的波纹状褶皱。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育类型为三叉蕨型。孢子接种后7d左右萌发,30d左右形成为片状体,50d左右发育为幼原叶体,幼原叶体不对称,但成熟原叶体心脏形对称。原叶体边缘及背腹面都具乳头状毛状体。75d左右精子器出现,精子器近圆球形,由3个细胞构成。90d左右颈卵器出现,成熟颈卵器颈部由4～5列细胞构成,3～5层细胞高。原叶体受精后1个月内可看到幼孢子体生成。最后讨论其系统学意义。     

江南星蕨配子体形态发育的研究

用无机培养基和土壤培养基分别培养江南星蕨(Microsorium fortunei(Moore)Ching)孢子,显微镜下观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体形态发育过程.结果表明:孢子黄色,赤道面观豆形,极面观椭圆形,单裂缝,外壁具刺状纹饰.接种后7～12d孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,配子体发育为槲蕨型.接种后25 d左右发育为片状体,片状体形成顶端细胞的时间较晚,有的甚至不形成.无机培养基培养的原叶体常在基部发生营养繁殖.毛状体出现在片状体形成之后,数量丰富,多为单细胞,分布于原叶体背腹面及边缘.接种后60 d左右发育形成幼原叶体,成熟原叶体呈心脏形.接种后80 d左右开始有性器官出现,精子器的出现较颈卵器早10d左右.颈卵器成熟后,颈部常向原叶体基部倾斜或弯曲.     

江南星蕨配子体形态发育的研究

用无机培养基和土壤培养基分别培养江南星蕨(Microsorium fortunei (Moore) Ching)孢子,显微镜下观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体形态发育过程。结果表明：孢子黄色,赤道面观豆形,极面观椭圆形,单裂缝,外壁具刺状纹饰。接种后7～12 d孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,配子体发育为槲蕨型。接种后25 d左右发育为片状体,片状体形成顶端细胞的时间较晚,有的甚至不形成。无机培养基培养的原叶体常在基部发生营养繁殖。毛状体出现在片状体形成之后,数量丰富,多为单细胞,分布于原叶体背腹面及边缘。接种后60 d左右发育形成幼原叶体,成熟原叶体呈心脏形。接种后80 d左右开始有性器官出现,精子器的出现较颈卵器早10 d左右。颈卵器成熟后,颈部常向原叶体基部倾斜或弯曲。     

普通针毛蕨配子体发育的研究

采用混合土培养普通针毛蕨（Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Ching）孢子,显微镜下观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体发育过程。结果表明：孢子褐色,赤道面观为半圆形,极面观椭圆形,单裂缝。播种3 d左右孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,配子体发育为槲蕨型。播种7 d左右发育为片状体,丝状体与片状体两阶段的界限不明显。原叶体边缘及背腹面均可产生毛状体。播种21 d左右发育形成幼原叶体,成熟原叶体呈心脏形。播种35 d左右开始有性器官出现,精子器近圆球形,由3个细胞组成,成熟颈卵器颈部由4列细胞组成,4～5层细胞高。原叶体受精后1个月内即可观察到从原叶体上生成的幼胚。     

粗齿黔蕨配子体发育的研究

用原生境腐殖土对粗齿黔蕨(Phanerophlebiopsis blinii(Lévl.)Ching)的孢子进行培养,显微镜下观察孢子萌发和配子体发育过程.结果表明:粗齿黔蕨的孢子深棕色,单裂缝,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观为半圆形.播种1周后孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型(Vittaria-type),配子体发育为叉蕨型(Aspidium-type).丝状体由4～12个细胞组成,片状体宽达9个细胞,斜向一侧生长,边缘具毛状体.播种约2个月后形成原叶体,成熟原叶体成对称心形.在粗齿黔蕨的配子体发育过程中,成熟原叶体的背腹面和边缘均被毛状体,假根有分叉且尖部常膨大,并含有较大的颗粒状贮藏物,精子器有3个壁细胞等特征较为进化,而颈卵器粗短且直立的特征较为原始.粗齿黔蕨的精子器和颈卵器发育不同步,精子器的出现和成熟均早于颈卵器的发育.从配子体发育的角度,初步探讨了粗齿黔蕨野外种群数量较少的成因.     

肾蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜观察肾蕨(Nephrolepis auriculata)孢子的萌发及配子体发育过程。结果表明:成熟的孢子棕黄色,不透明,极面观圆球形,赤道面观豆形,单裂缝,表面光滑。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型,播种后15 d左右萌发,形成5-12个细胞长的丝状体。原叶体发育为三叉蕨型。30 d左右发育为片状体,45 d左右形成幼原叶体,幼原叶体不对称,成熟原叶体心脏形对称。原叶体边缘及背腹面都具毛状体,毛状体由单细胞构成。60 d左右精子器开始出现,精子器近圆球形,由3个细胞构成。70 d左右颈卵器出现,成熟颈卵器颈部由4列细胞构成,3-5层细胞高。原叶体受精后1个月内可看到幼胚生成。     

阔鳞瘤蕨(水龙骨科)配子体形态发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察记录了阔鳞瘤蕨孢子萌发、配子体发育及幼孢子体形成的整个形态发育过程。结果表明:成熟孢子黄色,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观肾形,近极单裂缝,表面具大小不一的球形颗粒。接种后6~8 d孢子萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,形成3~7个细胞的丝状体。原叶体发育为槲蕨型,接种后30 d左右进入片状体阶段,毛状体出现在片状体形成之后,幼原叶体短舌状,成熟原叶体心脏形。精子器在接种后60 d左右开始产生,颈卵器在精子器发生后10 d左右形成,每个原叶体上只能形成一个受精卵。培养基培养的片状体常在基部进行营养繁殖。     

扇蕨配子体发育与濒危机制的探讨

采用改良Knop’s固体培养基、原生境腐殖质土和红壤分别培养扇蕨（Neocheiropteris palmatopedate）孢子,光学显微镜及解剖镜下观察记录其孢子萌发及配子体发育过程,比较了3种培养方法对其配子体发育和有性繁殖的影响,并在此基础上探讨了扇蕨的濒危原因。结果表明：成熟孢子黄褐色,赤道面观为豆形,极面观椭圆形,单裂缝。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育为槲蕨型。成熟原叶体呈心脏形。毛状体在原叶体阶段出现。有性生殖周期长及配子体发育成幼孢子体的百分率低是扇蕨在配子体世代的主要濒危原因。此外,红壤固有的理化性质导致扇蕨配子体发育极其缓慢、精子器和颈卵器发生的时间间隔过长使其不能受精产生孢子体。原生植被遭受破坏引起的林下腐殖质土消失、红壤裸露,加剧了扇蕨的濒危。     

2种培养基下紫萁配子体发育及孢子体形成的研究

采用光镜技术对不同培养基下紫萁配子体发育和孢子体形成进行了研究.结果表明:(1)紫萁孢子绿色,四面体形,具三裂缝,孢子两极萌发分别产生假根和原叶体细胞,原叶体细胞形成球形体,球形体产生分生细胞发育为片状体和原叶体.(2)原叶体可为雄性、雌性或两性;雄原叶体较小,其两翼基部产生多数精子器;雌原叶体大,具有明显的中肋,在中...     

麦秆蹄盖蕨（Athyrium fallaciosum）配子体的发育规律及播种密度对配子体性别分化的影响

在组织培养条件下,对麦秆蹄盖蕨（Athyrium fallaciosum）配子体发育的连续过程进行了详细观察。结果表明:麦秆蹄盖蕨孢子为四面体型; 孢子萌发为书带蕨型（Vittaria-type）;原叶体发育为铁线蕨型（Adiantum-type）,成熟原叶体为对称的心形;精子器近圆球形,成熟颈卵器细长,常向原叶体基部倾斜或弯曲。常规播种条件下,发现麦秆蹄盖蕨配子体有雌配子体、雄配子体、雌雄同体配子体和无性配子体类型。配子体的性别随密度不同而呈现一定的变化趋势,雄配子体随密度增大呈上升趋势;雌配子体随密度增大先上升后下降;雌雄同体配子体和无性配子体随密度变化不大。雌配子体和雌雄同体配子体具颈卵器数目一般为10～15个;精子器数目随密度的增大逐渐减少,雄配子体中具有约50个精子器,雌雄同体配子体具有约20个精子器。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drynaria fortunei</Emphasis>, a fern species source of Chinese medicine “Gu-Sui-Bu”

This study reports spore germination, early gametophyte development and change in the reproductive phase of Drynaria fortunei, a medicinal fern, in response to changes in pH and light spectra. Germination of D. fortunei spores occurred on a wide range of pH from 3.7 to 9.7. The highest germination (63.3%) occurred on ½ strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 2% sucrose at pH 7.7 under white light condition. Among the different light spectra tested, red, far-red, blue, and white light resulted in 71.3, 42.3, 52.7, and 71.0% spore germination, respectively. There were no morphological differences among gametophytes grown under white and blue light. Elongated or filamentous but multiseriate gametophytes developed under red light, whereas under far-red light gametophytes grew as uniseriate filaments consisting of mostly elongated cells. Different light spectra influenced development of antheridia and archegonia in the gametophytes. Gametophytes gave rise to new gametophytes and developed antheridia and archegonia after they were transferred to culture flasks. After these gametophytes were transferred to plastic tray cells with potting mix of tree fern trunk fiber mix (TFTF mix) and peatmoss the highest number of sporophytes was found. Sporophytes grown in pots developed rhizomes.     

阔叶鳞盖蕨和粗毛鳞盖蕨(碗蕨科)配子体发育的研究

以腐殖土为基质,对阔叶鳞盖蕨Microlepia patyphylla（D．Don）J．Sm．和粗毛鳞盖蕨M.strigosa（Thunb．）Presl进行了孢子繁殖;利用光学显微镜观察和记录了它们的孢子萌发和配子体发育过程。结果表明,两者的孢子及配子体性状极为相似：孢子同型,三裂缝,萌发慢;孢子萌发需要光,萌发方式为书带蕨型Vittaria-type;配子体生长慢,发育类型为铁线蕨型Adiantum—type;原叶体心形或其他形状,无毛状体,多数为雌雄异株。性器类型为薄囊蕨型Leptosporangiate-type。它们既具有大量的原始性状,也具有少数进化性状。与阔叶鳞盖蕨相比,粗毛鳞盖蕨的配子体发育特征更为原始。说明粗己鳞盖蕨的系统位置更加低下。首次观察到阔叶鳞盖蕨中细胞自然死亡时的叶绿体聚集现象。粗毛鳞盖蕨原叶体老化时叶绿体呈现规则的、相互镶嵌的多边形的形状以及在正常光照下粗毛鳞盖蕨某些细胞中的部分叶绿体成链珠状排列等现象。     

FERN GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT: CONTROLS OF DIMORPHISM IN CERATOPTERIS THALICTROIDES

Multispore cultures of Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. gametophytes contain plants of two distinct morphologies, hermaphrodite and male (Fig. 3). The male gametophyte has previously been shown to be induced by an antheridogen system. In the absence of the antheridogen all gametophytes become hermaphroditic. It is shown that the hermaphroditic gametophytes are first to develop in multispore cultures and are also the only source of antheridogen. Thus, since males are only produced in the presence of antheridogen, an explanation of the occurrence of two morphologies is evident. That is, the first gametophytes to develop do so in the absence of antheridogen, become hermaphrodites and produce antheridogen to which later developing gametophytes respond by becoming males. This does not explain why there is a range in development times for the gametophytes. Three possible controlling factors of development are investigated in multispore cultures: spore size, time of germination, and gametophyte growth. Data collected on these three factors are statistically analyzed. Analyses were done to determine the relative importance (singly or in combination) of these factors in predicting the developmental potential of a gametophyte. It was found that spore size most accurately indicated (ca 75% of the time) future gametophyte development.     

亮毛蕨的配子体发育特征及其系统学意义

采用原生境土培养方法对亮毛蕨(Acystopteris japonica)进行培养,并对其配子体发育过程进行了观察。结果表明:亮毛蕨植物的孢子二面体型,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观肾形,单裂缝,无周壁,外壁具棒状纹饰,孢子萌发为书带蕨型(Vittaria-type),原叶体发育为铁线蕨型(Adiantum-type)。丝状体4～7个细胞,片状体小楔状,仅3～5个细胞宽,成熟原叶体心形,裸露,初生假根具叶绿体,颈卵器较短;配子体发育较迅速,假根具分枝和膨大,精子器囊由3个壁细胞构成,颈卵器略弯曲。本研究首次观察到亮毛蕨的颈卵器壁细胞内含有球形颗粒,但其功能不详。亮毛蕨的配子体发育过程兼有原始和进化的特点。在适宜的光照和温度下,土壤培养亮毛蕨原叶体的成苗率达95%以上,移栽成活率达89%以上。     

液体培养基条件下乌毛蕨配子体发育的研究

在液体培养基条件下对中国产乌毛蕨(Blechnum orientaleL.)配子体发育进行了观察。结果表明:乌毛蕨的孢子为两面体型,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为半圆形或豆形,周壁具脊状褶皱;孢子萌发为书带蕨型;原叶体发育为三叉蕨型,成熟原叶体为对称的心脏形。经比较分析,蕨类植物孢子繁殖时采用混合土培养较适宜;液体培养基和混合土在研究蕨类植物配子体发育时同样具有可行性。孢子形态和配子体发育的观察结果表明,乌毛蕨是蕨类植物中较进化的种类;乌毛蕨科与鳞毛蕨科亲缘关系较近。     

Jasmonic acid promotes division of fern protoplasts, elongation of rhizoids and early development of gametophytes

The effects of jasmonic acid (JA) on spore germination, early gametophyte development and sporophytic protoplast culture of the fern Platycerium bifurcalum (Cav.) C. Chr. were investigated. JA and no influence on spore germination and primary rhizoid initiation, but significantly promoted early gametophyte development, which was evident from the longer primary rhizoids as well as the higher number of rhizoids and cells per gametophyte. Jasmonic acid (1 μ M ) also promoted the transition of gametophytes from a filamentous to a planar growth. Optimal primary rhizoid elongation and highest cell division activities in the gametophytes were observed at 0.01–1 μ M JA, while the highest number of rhizoids on gametophytes was obtained at 0.1–1 μ M JA. Jasmonic acid (0.01 μ M ) also stimulated initial protoplast divisions. Except for the experiment in which the effect of JA on germination was tested. JA concentrations exceeding 1 μ M did not promote cell elongation or cell division but were instead inhibitory. On the basis of these findings, we propose that JA may be involved in early stages of P. bifurcatum development.