2个钟菌属野生菌株鉴定及其菌丝生长特性

钟菌属Verpa隶属于羊肚菌科Morchellaceae,与羊肚菌属Morchella的亲缘关系较近,形态特征与羊肚菌较为相似.对采自湖北省和黑龙江省的2份标本进行形态学鉴定,发现其菌盖表面平滑,呈褶皱状,无横脊,边缘整齐,菌柄着生于菌盖下正中央,子囊呈光滑的棍状,含有2个或4个光滑的椭圆形子囊孢子.对子实体进行组织分...     

羊肚菌菌丝标识性抗原C6A8在菌丝不同发育阶段含量的变化规律

为找寻、了解羊肚菌(Morchella esculenta)标识性抗原在菌丝不同发育阶段含量的变化规律,建立以抗C6A8抗原的单克隆抗体为包被抗体的ELISA双抗体夹心法;检测分析在液体培养条件下营养菌丝中C6A8抗原随培养时间延长其含量变化情况;检测分析单位质量羊肚菌子实体菌柄、菌盖中C6A8抗原含量差异并与营养菌丝相比较;通过对野生羊肚菌出菇地土壤基质样本的检测,分析了解在出菇时土壤基质中C6A8抗原的含量情况。羊肚菌菌丝在液体培养条件下,单位质量的菌丝内C6A8抗原含量不随着菌丝的增长量及培养时间的增加而变化,基本保持恒定,波长450nm处OD值为0.332±0.026;子实体中C6A8抗原含量菌柄高于菌盖,且子实体柄和盖的含量均高于液体培养的营养菌丝中的含量;在出菇阶段,野生羊肚菌出菇点及周围的单位质量土壤基质样本中C6A8抗原含量范围较广,高含量点比出菇点高出近1倍。     

梯棱羊肚菌营养类型的研究

羊肚菌是羊肚菌属Morchella中所有种的统称,其味道鲜美,深受人们的喜爱。目前,大多数羊肚菌物种仍然无法实现人工栽培,其重要原因之一就是它们营养类型仍然不甚清楚。梯陵羊肚菌M. importuna是少数可以人工栽培的羊肚菌之一,其腐生营养特性已经明确,但是否与植物根系存在共生营养关系仍然有疑问。为了探究梯陵羊肚菌菌丝与植物根系之间的相互关系,本研究选用梯棱羊肚菌2个不同交配型同核体菌株A2（MAT1-2-1）、A50（MAT1-1-1）和1个异核体菌株A59（MAT1-1-1和MAT1-2-1）为材料,将3个菌株分别与杂交白杨717（Populus tremula × P. alba,clone 717）进行共培养试验,观察菌丝与根系之间的互作情况。结果显示,A2、A50和A59菌丝体都能使杨树根系发生形态变化,产生明显的菌套（mantle）以及“Y”型菌根状结构,但均未观察到明显的哈蒂氏网（Hartig net）结构。研究表明,梯棱羊肚菌与杨树根系存在某种营养关系,但与外生菌根的共生关系不同。     

一株祁连野生羊肚菌多基因联合分子鉴定及其生物地理分析

【背景】青海野生羊肚菌野生资源丰富,但物种识别度低,相关研究滞后。【目的】鉴定识别采集自青海祁连的野生羊肚菌并分析其生物地理。【方法】利用形态学、多基因谱系一致性系统发育学物种识别法与多基因分子系统学相结合的方法,鉴定野生羊肚菌并分析该物种分化时间和重建祖先区域。【结果】野生羊肚菌菌株MQL-1子实体菌盖呈黄褐色,圆顶,菌柄呈白色、中空,形似羊肚菌,孢子大小为（21.17±4.33）μm×（14.26±3.25）μm,菌丝直径（13.95±3.19）μm。系统发育分析结果表明分离到的菌株MQL-1与羊肚菌属中的黄色羊肚菌类群的内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列相似性高达99%,多基因谱系一致性系统发育学物种识别法将MQL-1识别为粗柄羊肚菌（Morchella crassipes）。分化时间估算和祖先重建结果表明青海祁连粗柄羊肚菌MQL-1与云南M.crassipes M10的分化时间12.75 Mya （百万年前）,其重建的最可能的祖先区域为印度（52.49%）。【结论】本研究得到了一株青海祁连地区粗柄羊肚菌菌株并确定了其正确的科学命名,丰富了青海省羊肚菌资源信息数据库,为后续的工作奠定了基础,也为真菌研究提供新思路。     

食用佳品羊肚菌

羊肚菌(Morchella esculenta)，别名羊肚蘑，是马鞍菌科植物。它在长白山林区中常于4 月末至6月初，生于海拔1000米以下阔叶林地或林缘及草地上。形体由菌盖和菌柄组成，高5—15cm，直径4—10cm。菌盖卵形或近圆形，中空，蛋壳色至淡黄褐色。菌柄圆柱形，中空，近白色。菌盖表面有不规则多面形凹窝皱褶似羊肚，由此而得名。羊肚菌肉质脆嫩，味鲜美可口，营养丰富，堪称山珍之佳品。子实体含蛋白质、游离氨基 酸，包括大量丙氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、顺式—氨基脯氨酸以及少量色氨酸、酪氨酸、胱氨 酸和半胱氨酸。菌丝中含中性甘油脂2.04％，…     

科尔沁沙地不同水盐处理对豆田土壤真菌群落结构和功能的影响

为揭示北方沙区典型盐碱地不同灌溉量对油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus)农田土壤真菌群落组成结构和功能群特征的影响。以吉林省松原市前郭尔罗斯灌区油莎豆农田为研究对象,开展水、盐双因素(水处理：50%、70%、100%标准灌溉定额;盐处理：非盐渍土、弱盐渍土、中盐渍土)随机区组野外控制实验,比较分析不同水盐处理下油莎豆土壤真菌群落特征。(1)油莎豆农田土壤样品共获得2354个真菌OTU,隶属于13门43纲114目224科434属,其中,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)((67.83±6.33)%)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)((16.96±6.02)%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)((11.31±1.82)%)占绝对优势。随灌溉量增加,优势属由被孢霉属(Mortierella)变为镰孢菌属(Fusarium)和毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)。不同水盐处理下真菌多样性无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)真菌功能群以腐生营养型为主,病理营养型次之,共生营养型占比最低。随灌溉量增加,腐生和共生营养型真菌均先减少后增加,病理营养型真菌先增加后减少;...     

东喜马拉雅引人注目的高等真菌和新种

本文发表了东喜马拉雅包括横断山区的高等真菌5新种,计:西藏羊肚菌Morchellatibetica Zang,独龙江裸伞Gymnopilus dulongjiangensis Zang,美孢锈盖菇Cuphocybecalospora Zang,小美口菌Calostoma miniata Zang及干巴菌Thelephora ganbajun Zang;并讨论了干巴菌与锈球菌Sparassis erispa(Wulf.)Fr.的异同。     

补肾益胃的羊肚菌

羊肚菌,又叫羊肚菜、羊肚蘑、木耳蘑菇,为子囊菌亚门(Ascomycotina)、马鞍菌科(He-lvellaceae)、羊肚菌属(Morchella)食用菌,是世界上珍贵的食用菌之一,属高级营养滋补品。主产于山西、云南、新疆、四川等省区,河北、湖北、黑龙江、辽宁、浙江等地也有分布。     

陕西榆林沙区樟子松根内真菌群落结构和功能群特征

樟子松Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica是我国北方沙区生态环境建设的重要树种之一,但衰退问题严重。根内真菌与樟子松生长密切相关,可能是影响樟子松衰退的重要因素。为揭示根内真菌群落结构和功能群特征,以陕西榆林沙区中龄（27a）、近熟（33a）、成熟（44a）3个龄组樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用野外调查与分子生物学相结合的研究方法,鉴定分析樟子松根内真菌群落结构和功能群。结果表明：（1）樟子松根尖样品共获得855个OTUs,不同林龄樟子松根内真菌多样性不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。（2）根内真菌隶属于6门18纲48目87科197属,子囊菌门Ascomycota和担子菌门Basidiomycota比例高达97.31%,优势属为青霉属Penicillium和Archaeorhizomyces。（3）随林龄增加,樟子松根系中病理营养型和腐生营养型真菌比例先增加后下降,而共生营养型真菌比例先下降后上升。榆林沙区樟子松根内真菌物种组成丰富,功能群类型多样,外生菌根真菌为主要功能群,近熟林腐生营养型真菌相对丰度高于共生营养型真菌,可能是樟子松退化的潜在原因。     

黄土高原半干旱区轮作休耕模式对土壤真菌的影响

通过田间试验,研究休耕（CK）、残膜覆盖、伏天深耕、施有机肥、秸秆还田和绿肥还田对土壤微生物量碳氮、酶活性及真菌群落的影响。结果表明,除过氧化氢酶外,不同处理对土壤微生物量碳氮、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、pH及有机质均有显著影响。从门水平上看,土壤真菌群落主要由子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢霉门构成。其中伏天深耕、玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕后连续休耕3年处理的子囊菌相对丰度分别为43.23%和69.38%,显著高于CK （33.71%）;从纲水平上看,座囊菌纲、粪壳菌纲、伞菌纲和被孢霉纲为优势菌纲,其中玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕后连续休耕3年处理以座囊菌纲为主（60.69%）,其余处理以粪壳菌纲为主（4.11%-24.79%）;真菌多样性指数施牛羊粪+深翻耕+连续3年种植豌豆（拌根瘤菌粉8.5 g/kg种子）并在盛花期翻压还田、玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕后连续休耕3年、玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕+连续3年种植箭筈豌豆并在盛花期翻压还田处理显著低于CK和其他处理,丰富度指数玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕+连续3年种植毛苕子并在盛花期翻压还田处理显著高于CK和其他处理;真菌营养类型玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕后连续休耕3年处理以腐生营养型为主（62.9%）,其他处理以病理营养型和腐生营养型为主。冗余分析和Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、pH和有机质含量对土壤真菌群落结构影响显著（P<0.05）。与休耕（CK）、残膜覆盖、伏天深耕相比,施有机肥、秸秆还田、绿肥还田结合深耕均降低了土壤中病理营养型真菌的相对丰度,利于保持农田土壤生态系统健康。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.