Two new species in the Pichia guilliermondii clade: Pichia caribbica sp. nov., the ascosporic state of Candida fermentati, and Candida carpophila comb. nov

Pichia caribbica sp. nov. (type strain DBVPG 4519, NRRL Y-27274, CBS 9966) is described as the ascosporic state of Candida fermentati, and Candida guilliermondii var. carpophila (type strain DBVPG 7739, NRRL Y-17905, CBS 5256) is elevated to species status as Candida carpophila comb. nov. These new taxa, which are indistinguishable on the basis of conventional taxonomic criteria, differ from one another and from Pichia guilliermondii by low DNA base sequence relatedness, different electrophoretic karyotypes, and nucleotide divergence in domains D1/D2 of 26S rDNA. Pichia caribbica produces one, rarely two, saturn-shaped ascospores in persistent asci. On the basis of molecular criteria, C. carpophila comb. nov., C. fukuyamaensis, and C. xestobii are conspecific, with the name C. carpophila having taxonomic priority.     

Surface ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetics of four unarmored heterotrophic dinoflagellates, including the type species of the genus Gyrodinium (Dinophyceae)

Small subunit rRNA gene sequences were determined for four unarmored heterotrophic dinoflagellates (Gyrodinium spirals, the type species of the genus Gyrodinium, as well as G. fusiforme, Gymnodinium rubrum and the freshwater species G. helveticum) using a single‐cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. For identification and record keeping, each cell was carefully observed and photographed using a light microscope under high magnification, prior to single‐cell PCR. G. rubrum and G. helveticum possess an elliptical apical groove and longitudinal striations similar to those of G. spirale and G. fusiforme, and molecular phylogenetic studies reveal that the four species form a single clade. We therefore propose the following new combinations: Gyrodinium rubrum (Kofoid et Swezy) Takano et Horiguchi comb. nov. and Gyrodinium helveticum (Penard) Takano et Horiguchi comb. nov.     

The apertospathulidae, a new family of haptorid ciliates (protozoa, ciliophora)

We studied the morphology of three rare haptorid ciliates, using live observation and silver impregnation: Apertospathula verruculifera n. sp., Longispatha elegans n. gen., n. sp., and Rhinothrix porculus (Penard, 1922) n. gen., n. comb. Simple ethanol fixation (50-70%, v/v) is recommended to reveal the ciliary pattern of "difficult" ciliates, such as R. porculus, by protargol impregnation. The three genera investigated have a distinct feature in common, viz., a lasso-shaped oral bulge and circumoral kinety, where the right half is slightly to distinctly longer than the left and the circumoral kinety is open ventrally. Thus, they are united in a new spathidiid family, the Apertospathulidae n. fam., which probably evolved from a Bryophyllum-like ancestor by partial reduction of the oral bulge and circumoral kinety. Apertospathula verruculifera has a wart-like process, the palpus dorsalis, at the anterior end of the dorsal brush. The right branch of the circumoral kinety is only slightly longer than the left one. Longispatha elegans has a straight oral bulge and circumoral kinety, the right branch of which extends to the posterior end of the body while the left branch ends in the anterior third of the body. Rhinothrix porculus, a curious ciliate with a snout-like dorsal elongation of the oral bulge, the palpus oralis, has a highly characteristic ciliary pattern: the oral pattern is as in Longispatha, but the bulge and circumoral kinety extend spirally to the posterior end of the body while the somatic kineties course meridionally. This is achieved by inserting some shortened kineties in the curves of the oral bulge.     

毛榛复合体（桦木科）多变量形态学研究及分类学处理

Corylus mandshurica Maxim. & Rupr. 和 C. sieboldiana Blume 在中国和俄罗斯一直被处理为独立的种。本文对来自不同标本室的这两个种的腊叶标本及野外采集的大量叶片进行了形态学分析,以确定形态分化是否足够成为建立种的依据。对采自中国、韩国和日本覆盖两个种分布区的153份标本的18个形态学性状进行了统计,以构建数据矩阵用于主成分分析。结果表明,包含C. sieboldiana 复合体的数据单位（entities）在所有的形态学性状上均呈现出广泛的重叠区域。叶片和果实性状分析结果表明类群间缺乏分异性。基于形态学性状不足以把 C. mandshurica 从C. sieboldiana 中分离出去,并给予种的等级,也就是说这两个类群在形态上没有完全分化,而且它们的分布区也是相连的。 因此,应该把C. mandshurica作为C. sieboldiana 的种下分类群处理。C. sieboldiana在韩国南部和日本的具短总苞的植物常常被处理为独立的种或变种,但实际上应该作为C. sieboldiana 内的变型处理,因为总苞性状高度变异,即使在同一个体上也是如此。     

Evolution of Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae (Brassicaceae), a rare serpentine endemic plant: a molecular phylogenetic perspective

Intra- and interspecific phylogenetic relationships of the rare serpentine endemic taxon Caulanthus amplexicaulus var. barbarae and related taxa in the "Streptanthoid Complex" of genera (Streptanthus, Caulanthus, Guillenia) were examined using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Phylogenetic hypotheses generated from 81 variable ITS nucleotide sites and six variable trnL nucleotide sites indicate that Streptanthus and Caulanthus are nonmonophyletic groups. Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae and its more widespread nonserpentine sister taxon Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. amplexicaulis formed a distinct monophyletic group. Among the taxa in our study, C. amplexicaulis was most closely related to Streptanthus tortuosus. The ITS sequences supported monophyly of subgenus Euclesia, which includes the bulk of the serpentine endemics in the Streptanthoid Complex. The serpentine taxa were nonmonophyletic, occurring in at least three distinct clades, suggesting that tolerance to serpentine may be gained or lost through relatively few genetic changes. Intraspecific ITS1 and ITS2 sequence divergence within C. amplexicaulis (1.3-1.8%) was higher than in comparable species (0.0-0.3%); implications of this genetic differentiation for the conservation status of C. amplexicaulis var. barbarae are discussed. Evidence is presented that supports a "biotype depletion" model for the origin of this rare endemic taxon.     

Systematics of the one seeded Juniperus of the eastern hemisphere based on leaf essential oils and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs)

The compositions of the leaf essential oils of all the one seed/cone species of Juniperus (sect. Sabina) of the eastern hemisphere are reported and compared (J. convallium, J. convallium var. microsperma, J. indica, J. komarovii, J. pingii, J. pingii var. carinata, J. prezewalskii, J. pseudosabina, J. recurva, J. recurva var. coxii, J. saltuaria, J. squamata, J. squamata var. morrisonicola, J. tibetica, J. wallachiana). In addition, DNA fingerprinting by RAPDs was utilized. The combined terpenoid and DNA data supported the continued recognition of the aforementioned taxa as distinct species except for four varieties which were recognized at the specific level: Juniperus carinata (Y.K. Yu & L.K. Fu) R.P. Adams, stat. nov. (Syn.: J. pingii var. carinata); J. coxii A.B. Jacks. (Syn.: J. recurva var. coxii); Juniperus microsperma (Cheng & L.K. Fu) R.P. Adams, stat. nov. (Syn.: J. convallium var. microsperma); J. morrisonicola Hayata (Syn.: J. squamata var. morrisonicola).     

Conservation genetics and taxonomic status of the rare Kentucky lady's slipper: Cypripedium kentuckiense (Orchidaceae)

Cypripedium kentuckiense is a recently described rare orchid found in Arkansas (predominantly) and in eight other states. Much debate has focused on whether this taxon should be recognized as a distinct species or considered to be an extreme manifestation of the variability present in the widespread taxon Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens. In this study, 12 isozyme loci were analyzed for 14 populations of C. parviflorum var. pubescens and eight populations of C. kentuckiense. These data were used to examine the genetic similarity of these taxa, assess whether isozyme data support the continued recognition of C. kentuckiense as a distinct species, and assess whether a newly discovered disjunct Virginia population of C. kentuckiense is genetically isolated from other C. kentuckiense populations. The isozyme data revealed that the two taxa are very closely related with a high interspecific genetic identity. However, C. kentuckiense populations contain a subset of the variation present in C. parviflorum var. pubescens, and they have expected levels of heterozygosity that are one-quarter that of C. parviflorum var. pubescens populations. Cypripedium kentuckiense also possesses one widespread unique allele and a unique multilocus genotype. These data suggest that C. kentuckiense should be recognized as a distinct species, possibly of recent origin from C. parviflorum. Lastly, the isozyme data support the hypothesis that gene flow between the Virginia population and other populations of C. kentuckiense has been restricted.     

Some New Taxa of Chara from Guangxi and Gansu,China

In order to get a thorough understanding of the Characeae, the specimens collected from Guangxi and Gansu were identified. The result shows that the two provinces, especially Guangxi, are abundant in this family. In this paper, however, reported are only new species, new varieties and new records of Chara in China. They are Chara vernicosa sp. nov. C. globularis var. inflata var. nov. and C. howe-ana var. subgymnophylla var. nov., C. brionica stapf and C. calveraensis comb. nov.     

CHIHARAEA AND YAMADAIA (CORALLINALES,RHODOPHYTA) REPRESENT REDUCED AND RECENTLY DERIVED ARTICULATED CORALLINE MORPHOLOGIES1

Phycologists have hypothesized that the diminutive fronds produced by species in the genera Chiharaea and Yamadaia, which are composed of comparatively few genicula and intergenicula, represent morphological intermediates in the evolution of articulated corallines from crustose ancestors. We test this “intermediate frond hypothesis” by comparing rbcL sequences from the generitype species Chiharaea bodegensis and Yamadaia melobesioides to sequences from other coralline genera. We demonstrate that Chiharaea includes two other NE Pacific species, Arthrocardia silvae and Yamadaia americana. Chiharaea species are characterized morphologically by inflated intergenicula and axial conceptacles with apical or acentric pores. Although relationships among the three species are unresolved, Chiharaea bodegensis, C. americana comb. nov., and C. silvae comb. nov. are distinguished from one another by DNA sequences, morphology, habitat, and biogeography. Chiharaea occurs together with Alatocladia, Bossiella, Calliarthron, and Serraticardia macmillanii in a strongly supported clade of nearly endemic north Pacific articulated coralline genera and species that have evolved relatively recently compared to other articulated corallines. In contrast, NW Pacific Yamadaia melobesioides belongs in a clade with Corallina officinalis, the generitype species of Corallina, and therefore we reduce Yamadia to a synonym of Corallina and propose Corallina melobesioides comb. nov. We reject the ‘intermediate frond hypothesis’ and conclude that Chiharaea and Yamadaia are recently derived taxa that evolved from articulated coralline ancestors and represent a reduction in the number of genicula and intergenicula.     

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ERYTHRONIUM GRANDIFLORUM VARIETIES GRANDIFLORUM AND CANDIDUM (LILIACEAE)

This four-year (1982–1986) study compared the pollination biology and cytology of a relatively rare taxon, Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh var. candidum (Piper) Abrams, with that of a geographically widespread sister taxon, E. grandiflorum var. grandiflorum, in the Pacific Northwest. Breeding studies were used to study the reproductive systems of the taxa, to test for interfertility between them, and to seek abnormalities in the breeding system of the rare taxon that might account for its relative rarity. Chromosomes were counted in both taxa and in hybrids from artificial crosses. Ranges of the two taxa were determined from field studies and herbarium specimens. Although the ranges of the taxa overlap in part, populations are usually allopatric. Phenological factors are probably minor in preventing cross-pollination between the taxa. Both taxa are protogynous obligate outcrossers pollinated by bees. Seed production apparently is not pollinator-limited. The two taxa are interfertile only when individuals from allopatric populations are artificially crossed, and thus should be considered two biological species. When the taxa overlap in floral phenology in sympatric populations, they exhibit reciprocal incompatibility. Such incompatibility between closely related perennial species is unusual. It may have arisen via natural selection in mixed populations. Alternatively, if populations of each taxon vary with regard to their incompatibility alleles, they may have acquired their fertility barriers by chance before populations of the two taxa came into contact with each other.     

Description of Bullera kunmingensis sp. nov., and clarification of the taxonomic status of Bullera sinensis and its synonyms based on molecular phylogenetic analysis

A ballistoconidium-forming yeast strain, CH 2.506, isolated from a semi-dried leaf of Parthenocissus sp. collected near Kunming City in Yunnan, China, was shown to be closely related to the non-ballistoconidium-forming species Cryptococcus luteolus (Saito) C.E. Skinner and the ballistoconidium-forming species Bullera sinensis Li by molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA sequencing. This strain was demonstrated to represent a distinct undescribed yeast species by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence and G+C content comparison and DNA-DNA relatedness, for which the name Bullera kunmingensis sp. nov. is proposed. Meanwhile, the taxonomic relationships among Bullera sinensis and its synonyms B. derxii Nakase & Suzuki and B. alba (Hanna) Derx var. lactis Li, were clarified on the basis of molecular phylogenetic analysis and DNA-DNA reassociation. B. derxii was confirmed to be conspecific with B. sinensis, while B. alba var. lactis was shown to represent a variety of B. sinensis. A new combination, Bullera sinensis Li var. lactis (Li) Bai, Takashima et Nakase, is therefore proposed. Comparative analysis of different types of molecular criteria employed in the present study suggested that when inferring phylogenetic relationships among sibling taxa, sequence data from ITS regions should be interpreted with caution.     

Reproductive success and genetic divergence among varieties of the rare and endangered <Emphasis Type="Italic">Astragalus cremnophylax</Emphasis> (Fabaceae) from Arizona,USA

Populations of Astragalus cremnophylax from Arizona and related A. humillimus from New Mexico were assessed for morphological, reproductive, genetic, and ecological differences. Results suggest that some of the taxa (i.e., A. cremnophylax var. cremnophylax and A. humillimus) are poor reproducers and environmental fluctuation is not likely a factor contributing to low fecundity in these species. Astragalus cremnophylax var. cremnophylax appears to have low fecundity due to inbreeding depression. Allozyme data from 18 loci show little within-population and taxon genetic variability. Most genetic variability is distributed among populations and taxa. The population of A. cremnophylax var. cremnophylax from the Grand Canyon (South Rim) was genetically depauperate, indicative of the bottleneck caused by historic trampling at this viewpoint. Cape Final, a population of A. cremnophylax var. cremnophylax on the Grand Canyon (North Rim) is genetically different from typical materials of this taxon (South Rim) and is more closely related to other taxa within this species complex. However, the other varieties of A. cremnophylax are more closely related to A. humillimus than the population at Cape Final, suggesting potential species status for Cape Final materials based on allozyme divergence.     

Inter- and intra-specific variation among five Erythroxylum taxa assessed by AFLP

BACKGROUND: and Aims The four cultivated Erythroxylum taxa (E. coca var. coca, E. novogranatense var. novogranatense, E. coca var. ipadu and E. novogranatense var. truxillense) are indigenous to the Andean region of South America and have been cultivated for folk-medicine and, within the last century, for illicit cocaine production. The objective of this research was to assess the structure of genetic diversity within and among the four cultivated alkaloid-bearing taxa of Erythroxylum in the living collection at Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. METHODS: Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting was performed in 86 Erythroxylum accessions using a capillary genotyping system. Cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling (MDS) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were used to assess the pattern and level of genetic variation among and within the taxa. KEY RESULTS: A clear distinction was revealed between E. coca and E. novogranatense. At the intra-specific level, significant differentiation was observed between E. c. var. coca and E. c. var. ipadu, but the differentiation between E. n. var. novogranatense and E. n. var. truxillense was negligible. Erythroxylum c. var. ipadu had a significantly lower amount of diversity than the E. c. var. coca and is genetically different from the E. c. var. ipadu currently under cultivation in Colombia, South America. CONCLUSIONS: There is a heterogeneous genetic structure among the cultivated Erythroxylum taxa where E. coca and E. novogranatense are two independent species. Erythroxylum coca var. coca is most likely the ancestral taxon of E. c. var. ipadu and a founder effect may have occurred as E. c. var. ipadu moved from the eastern Andes in Peru and Bolivia into the lowland Amazonian basin. There is an indication of artificial hybridization in coca grown in Colombia.     

RAMARIA SUBGENERA RAMARIA AND LAETICOLORA IN YUNNAN

Three taxa of Ramaria subgenus Ramaria, and 18 of subg. Laeticolora are reported from Yunnan Province. Of these 13 are considered new to science. Only one taxon (R. formosa) is considered of widespread distribution, the others being known olay from the Indo-Asian subcontinent. Wide distribution patterns, based on phenetic similarity, seem to be at the infraspecific to species complex level, but only rarely contaxie. New taxa are as follows: subg. Ramaria: R. eryuanensis; subg. Laeticolora: R. brunneipes, R. distinctissima, R. ephemeroderma, R. hilaris, R. lacviformosoides, R. linearioides, R. linearis, R. nanispora, R. rubri-attenuipcs, R. sino-conjunctipes, R. rubricarnata var. laeta, R. botrytoides var. microspora, and R. neoformosa var. sinensis. Keys to Yunnan taxa of Ramaria subgenera Ramarla and Laeticolora are furnished.     

The genus Cremastra (Orchidaceae), a taxonomic revision

The genus Cremastra is revised. A total of 8 taxa have earlier been proposed, but in the present revision 2 species are recognized: C. appendiculata and C. unguiculata. Hyacinthorchis variabilis is here considered a variety: C. appendiculata var. variabilis comb. et stat. nov.     

中国桑寄生科植物资料(三)

作者在编著《ＦｌｏｒａｏｆＣｈｉｎａ》Ｌｏｒａｎｔｈａｃｅａｅ过程中,据近年采集的标本和花粉形态研究,修订了《中国植物志》第２４卷的桑寄生科。现报道钝果寄生属（Ｔａｘｉｌｕｓ）二个新分类单位：油杉钝果寄生Ｔ．ｒｅｎｉ,狭叶钝果寄生Ｔ．ｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｉｃｏｌｕｓｖａｒ．ｎｅｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ的描述和枫香钝果寄生Ｔ．ｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｉｃｏｌｕｓｖａｒ．ｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｉｃｏｌｕｓ及显脉钝果寄生Ｔ．ｃａｌｏｒｅａｓｖａｒ．ｆａｒｇｅｓｉ的地理分布区等;另有梨果寄生属（Ｓｃｕｒｒｕｌａ）一个新组合：藏南梨果寄生Ｓ．ｂｕｄｄｌｅｉｏｉｄｅｓｖａｒ．ｈｅｙｎｅｉ。     

Morphologic variation and classification of the North American Aristida purpurea complex (Gramineae)

The morphology of the Purpureae Group of North AmericanAristida is assessed by principal components and statistical analyses. Long considered a complex of about eight species, a mosaic of intergrading phenetic forms is revealed and the complex is reduced to one species with seven varieties. The taxa that are recognized areAristida purpurea var.purpurea, var.nealleyi (comb. nov.), var.curvifolia (comb. nov.), var.parishii (comb. nov.), var.wrightii (comb. nov.), var.fendleriana, and var.longiseta. A key and synopses for the varieties are provided.     

The pterolichoid feather mites (Acarina, Astigmata) of the Megapodiidae (Aves, Galliformes)

The pterolichoid feather mites of megapodes are reviewed. Named taxa are briefly discussed and most are figured. The Pterolichidae (Pterolichinae) are: Ascetohchus Perez & Atyeo, three species; Echinozonus Atyeo & Perez, six species; Pereziella Atyeo, two species; and Phycoferus Atyeo & Perez, two species. New pterolichine taxa, with the type species listed first, include: Botryaspis cordiforma gen. et sp.n. and B. cordata gen. et sp.n.; Cycloprotarsus lineatus gen. et sp.n., C. centralis gen. et sp.n. and C. monacrotrichus gen. et sp.n.; Eurypterolichus gen.n. for Pterolichus navicula comb.n. Trouessart & Neumann and E. coniger gen. et sp.n.; Goniodurus gen.n. for Pterolichus ( Pseudalloptes ) quadratus comb.n. Trouessart and G. bilobatus gen. et sp.n.; Haptepigynus gen.n. for Pterolichus ( Pseudalloptes ) tridentiger comb.n. Trouessart and H. holonotus gen. et sp.n.; Heliaspis ventralis gen. et sp.n.; Leipobius ocellatus gen. et sp.n.; Maleolichus maleo gen. et sp.n.; Mayracarus gen.n. for Pterolichus (P.) tritilobus comb.n. Trouessart; Megapodobius arcuatus gen. et sp.n. and M. striatus gen. et sp.n.; Oxygynurus brevissimus gen. et sp.n., O. longicaulis gen. et sp.n., O. mediocaulis gen. et sp.n. and O. parvicaulis gen. et sp. n.; Prionoturus amembranatus gen. et sp. n.; Talegallobius bidentatus gen. et sp.n.; and Tanysomacarus imperfectus gen. et sp.n. and T. brachymeles gen. et sp.n. A new taxon of the Thoracosathesidae is: Thoracosathes caudiculata sp.n. Keys are provided and host- commensal associations are discussed. All taxa are restricted to the Megapodiidae. Cheylabis fuscina Trouessart is assigned to Pereziella and has as a synonym P. dupilcata Atyeo.     

Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on west Indian hypnaceae

Taxonomic investigations on the West Indian Hypnaceae have resulted in the following new taxa,Taxiphyllum gallorum, Ectropothecium aquaticum, andIrelandia (forIsopterygium robusticaule). Vesicularia in the West Indies is treated as a single species with four varieties,V. vesicularis var.vesicularis, var.rutilans (Brid.) comb. nov., var.portoricensis (Brid.) comb. nov., and var.crassicaulis (Mitt.) comb. nov.Chryso-hypnum is segregated fromMittenothamnium; the combinationC. diminutivum (Hampe) Buck is made.