红壤生态学

红壤是一种重要类型的土壤,面积大、分布广,条件优越,开发利用潜力巨大。当前,红壤退化严重、生态环境问题突出,亟待研究治理。建立红壤生态学,将红壤生态学的理论与技术运用到红壤的生态治理、环境改善及其合理开发利用中,既是现实需要又是形势所迫,势在必行。红壤生态学是由土壤学与生态学交叉、复合而形成的一门新兴、边缘农业应用科学,是土壤生态学的一个分支学科。红壤生态学以红壤为研究对象,探索红壤生态系统中生物与生物、生物与环境、环境因子与环境因子之间的相互关系及其作用机理,深入揭示红壤生态系统的结构、功能、演变规律及调控措施,最终目标是要实现红壤资源的可持续利用和红壤生态系统的可持续发展。红壤生态学着重研究以下7个方面的内容:(1)红壤生态系统的结构;(2)红壤生态系统的功能;(3)红壤生态系统的演变;(4)红壤生态系统的退化;(5)红壤生态系统的平衡;(6)红壤生态系统的调控;(7)红壤资源的开发利用。红壤生态学具有以下几个明显的特征:交叉性与边缘性、复合性与综合性、实践性与应用性、理论性与学术性、多样性与复杂性、层次性与系统性,以及长期性与战略性。今后,红壤生态学将向着规范化、数字化、高效化、国际化方向发展。为促进红壤生态学的又好又快发展,应采取以下战略对策:一是培养专门人才;二是增加物质投入;三是建设研发平台;四是加强交流合作;五是勇于开拓创新。     

南方东部丘陵区季节性干旱成因及其对策研究

本文着重从气候和土壤两方面探讨红壤丘陵区土壤季节性干旱的成因。研究结果表明,红壤特殊的水分物理性质和该区特定的大气－土壤－植物系统水分运动模式的综合作用是红壤季节性干旱的主要成因。认为丘陵红壤的土壤水分管理应从土壤结构改良和协调气候－土壤关系两方面入手,通过合理的耕作技术和建立合理的利用方式体系,改良土壤结构,利用深层土壤水分,从而达到提高土壤水分利用率和抗旱、避旱的目的。复合农林业和免耕覆盖技术对红壤水分具有显著的调节作用。     

中国南方红壤生态系统面临的问题及对策

南方红壤对于我国农业乃至整个国民经济的持续发展和人民生活水平的迅速提高发挥了重要作用,但由于红壤性质上的酸、瘦、粘等弱点,分布区域降水时空不均匀,以及不合理开发利用造成的水土流失、土壤退化、土壤污染等,导致红壤地区的生态环境恶化,红壤资源潜在的生产能力得不到应有的发挥,使整个地区农业及经济持续发展受到严重影响。目前,中国南方红壤生态系统面临水土流失、土壤酸化、肥力退化、季节性干旱、土壤污染、生物退化、石漠化及土地沙化、耕地面积缩减和系统功能衰减等问题。针对上述问题,在综合治理措施上必须提高认识,调整农业结构,优化耕作制度,大力发展立体农业,防治水土流失和土壤污染,改良土壤,培肥地力,重建红壤区植被生态系统,建立和完善红壤预警,从而保证南方红壤生态系统的持续稳定健康发展。     

施肥对红壤水稻土团聚体分布及其碳氮含量的影响

依托中国科学院千烟洲生态试验站,利用1998年建立的红壤水稻田长期定位施肥试验,研究秸秆还田(ST)、化肥(NPK)、有机肥(OM)等施肥方式对红壤水稻土各粒级团聚体分布及其碳氮含量影响。结果表明:在所有施肥处理条件下红壤水稻土团聚体分布以<63μm的粉砂和粘粒为主,占41%—54%,长期施肥特别是施用OM有利于促进红壤水稻土大粒级团聚体形成;分别施用ST、NPK和OM均能提高红壤水稻土全土及各粒级团聚体中的有机碳和全氮含量,施用OM提高幅度最大。因此,在我国南方红壤稻作区的农业生产过程中应施用有机肥,从而改善土壤结构、碳贮量和养分状况。     

红壤侵蚀区植被恢复研究综述

植被恢复是红壤侵蚀区生态恢复与重建的有效途径。二十多年来,红壤侵蚀区的植被恢复研究得到了快速发展,不少学者对红壤侵蚀区植被恢复的关键、原则、途径、步骤、模式及生态过程和机理等内容作了较为深入的探讨和研究,并在实际应用中取得了成效。     

红壤退化过程与生态位的研究

应用生态位概念研究红壤退化和改良过程中的生物学特征及其与生态环境条件的关系,把红壤的生物学循环作为重点,分析红壤生态位的演化特点,探索红壤生态系统退化和重建的若干规律和描述方法,以求建立有关红壤退化评价的方法和指标体系     

瘠薄红壤中有机物质的分解特征

通过田间定位试验观测,研究了瘠薄红壤条件下主要有机物质的分解速率和过程特征及控制因素。结果表明：瘠薄红壤中有机物质的分解速率较慢,不同有机物质的腐殖化系数在0.28-0.64之间,平均为0.45,此值约比一般红壤高34%;这与瘠薄红壤粘粒含量较高,酸度较大,原土有机质含量低有关,但在红壤地区导致有机物质分解速率差异的土壤性质诸因素中,土壤酸度占主导地位,其次是原土有机碳含量,瘠薄红壤中有机物质的分解速率在第1年比一般红壤中慢,第2年反而分解较快,其后这种差异逐渐缩小,瘠薄红壤条件下每100kg有机物质每年所能形成的土壤有机质量约在30kg左右,因此,适当施用有机肥可以较快地增加瘠薄红壤的有机碳含量。     

湘中红壤丘陵区景观格局变化研究

湘中红壤丘陵区是中国非常脆弱的生态系统之一。在地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)技术的支持下,以湘中红壤丘陵区的典型区域———长沙市为例,应用景观生态学原理对湘中红壤丘陵区景观格局多样性变化进行了研究。通过对长沙市1986年和2000年的遥感影像资料分析表明,湘中红壤丘陵区现状景观格局以林业景观为主,农田是景观类型中的重要组分;同时由于人类活动的影响,湘中红壤丘陵区景观格局的多样性和破碎化程度逐年明显的增加,景观格局的稳定性逐渐增强。应用马尔柯夫模型对于湘中红壤丘陵区景观格局变化趋势进行了模拟,表明该模型可以应用于湘中红壤丘陵区景观格局的模拟预测中;对长沙市2005~2020年的模拟研究结果表明,由于城市化速度的加快,城镇居民地景观面积将逐年增加。     

模拟酸雨对污染土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn释放及其形态转化的影响

研究了模拟酸雨连续浸泡下污染红壤和黄红壤中重金属释放及形态转化．结果表明。随着模拟酸雨pH值下降,污染土壤中重金属释放强度明显增大;Cd、Zn释放量与酸雨pH值呈线性极显著负相关．Cu与酸雨pH值呈线性显著负相关．模拟酸雨作用下,污染红壤和黄红壤中Cd均以交换态为主;Cu则以有机结合态和氧化锰结合态为主;Zn在污染红壤中以残留态和交换态为主．在污染黄红壤中以残留态和有机结合态为主．土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量对Cd、Cu、Zn的释放产生一定的影响并影响Cd、Zn的形态转化,但对Cu形态转化影响不明显,随着模拟酸雨酸度增大,污染红壤和黄红壤中重金属Cd、Cu的生物可利用态明显增多,但难解吸态Zn向生物有效态转化效应不明显．     

我国中亚热带典型红壤丘陵区季节性干旱

以湖南省桃源县 (总土地面积 4 4 5 8.4 km2 )为代表 ,采集该县 196 0～ 2 0 0 1年的气象资料 ,结合有关科研成果 ,深入研究我国典型红壤丘陵区季节性干旱的成因、发生规律及其合理调蓄利用水资源的依据 ,提出了抗御该区季节性干旱的指导思想与基本对策。研究结果表明 ,7月～翌年 2月份是该区季节性干旱的易发期 ,年发生概率在 85 %以上 ,中等和中等以上干旱的年发生概率在 5 0 %左右 ,7～ 8月份和 11～ 12月份为年内的两个高发期 ,且发生概率和危害程度均是 2 0世纪 90年代 >80年代 >70年代 >6 0年代 ,但只要高标准、规范化地采取水土保持措施 ,恢复植被覆盖 ,完善现有水利设施 ,充分发挥“土壤水库”、“生物水库”和现有工程水库的蓄水抗旱潜力 ,以集水区或小流域为基本地理单元再适当兴建小型水利工程 ,确保占土地总面积 10 %左右的塘堰等蓄水面积 ,将 70 %～ 80 %的自然降水通过陆面拦截 (含蒸散 )方式截留并蓄存下来 ,使排出集水区或小流域的水量控制在年降水量的 10 %～ 2 0 % ,并积极推广应用农业节水技术 ,红壤丘陵区的季节性干旱问题就可以基本解决     

基于EMD的河北省粮食产量波动的结构特征及其成因的分析

在分析河北省粮食产量变化的时间序列总体特征的基础之上,对河北粮食产量波动结构特征及其成因进行研究,旨在为指导河北省粮食安全生产提供科学的理论依据.综合运用EMD法、剩余法和方差分析法,对河北粮食产量波动结构特征及其成因进行研究.结果表明:在品种上,小麦和玉米两大主要粮食作物产量比重呈现递增趋势,两者之和达到了89.91%,其变动对粮食总产的变动起着举足轻重的作用;杂粮作物和稻谷所占比例较小,且呈逐年缩减趋势;小麦、玉米产量波动的方差贡献率分别为64.36%和31.72%,是河北省粮食总产波动的第一和第二主控作物;稻谷和杂粮作物由于其粮食产量基数较小对河北粮食总产波动的影响较小.在空间上,河北省粮食产量的波动值分布在0～0.35之间的地区比例约为90%,表明其强度主要处于中等水平;燕山太行山山前平原区和冀鲁豫低洼平原区粮食产量波动的方差贡献率分别为22.05%和17.82%,是河北省粮食总产波动的第一和第二主控区;辽吉西蒙东南冀北山地和后山坝上高原区的粮食产量波动对河北省粮食总产波动影响较小.研究表明综合运用EMD法、剩余法和方差分析法,对河北粮食产量波动结构特征及其成因进行研究是可行的.利用这种综合方法,提高了单独使用一种方法进行波动性分析的精度,为分析波动问题提供了新的科学的理论和方法.     

Measurement and calculation of carbon intensity based on ImPACT model and scenario analysis: A case of three regions of Jiangsu province

In order to find the best approach to achieving the carbon intensity reduction targets of Jiangsu province, we used an ImPACT model to undertake a scenario analysis of the economic development, population size, energy intensity, and energy consumption structure of three regions of Jiangsu province. Based on carbon intensity reduction targets of 40% and 45%, the carbon intensity in different scenarios for 2015 and 2020 were calculated in order to find the optimum emission reduction scenarios for the three regions of Jiangsu province. The research results suggest the following. Only the northern and southern regions of Jiangsu province can achieve the 40–45% reduction target for carbon intensity in 2020 in all of the scenarios. The northern regions of Jiangsu province have a minimum carbon intensity of 0.525414 tons per ten thousand yuan in the scenarios where the economic development and population size are at a medium rate of increase and the energy intensity and energy consumption structure are at a high rate of change. The middle regions of Jiangsu province have a minimum carbon intensity of 0.566539 tons per ten thousand yuan in the scenarios where the economic development is at a high rate of increase and the energy intensity and energy consumption are at a high rate of change. The southern regions of Jiangsu province have a minimum carbon intensity of 0.613281 tons per ten thousand yuan in the scenarios where the energy intensity and energy consumption structure are at a high rate of change. On the basis of these findings, this study developed relevant policies and suggestions.     

The neural basis of object perception

Humans can recognize an object within a fraction of a second, even if there are no clues about what kind of object it might be. Recent findings have identified functional properties of extrastriate regions in the ventral visual pathway that are involved in the representation and perception of objects and faces. The functional properties of these regions, and the correlation between the activation of these regions and visual recognition, indicate that the lateral and ventral occipito-temporal areas are important in perceiving and recognizing objects and faces.     

Agronomic improvements can make future cereal systems in South Asia far more productive and result in a lower environmental footprint

South Asian countries will have to double their food production by 2050 while using resources more efficiently and minimizing environmental problems. Transformative management approaches and technology solutions will be required in the major grain‐producing areas that provide the basis for future food and nutrition security. This study was conducted in four locations representing major food production systems of densely populated regions of South Asia. Novel production‐scale research platforms were established to assess and optimize three futuristic cropping systems and management scenarios (S2, S3, S4) in comparison with current management (S1). With best agronomic management practices (BMPs), including conservation agriculture (CA) and cropping system diversification, the productivity of rice‐ and wheat‐based cropping systems of South Asia increased substantially, whereas the global warming potential intensity (GWPi) decreased. Positive economic returns and less use of water, labor, nitrogen, and fossil fuel energy per unit food produced were achieved. In comparison with S1, S4, in which BMPs, CA and crop diversification were implemented in the most integrated manner, achieved 54% higher grain energy yield with a 104% increase in economic returns, 35% lower total water input, and a 43% lower GWPi. Conservation agriculture practices were most suitable for intensifying as well as diversifying wheat–rice rotations, but less so for rice–rice systems. This finding also highlights the need for characterizing areas suitable for CA and subsequent technology targeting. A comprehensive baseline dataset generated in this study will allow the prediction of extending benefits to a larger scale.     

Linking city‐level input–output table to urban energy footprint: Construction framework and application

Multiregion input–output (MRIO) models have become increasingly important in economic and environmental analysis. However, the current resolution of most MRIO models fails to capture the heterogeneity between subregions, especially in cities. The lack of city‐level MRIO tables has impeded the accomplishment of city‐level studies and hampered the understanding of the relationship between urban growth and consumption, and teleconnections to other regions. In this paper, we propose a partial survey‐based multiple‐layer framework for MRIO table compilation of a Chinese province that distinguishes city‐based regions. This framework can effectively address a large number of data processes and retain consistency between layers. Using the framework, we first compile a nested Hebei‐China city‐level MRIO table and then apply city‐level energy footprint accounting of the North China urban agglomeration. Our results present the critical role of Hebei cities in energy supply in 2012 and quantify energy use embodied in goods for the domestic trade. Tangshan, Shijiazhuang, and Handan are distinctive cities in the energy supply chain of other regions, for both less developed and developed regions. This multiple‐layer framework represents a feasible approach for developing subregional‐level MRIO models and offers the possibility to analyze global trade at the subregional level with limited data. The data and results from the analysis in this article are available for download from China Emission Accounts and Datasets.     

福建稻田生态系统分析

福建地处我国东南沿海,北纬23°26′—28°22′,东经116°—120°,依山面海。土地面积1.207×10~5km~2(折1.207×10~7ha),人口2800.82万,人均0.43ha。境内山峦起伏,海拔高0—2158m,地形复杂。耕地1.2439×10~6ha,占土地面积的10.1%,人均耕地0.045ha,为山多人多耕地少的省份。稻田9.56×10~5ha,其中75.4%分布于山区,多为中低产田,平均年产6165kg·ha~(-1);24.6%分布在沿海冲积平原,平均年产10042.5kg·ha~(-1)。现将稻田生态系统综合分析如下,为提高稻作产量,解决福建粮食问题提供参考。     

Genomic regions associated with the nitrogen limitation response revealed in a global wheat core collection

Modern wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties in Western Europe have mainly been bred, and selected in conditions where high levels of nitrogen-rich fertilizer are applied. However, high input crop management has greatly increased the risk of nitrates leaching into groundwater with negative impacts on the environment. To investigate wheat nitrogen tolerance characteristics that could be adapted to low input crop management, we supplied 196 accessions of a wheat core collection of old and modern cultivars with high or moderate amounts of nitrogen fertilizer in an experimental network consisting of three sites and 2 years. The main breeding traits were assessed including grain yield and grain protein content. The response to nitrogen level was estimated for grain yield and grain number per m² using both the difference and the ratio between performance at the two input levels and the slope of joint regression. A large variability was observed for all the traits studied and the response to nitrogen level. Whole genome association mapping was carried out using 899 molecular markers taking into account the five ancestral group structure of the collection. We identified 54 main regions involving almost all chromosomes that influence yield and its components, plant height, heading date and grain protein concentration. Twenty-three regions, including several genes, spread over 16 chromosomes were involved in the response to nitrogen level. These chromosomal regions may be good candidates to be used in breeding programs to improve the performance of wheat varieties at moderate nitrogen input levels.     

Reevaluation of Energy Use in Wheat Production in the United States

Energy budgets for agricultural production can be used as building blocks for life-cycle assessments that include agricultural products, and can also serve as a first step toward identifying crop production processes that benefit most from increased efficiency. A general trend toward increased energy efficiency in U.S. agriculture has been reported. For wheat cultivation, in particular, this study updates cradle-to-gate process analyses produced in the seventies and eighties. Input quantities were obtained from official U.S. statistics and other sources and multiplied by calculated or recently published energy coefficients. The total energy input into the production of a kilogram of average U.S. wheat grain is estimated to range from 3.1 to 4.9 MJ/kg, with a best estimate at 3.9 MJ/kg. The dominant contribution is energy embodied in nitrogen fertilizer at 47% of the total energy input, followed by diesel fuel (25%), and smaller contributions such as energy embodied in seed grain, gasoline, electricity, and phosphorus fertilizer. This distribution is reflected in the energy carrier mix, with natural gas dominating (57%), followed by diesel fuel (30%). High variability in energy coefficients masks potential gains in total energy efficiency as compared to earlier, similar U.S. studies. Estimates from an input-output model for several input processes agree well with process analysis results, but the model's application can be limited by aggregation issues: Total energy inputs for generic food grain production were lower than wheat fertilizer inputs alone, possibly due to aggregation of diverse products into the food grain sector.     

中国主要农产品虚拟要素贸易网络结构特征分析

据虚拟水概念定义虚拟要素,并将其划分为虚拟资源要素和虚拟生态要素两类,选取虚拟资源要素中的耕地要素和虚拟生态要素中的化肥/农药要素为研究对象,定量分析2002—2016年以粮食贸易为载体的虚拟耕地、虚拟化肥/农药要素的贸易量,构建虚拟要素贸易网络,通过复杂网络的研究方法,结果表明:2002—2016年我国主要农产品虚拟耕地、化肥/农药要素的贸易总量呈下降趋势,降幅分别约25.51%、8.01%;虚拟耕地要素网络节点入度较大的为长江中下游、华南、西南地区,出度较大的为黄淮海和东北地区,虚拟化肥/农药要素网络与之相反;地区间节点强度的差异性大,虚拟耕地要素差值最大可达1459.56万hm~2,虚拟化肥/农药要素达61.38万t;二者网络节点度和强度的累积分布均符合幂律分布规律,其尾部的"重尾"现象揭示了节点度和强度的高可变性以及网络结构的脆弱性;虚拟耕地要素的输入区网络同配,输出区网络异配,揭示了地区间耕地要素的流动既呈集聚又有分散的态势,虚拟化肥/农药要素网络节点相关性皆为减函数,网络异配,揭示了虚拟化肥/农药要素在八大区域间联通的状况。网络结构特征分析为研究网络抗毁性特征和网络的优化调控机制奠定基础,为中国粮食贸易格局和粮价制定以及各个地区的农业种植结构调整提供理论依据。     

Applying a systematic conservation planning tool and ecological risk index for spatial prioritization and optimization of protected area networks in Iran

One of the key purposes of conservation selection strategies is to design a network of sites to support relevant biodiversity components and, therefore, decrease the risk of populations becoming isolated. To this end, it is important to be aware of the habitat locations of the target species and the threats of human activities, in order to identify areas of a high conservation priority. This paper takes the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province (Iran) as a case study, to highlight a network optimization for six target species of conservation concern, including the Persian leopard, Panthera pardus Pocock, wild sheep, Ovis orientalis Gmelin and wild goat, Capra aegagrus Erxleben. To run the optimization, we first generated the following input data: we modelled suitable habitats, using the InVEST model (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) and simulated the ecological impact of road networks (Spatial Road Disturbance Index (SPROADI), Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and the Landscape Ecological Risk Index (ERI)). A visual inspection of the input data revealed that a large percentage of the study area constitutes a suitable habitat for the target species, however, the disturbances caused by the road demonstrate that the central and north-eastern regions of the study area are significantly affected. Indeed, approximately 10% and 25% of the study area are in the high and medium risk categories, respectively. Optimization using Marxan, shows that the north-western and southern regions of the study area should be given high conservation priority, necessary for an efficient conservation network. Habitats located in the north-central region should act as stepping-stone areas or corridors between the isolated regions in the north-east and the well-connected areas in the north-west and south. Overall, the findings of the present study show that the current network of protected areas is not contradictory to that suggested by Marxan, but has deficiencies in terms of size and stepping-stones.