尿液表面增强拉曼光谱的初步研究

利用紫外与可见分光光度计测量银溶胶与尿液的吸收谱,采用拉曼光谱测量系统检测并研究分析了尿液加入银胶前后的拉曼光谱.基于表面增强技术,尿液的拉曼光谱信号得到显著增强,尿液中微弱的尿酸SERS信号被成功检测.文中对尿液的拉曼峰进行了谱峰归属,并分析了晨尿与夜尿的SERS谱.对晨尿的检测具有更高的可信度和信噪比.研究结果表明...     

拉曼光谱在生物学领域的应用

随着人们对拉曼光谱技术研究的深入,拉曼光谱在生物学领域中得到越来越多的应用.综述了国内外拉曼光谱在生物学领域的应用进展,同时对其应用前景做出了展望.     

食道癌组织表面增强拉曼光谱研究

本研究采用以金纳米粒子为增强基底的表面增强拉曼光谱技术对31位食道癌患者的62例食道组织样本进行分析,其中包含31例肿瘤组织与31例正常组织.食道癌组织和正常组织表面增强拉曼光谱之间存在明显差异.利用主成分分析和线性判别分析算法对采集的组织表面增强拉曼光谱进行诊断研究.利用主成分分析-线性判别分析统计分析方法得到诊断灵敏度与特异性分别为90.3%与90.3%.为验证所构建的主成分分析-线性判别分析算法的有效性,利用受试样品的工作特征曲线方法,对所构建的算法的有效性进行评价.通过对组织表面增强拉曼光谱谱峰归属分析可知,癌组织中蛋白质结构可能发生变化,磷脂质的相对含量下降;而氨基化合物、组蛋白、苯基丙氨酸和酪氨酸的相对含量出现上升.研究表明,以金纳米粒子为增强基底的表面增强拉曼光谱技术结合主成分分析-线性判别分析统计分析方法能够准确区分食道癌患者肿瘤与正常组织.食道癌组织表面增强拉曼光谱技术有望成为一种食道癌的临床诊断与筛查工具.     

基于密度泛函理论方法的核酸碱基拉曼光谱研究

核酸碱基是核酸的重要组成部分,而拉曼光谱是研究分子结构的一种重要技术,利用拉曼光谱对核酸碱基分子进行研究对于研究核酸大分子的结构变化,以及核酸分子与小分子之间的作用具有重要的意义.本研究以表征核酸碱基的拉曼光谱为目的,利用密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)的方法优化腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胞嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶和尿嘧啶的分子结构,对这5种核酸碱基的分子内化学键振动进行了量化计算并获得了理论拉曼光谱结果.利用计算结果对实验获得的碱基的固体拉曼光谱进行了表征,并且结合前人的研究结果对每种碱基的一些重要特征拉曼谱峰进行了细致的阐释,为进一步利用拉曼光谱研究核酸分子的结构信息奠定了理论基础.     

激光拉曼光谱技术在生物分子DNA研究中的应用和进展

激光技术的兴起使拉曼光谱成为激光分析中最活跃的研究领域之一,已被广泛地用于物质成分的分析和分子结构的鉴定。本文综述了拉曼技术在DNA研究中近年来的最新进展,包括：DNA的常规拉曼光谱分析;DNA的激光共振拉曼光谱分析;DNA在金属表面或电极上吸附行为的表面增强拉曼光谱研究;DNA的傅立叶变换拉曼光谱研究等。并对拉曼光谱技术在DNA等生物大分子领域中的研究前景做了进一步的展望。     

基于拉曼光谱的鼻咽癌细胞株总蛋白放射敏感性研究

本文以鼻咽癌细胞株CNE2为放射敏感性的研究对象,经不同剂量X射线照射及不同时间培养后分别提取总蛋白,用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪检测其拉曼光谱。统计分析表明:被测样品的拉曼光谱中观察到一些可以归属于蛋白质物质的较为明显的基团频率振动峰;不同剂量的X射线照射后,总蛋白质的平均拉曼光谱与对照组谱形基本一致,但与对照组间的光谱存在着对应峰信号强度的不同。实验提示:照射后谱峰强度的增大或减小,提示着相关物质含量有所改变。分析照射后癌细胞总蛋白拉曼光谱的变化情况,结合数学统计方法,以探寻放射敏感性的特征拉曼标志,可以作为研究肿瘤放射敏感性的手段之一。     

二甲基亚砜对离体猪皮肤组织的拉曼光谱的影响

拉曼光谱技术作为鉴定生物分子种类最有力的分析工具之一,具有快速、简单、无损、准确等优点.目前,拉曼光谱已被国内外学者广泛开展了在人体组织的应用研究,但由于生物组织具有高散射性,因此限制了拉曼光谱对其的检测深度.本文主要采用光透明剂--二甲基亚砜对组织拉曼光谱的影响进行研究,对离体猪皮组织的不同深度（100 μm,200 μm,300 μm,400 μm）拉曼光谱强度随处理前、后不同时间（0 min,10 min,20 min,30 min,60 min）的变化进行对比.结果发现,不管是经二甲基亚砜处理前还是后,都出现随着距猪皮组织表面的深度加深,其拉曼光谱强度都不断减少;同时发现各层猪皮组织随着处理后时间的加长,其特征峰的强度不断加强,信噪比逐渐提高,在处理后的60 min效果最好;而且出现了在经二甲亚砜处理前看不见的峰（1 126 cm-1和1 426 cm-1）.结果表明：5%DMSO对组织的处理能增强其拉曼光谱的强度,同时也能使拉曼光谱仪的信噪比提高,并且使组织谱图中特征峰也得到相应的增加.     

基于单细菌共焦拉曼光谱的细菌快速检测

【背景】目前利用共焦拉曼光谱技术进行成像和成分鉴别方面的研究较多,但如何快速检测与鉴别多种细菌方面的研究较少。【目的】基于共焦拉曼光谱技术,建立一种在单细菌水平上实现病原微生物快速分类鉴定的方法。【方法】以大肠杆菌为研究对象,利用共焦拉曼光谱技术在单细菌水平上进行了激发波长的优化试验,并研究了大肠杆菌存放时间对单细菌拉曼光谱信息的影响。同时,对白色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和铜绿假单胞菌进行了共焦拉曼光谱测试,并对5种细菌进行单细菌拉曼光谱的归属分析,设计共焦拉曼光谱技术结合支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)模型学习算法,进行了5种细菌的快速分类鉴别。【结果】对于单细菌拉曼光谱探测,532、633和785 nm这3种常见的拉曼探测波长中,532 nm具有更好的激发效率和光谱信噪比。结合SVM模型对5种细菌的识别分类,SVM模型的灵敏度和特异性达到了96.00%以上,整体准确率为98.25%。不同存放时间下大肠杆菌拉曼光谱的重复性和稳定性都很好,且SVM模型匹配率均在90.00%以上。【结论】单细菌拉曼光谱结合SVM模型可对5种细菌进行快...     

光镊捕获的单个解冻人血红细胞的拉曼光谱研究

红细胞的冰冻与解冻的实施为血液的长期保存提供了有效的方法。在过去的几十年中,红细胞冻存有过数种方法,其中高甘油冻存法比较普遍,因而用此方法保存红细胞是否对红细胞产生了影响及产生了什么影响是值得研究的。作者利用激光光镊拉曼光谱系统,通过拉曼光谱对冻存人血红细胞进行研究;结果显示,红细胞冻存前后的拉曼光谱有一定的变化,解冻提取后也产生了一定的变化,这些变化主要体现在对应拉曼光谱的位置和强度上。研究结果对进一步研究红细胞的冻存具有一定的参考价值。     

功能红细胞研究的拉曼光谱技术与进展

红细胞在人体新陈代谢和物质运输方面起着非常重要的作用。作为一种无损、快速而灵敏的光谱学检测方法,拉曼光谱技术在生物医学领域的应用日渐广泛。本文综述了近年来拉曼光谱技术在红细胞及血红蛋白研究中的应用进展,详尽评述当前研究功能红细胞中较有优势的拉曼技术—显微拉曼光谱技术和光镊拉曼光谱技术,并对其技术的改进做出总结,以期为利用激光拉曼光谱研究红细胞提供较系统的参考。     

蛋白质编码区与非编码区的特征与识别

在核苷酸序列分析中,一个重要的问题是如何识别一段未知序列中的编码区和非编码区．近年来提出了一些方法,但效果都不够理想．本文在对编码区与非编码区特征进行大量统计分析的基础上,提出一种加权距离判别法,并对该方法的精度进行了评价．     

The EADGENE Microarray Data Analysis Workshop (Open Access publication)

Microarray analyses have become an important tool in animal genomics. While their use is becoming widespread, there is still a lot of ongoing research regarding the analysis of microarray data. In the context of a European Network of Excellence, 31 researchers representing 14 research groups from 10 countries performed and discussed the statistical analyses of real and simulated 2-colour microarray data that were distributed among participants. The real data consisted of 48 microarrays from a disease challenge experiment in dairy cattle, while the simulated data consisted of 10 microarrays from a direct comparison of two treatments (dye-balanced). While there was broader agreement with regards to methods of microarray normalisation and significance testing, there were major differences with regards to quality control. The quality control approaches varied from none, through using statistical weights, to omitting a large number of spots or omitting entire slides. Surprisingly, these very different approaches gave quite similar results when applied to the simulated data, although not all participating groups analysed both real and simulated data. The workshop was very successful in facilitating interaction between scientists with a diverse background but a common interest in microarray analyses.     

HDACs的统计偶联分析

组蛋白去乙酰化酶HDACs是调控基因的关键蛋白酶。基于生物信息学中的统计偶联分析方法,构建了统计偶联分析平台。基于该平台对HDACs进行了统计偶联分析。预测了HDAC8中关键氨基酸位点以及和H143偶联的氨基酸位点,有利于人们更深入地认识HDACs的结构和功能,为HDACs抑制剂的研究提供新的思路。     

Spatiotemporal evaluation of trace elements in river water using multivariate methods

The multivariate statistical methods (cluster analysis and discriminant analysis [DA]) are used to evaluate the quality of water spatiotemporally in the Brahmani River basin. A total of 15 water quality indicators (pH, Chloramines, Sodium, Sulfate, Phosphate, Potassium, Boron, Fluoride, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Iron, and Total Chromium) are collected for 13 years in two seasons (the dry and the wet season) from nine sampling stations. These stations are grouped into four clusters (Considerable [Co], Low Pollution [LP], Moderate Pollution [MP], and Extreme Pollution [(EP]) by hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis based on the similarities of water quality characteristics. The nine important influencing discriminating water quality indicators are extracted by stepwise method of temporal DA,where as eight important influencing indicators for dry season and eight indicators (Potassium, Phosphate, Fluoride, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Iron, and Total Chromium) for wet season are found out by the spatial DA. The pollution status in the river basin was observed from overall trend in (Considerable) Co to (Extreme Pollution) EP regions. The study could be very useful in prioritizing the important sites for water resources and pollution management.     

生态学研究中常见的统计学问题分析

在当代生态学研究中统计学方法的应用日益广泛,对于生态科学的发展和研究水平的提高起到了积极的作用。但是不容忽视的是在生态学研究应用统计学方法的过程中存在若干问题,主要表现在:1)回归分析方面的问题。直线回归方程用相关指数R²来描述直线回归的显著性;曲线回归方程往往用相关系数r来表示显著性;多元线性回归方程只对方程进行显著性检验,没有对每一个回归系数进行显著性检验。2)方差分析方面的问题。当处理数超过2时,不恰当地使用t_检验比较平均数的差异显著性。该文分析了产生这些问题的原因,提出了改进的对策。     

全基因组关联研究通路分析方法现状

全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)自2005年首次发表以来已不断增进人们对疾病遗传机制的认识,结合系统生物学并改进统计分析方法是对GWAS数据进行深度挖掘的重要途径。通路分析(pathway analysis)将GWAS所检测的遗传变异根据一定的生物学含义组合为集合进行分析,有利于发现对疾病单独效应小却在通路中相互关联的遗传变异,更有利于进行生物学解释。当前通路分析在GWAS数据上已有较为广泛的应用并取得初步成果。与此同时,通路分析的统计方法仍在不断发展。本文旨在介绍现有直接以SNP为对象的GWAS通路分析算法,根据方法中是否采用核函数分为非核算法和核算法两大类,其中非核算法主要包括基因功能富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA)和分层贝叶斯优取(hierarchical Bayes prioritization, HBP),核算法包括线性核(linear kernel, LIN)、状态认证核(identity-by-status kernel, IBS)和尺度不变核(powered exponential kernel)。通过介绍这些方法的计算原理和优缺点,以期为新算法的构建提供更好的思路,为GWAS领域研究方法的选择提供参考。     

不同统计方法对豆科牧草种质资源适应性评价的比较

以澳大利亚引进的豆科牧草为研究对象,运用灰关联分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析和主成分分析法,对15份豆科牧草种质的8个主要农艺性状进行综合评价,探讨不同的分析方法在牧草种质资源评价中的应用。结果表明,4种方法综合评价较好的品种(系)为Nina柱花草、Temprano柱花草、Stylo540、Stylo541;4种综合评价方法结果基本一致,说明这4种综合评价方法均可单独应用于牧草种质资源评价,其中隶属函数分析方法简单,在大量的种质资源适应性评价中可优先使用。     

两种统计方法在玉米种质综合评价中的应用

以玉米为研究对象,运用灰关联分析和因子分析对10份玉米种质的12个农艺性状进行综合评价,探讨这两种统计分析方法在玉米种质综合评价上的应用效果。结果表明,综合评价较好的2个品种分别是Suwan1和下层云优78,两种分析方法的结果基本一致,从而提高了综合评价的可靠性和科学性。     

The statistical analysis of tidal rhythms: Tests of the relative effectiveness of five methods using model simulations and actual data

Endogenous rhythms in intertidal organisms are often very complex and imprecise. Thus, confusing results are sometimes obtained when applying various interpretive analytical techniques. In an attempt to resolve this problem, ten different models representing typical organismic tidal‐rhythm displays were created and examined with five different inferential statistical techniques. The exercise was designed to test the relative effectiveness of these techniques in detecting the presence of known cycles in the models, and estimating their period lengths. The same comparison was then repeated on sets of animal‐derived data.

All of the five methods had their merits, but, depending on the model being examined, the results from the various methods were not identical. Three of the techniques produce harmonics, making data that contain multiple periods especially difficult to decipher. Often both tidal and circadian periods are displayed by shore dwellers; all five methods were able to find these two periods. But when the difference in circa period length was close, only one technique (array analysis) could make a distinction. This technique was also the only one able to handle data in which the period was not constant. Interestingly, this simplest of methods is probably the best all‐round method of discovery. Many more subtle, but important, differences were also noted, and it is recommended that more than one method always be used to ensure accuracy.     

Statistical methods for efficiency adjusted real-time PCR quantification

The statistical treatment for hypothesis testing using real-time PCR data is a challenge for quantification of gene expression. One has to consider two key factors in precise statistical analysis of real-time PCR data: a well-defined statistical model and the integration of amplification efficiency (AE) into the model. Previous publications in real-time PCR data analysis often fall short in integrating the AE into the model. Novel, user-friendly, and universal AE-integrated statistical methods were developed for real-time PCR data analysis with four goals. First, we addressed the definition of AE, introduced the concept of efficiency-adjusted Delta Delta Ct, and developed a general mathematical method for its calculation. Second, we developed several linear combination approaches for the estimation of efficiency adjusted Delta Delta Ct and statistical significance for hypothesis testing based on different mathematical formulae and experimental designs. Statistical methods were also adopted to estimate the AE and its equivalence among the samples. A weighted Delta Delta Ct method was introduced to analyze the data with multiple internal controls. Third, we implemented the linear models with SAS programs and analyzed a set of data for each model. In order to allow other researchers to use and compare different approaches, SAS programs are included in the Supporting Information. Fourth, the results from analysis of different statistical models were compared and discussed. Our results underline the differences between the efficiency adjusted Delta Delta Ct methods and previously published methods, thereby better identifying and controlling the source of errors introduced by real-time PCR data analysis.